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托福阅读速度慢怎么办

时间：2022年12月11日

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今天小编在这给大家整理了托福阅读速度慢怎么办，本文共6篇，我们一起来看看吧！本文原稿由网友“hxy”提供。

篇1：托福阅读速度慢怎么办

托福阅读速度慢怎么办

一、略读

略读又称跳读(readingandskipping)或浏览(glancing)，是一种专门的，非常实用的快速阅读技能。

略读有下列几个特点：

A、以极快的速度阅读文章，寻找字面上或事实上的主要信息和少量的阐述信息。

B、可以跳过某个部分或某些部分不读。

C、理解水平可以稍低一些，但也不能太低。

二、快速泛读(fastextensivereading)

这里讲的泛读是指广泛阅读大量涉及不同领域的文章，要求读得快，理解和掌握文中的主要内容就可以。要确定一个明确的阅读定额，定额要结合自己的实际，可多可少，例如每天读20页。

三、计时阅读(timedreading)

计时阅读每次进行5～10分钟即可，不宜太长。因为计时快速阅读，精力高度集中，时间一长，容易疲劳，精力分散反而乏味。

四、寻读(Scanning)

寻读又称查读，同略读一样，寻读也是一种快速阅读技巧。

寻读是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息，如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等，而对其它无关部分略去不读的快速阅读方法。

掌握了方法之后需要在平常多加练习，到了考试时才能用的得心应手。

托福阅读背景材料：美国历史大事

国历史大事年表

1972.2.21 美国总统尼克松抵达北京，对中国进行为期8天的访问，与中国领导人举行会谈。访问结束时，中美签署上海公报。

1973.1.27 越南和平协定在巴黎正式签字，美国结束越南战争。

1973.11.7 美国国会推翻尼克松总统对战争权力议案的否决。该议案旨在制约总统在没有国会的批准下对外调动武装力量的权力。

1974.8.9 尼克松因“水_”，辞去总统职务，由副总统吉拉尔德·福特继任总统。

1975.12.15 福特总统访问中国，并与毛泽东主席及邓小平副总理会谈。

1979.1.1 美国与中华人民共和国建立全面外交关系。

1980.4.24 美国营救被伊朗扣押的美国驻德黑兰大使馆人质的行动失败，4名美国人丧生，5人受伤。

1982.12.2 在盐湖城，美国医生成功地为一患者进行人工心脏移植手术。

1983.10.25 美国海军及别动队会同其他6个加勒比海国家的部队入侵格林纳达岛。

1984.4.26 美国总统里根访问中国，与中国领导人举行会谈。

1986.1.28 美国航天飞机“挑战者”号发射一分钟后爆炸，机上6名宇航员和1名教师遇难，酿成航天史上一大悲剧。

1986.4.15 美国战斗机轰炸利比亚首都的黎波里，声称是对该国恐怖主义组织的报复。

1986.7 美国以围剿毒品为由，出兵玻利维亚。

1988.7.3 美国海军战舰“文森尼斯号”发射一枚导弹，击中一架伊朗班机，机上290人全部丧生。

1989.12.20 美国军队入侵巴拿马。

1990.8.7 美国沙漠盾牌行动部队前往沙特阿拉伯，声称保护该国不受伊拉克于8月2日入侵科威特后对该国的可能进攻。

1991.1-2 在中东海湾战争中，美国及其盟国打败伊拉克，解放科威特。

1993.2.26 纽约市世界贸易中心发生恶性爆炸事件，造成60人死亡，1000多人受伤。

1993.11.20 美国批准北美自由贸易区协定，该协定于1994年1月1日生效。

1993.11.30 美国政府通过布雷迪防止枪支暴力法。

1994.3.25 联合国维持和平部队中最后一批美国士兵撤出索马里，美国在该国的维和行动失败。

1994.7.30 美国入侵海地，驱逐该国军政府领导人，帮助恢复民选总统的统治。

托福阅读材料：古代文明

古代文明

the Nile civilization 尼罗河文明;

the Minoan civilization米诺安/克里特文明;

Atlantis(沉入海底的)亚特兰蒂斯;

the Mayan civilization玛雅文明;

Sodom and Gomorrah古城索多玛和蛾摩拉;

Pompeii庞贝古城;

the Colosseum罗马斗兽场;

pyramid金字塔;

Sphinx狮身人面像

托福阅读素材：9个必背好句子

1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.

戴着面具身着盛装的人们，经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵，并且作为一个扮演者所能做的，就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临，阳光的重现的结果。

2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题，就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。

3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.

十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步，包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量，最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调——从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效果——的乐器。

4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.

虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的，但用一句完全感性的话来说，电影从来就不是没有声音的。

5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.

多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中，通常拥有这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而更多的是因为拥有大量的个人音乐素材库。

6.Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow.

更进一步，他们是由一个顶层是毛纺或光滑的精纺羊毛织物制作，包含光滑，紧凑的纱线来自长羊毛的纤维染成兰黑色、绿色、或褐色底层含有粗糙天然的和暗黄色的毛纺材料。

7.For good measure, during the spring and summer drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the weary growers.

在春季和夏季，要精确量度干旱、热量、冰雹、蝗虫和其他损失可能是一件疲劳的事情。

8.What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.

我们今天所谓的美国民间艺术，实际上是普通老百姓的艺术、被普通老百姓创造的艺术和为普通老百姓和日常提到的“民间人士”的艺术，是一个他们在社会日渐繁荣和休闲情况下创建的一个包含各种各样尤其是肖像画种类的艺术的市场。

9.The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut, and other varieties of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods.

他们没有农业，但是经过几千年，已经发展了探索自身环境的技术和设备。他们是基于大量出现鲑鱼、大比目鱼和其他多种鱼类的自身流域和水岸捕鱼的经济;基于从落基山水岸聚集了鲍鱼、蚌类、蛤和其他贝壳动物的经济;基于捕猎地域和海洋哺乳动物的经济;以及基于收集野生植物的食物的经济。

篇2：托福阅读速度慢怎么提高速度

误区一：题目顺序和文章顺序一致

很多同学会问托福阅读答题时是先看题还是先看文章，题目顺序和文章顺序是不是一致的?所谓的托福阅读题目顺序和文章顺序一致，这个经验曾经确实存在过，在以前是适用的;而现在，托福考试阅读部分题目是全文分布式，有很多题目是要通读全文才能作答的，所以题目和文章顺序一致是一大认知误区，同学们还是要读完整篇文章再去看题目。

误区二：阅读速度很慢

有许多同学会说，这个托福阅读我都能读懂，但是就是有一个问题速度太慢了。同学们是不是经常出现一句话要读两遍，一个字一个字用手指着读……这些情况?

其实这并不是阅读速度太慢了，而恰恰是阅读速度太快了，而理解速度没有跟上，阅读和理解的速度不匹配。这就如同吃饭，往嘴里放饭放的太快了，而没有时间嚼。所以同学们需要提高的是对文章的理解能力，而不是训练阅读速度。

误区三：需要理解解题技巧

这个误区与前面所述是一样的，托福考试是一个能力的测试，并没有过多的技巧或机经，同学们需要专注的是能力的提升。

托福阅读想要快速提升，考生就需要全方位提升自己应对阅读的各项能力水平，无论是阅读词汇积累，对长难句句式和语法的掌握还是阅读各类题型的解题思路技巧，考生都需要做好充分准备。下面就来和大家分享三个比较实用的提高托福阅读速度的方法。

如果想要把自己的阅读速度提升，其中有一个最重要的因素即为词汇。在大家备考托福过程中一个词汇也在经历不断累积的过程，而在积累词汇过程中考生要学着整理这些词汇，特别是针对那些最容易在阅读文章里出现的高频词汇一定要多做归纳整理，再针对这些词汇出现的语言环境提升掌握能力，如此一来大家对阅读词汇的了解也会提升。

大家在做托福练习的过程中能够感觉到许多语法内容知识点都已完全融入到了阅读和听力的一些题目中。想要应对好这些题目，最关键的是好句子的结构分析。提升句子结构，就是指将主谓宾结构部分和定状补修饰成分准确把握。做到这一点看上去简单，但实际处理时却仍有一定难度。特别是当考生处理一些长难句复杂句时，如何完全分析出句型结构也需要针对练习，而阅读速度则能在这些练习中获得提升。

在阅读的过程中大部分同学都会出现一个问题：自己在词汇和语法上都是有基础的，但想要提升阅读速度却会变得一场困难。假如你也有这种问题，那么建议你可以去调整一下自己的阅读方法了。大多数考生在阅读时，都有先看完文章完全理解后再开始答题的习惯，而这种做法很容易造成考试时间的紧张。在此需要提醒大家，托福考试作为一门语言考试，考察最重要的还是大家的答题能力，而不是阅读能力。所以，考生不需要清晰地把全文的每一个细节都彻底了解。建议大家的阅读理解方式是，首先仔细阅读文章段落的第1、2句，把握住段落主旨大意，然后快速浏览其余部分。通过这样的方式阅读，既能加快阅读速度，又能让大家对文章的结构思路更有把握。

为什么你的托福阅读速度这么慢?因为这4个方法你没有用

一、略读

略读又称跳读(readingandskipping)或浏览(glancing)，是一种专门的，非常实用的快速阅读技能。

略读有下列几个特点：

A、以极快的速度阅读文章，寻找字面上或事实上的主要信息和少量的阐述信息。

B、可以跳过某个部分或某些部分不读。

C、理解水平可以稍低一些，但也不能太低。

二、快速泛读(fastextensivereading)

三、计时阅读(timedreading)

计时阅读每次进行5～10分钟即可，不宜太长。因为计时快速阅读，精力高度集中，时间一长，容易疲劳，精力分散反而乏味。

四、寻读(Scanning)

寻读又称查读，同略读一样，寻读也是一种快速阅读技巧。

掌握了方法之后需要在平常多加练习，到了考试时才能用的得心应手。

篇3：托福阅读速度慢怎么提高速度

一扩大词汇量

托福阅读是考验词汇积累量的时候，如果一篇文章中有很多词你都不认识，要想在20分钟内完成题，估计是幻想，所以大家先要做的事就是积累足够多的词汇。

二提升对英文句子的理解力

有的同学会出现这种情况，每个单词都认识，但是连起来就是不知道这句话是什么意思，导致整篇文章看了下来，还是不知道作者想要表达啥，每段的段落大意也不会知道，句子与句子之间的联系还是不知道，无法准确判断出出题点等等情况......怎么办呢?这就要基于平时的练习，对错题的归纳总结，对句子的理解。

三掌握各类题目做题技巧

运用好托福阅读的考试技巧，可以让你在20分钟内快速完成文章，还能有时间检查。不同题型必须用不同方法，才能高效高质地解题。

1)细节题

特征：According to Paragraph .... A(某专有名词，或含修饰语的名词) ....

方法：先读题目要求，再读对应的自然段，找关键词A进行定位，正确答案来自原文

2)词汇题

特征：The word A in the passage is closest in meaning to...原文该词灰框

方法：解题时只看题目和选项，不看原文，直接选同义词!如果真的不能确定，再代入原文看是否合适

3)EXCEPT题

特征：硕大的EXCEPT

方法：先看选项，再读文章，定位方法同“细节题”，定位后看到选项内容，就排除，最后未被排除的就是正确选项

4)理解句意题

特征：原文句子灰框，题目冗长

方法：只读原文的灰框句子，不读上下文。是理解句意，不是翻译句子也不是同义改写，可以省掉不重要的部分，只要把重点内容说清楚了就行。读句子时“透过现象看本质”，把修饰部分忽略，先看清句子主干。

5)总结题

特征：最后一题，2种类型：6选3，或者分类

方法：做题前再回顾一遍文章，读每一自然段首句，宏观把握文章结构和脉络。

托福阅读备考攻略

托福阅读应该如何备考呢?先来看看传统的托福阅读的备考方式

1、通过模拟测试训练

要求自己在20分钟之内完成一篇文章。期间排除环境干扰，不能查单词，甚至不能上厕所。一切都模拟真实考试环境，目的是为了在考试前对真实考试的压力和精力需求有直接的体验。

2、错题总结回顾

做完题之后还要对题目进行剖析，错误选项为什么错，正确选项为什么对。在这个环节要注意分析自己喜欢错哪个类型的题目，并进行总结。同时，把错题和错题所对应的段落复制到错题文档中。

3、深度分析文章

这是真正能够提高阅读能力的环节。回到原文之中，逐句逐词读文章，遇到每一个自己不认识的单词都查一下，并且结合文章内容，把它背诵下来。每个意思不确定的词组，也要通过一切手段搞懂。在单词和词组的基础之上，搞懂文章每一句话的意思、每个段落的内部逻辑、段落之间的关系和文章的构成。

托福作为一个标准化的考试，它的考点以及文章构造的方式总是固定的。而逻辑的展开方式，无非也就是因果、并列、递进、转折、让步那么几种。我们需要做的无非是多遍熟悉文章的写作和构建方式，之后在考试中，看到一个段落能够对段落的构建方式有准确的预判和把握。这是提高对篇章把握能力的有效方法。

4、对照译文重新阅读

这个步骤无非是一边读英文，一边核对中文，看看自己对于每一句话的理解是否得当。因为我们保不准会出现这样的情况：一开始以为自己读懂了，其实却是一个错误的理解。这种情况比完全没读懂还要可怕，因为它把问题隐藏了。

如果这些方法你使用过，并且你的词汇量很大，但是只是不出分，那么你应该看看下面的分析和建议：

当你有了丰富词汇的基础，就要开始着手进行“输入”的过程了。输入的方式很多，有跳读、指读、唇读、默读、寻读、研读等等。而我们在输入信息的时候，也不会仅仅拘泥于其中的一种阅读方式，更多情况之下，是结合了其中的多个来进行的。

比如通过跳读把握文章的中心意思、段落结构、作者态度;通过寻读找到关键信息;通过研读解决对应的题目。不管运用怎样的方式，最终的目的是要记住、并正确理解文章内容及其隐含的意义。所以，想要提高“阅读速度”，真正要锻炼的是“理解能力”。

先来说一下“记住”，这似乎又回到“词汇”的部分了。篇章的记忆可以借鉴词汇的记忆方法，比如图像、联想等。另外，“记笔记”也是帮助记忆篇章的好办法。把一些重要的信息、关键的词、甚至文章的结构用笔纸记录下来，不但可以协助记忆，还以为把握文章的中心和逻辑框架，从而更好地理解文章。由此可见，“记住”和“理解”是分不开的。理解了才能记住，记住了才能从更大的角度去理解。

那么要如何提高理解能力呢?

其一，我们在读句子的时候，要注意理清句子成分和结构，要知道各成分的意思以及它们之间的逻辑关系，要能够正确把握这些成分组合起来所表达的意思。一个句子可以多读上几遍，通过重复的练习，达到能够正确“拆解”和“重组”句子的目的。

其二，对于篇章而言，也是一个反复的过程，但是和句子的训练有些不同。先准备一篇合适的文章，掐时间阅读，要求自己在规定的时间之内尽可能多地摄取信息。然后在同样的时间之内，将这篇文章再读一遍，那么第二遍摄取到的信息必然比第一遍多，接着反复进行几次。在这样的过程当中，眼睛是在迅速掠过已知的信息，去寻求新的信息点，其实就是在进行快速阅读。它不是真正强调视线的转移，而是在浏览全篇的同时，怎样去获得更多的新信息，更快、更准地把握整个语篇的主旨。所以，“抓住句子逻辑关系练习”和“反复快速阅读练习”是真正提高理解能力的两大法宝。

篇4：托福阅读速度慢问题解决办法讲解

托福阅读速度慢问题解决办法讲解先搞定词汇是基础

托福阅读提速先打好词汇基础

托福考试要求8000左右的词汇量，具备英语四级-六级水平的学生，词汇量在6000左右，还需要补足左右词汇的差距。背单词是托福考试备考中老生常谈的问题，背单词的一些细节要注意：首先，背词汇书是很枯燥的，考生要避免盯着一个词太久来记忆，这样做倒不如反复记忆(即快速记多个单词，不断重复记一些单词);另外，在平时阅读材料的时候，把自己不认识的单词写下来，并记牢它的常用含义。而且由于托福阅读话题重复可能性大，如果大家能够在材料中遇到同一个单词2-3次并给予关注，往往就能掌握这个词了。

托福阅读提速要看懂长难句

托福阅读中的句子为不少考生所抵触，越是这样越是读不懂。托福阅读长难句的理解关键在于找主干，其实很多题目解答是用不到句子中的修饰成分的，所以如果总是读不懂句子，又可以确定自己词汇量是足够的，就要把精力放在语法的学习上，要了解各种从句成分的形式、作用，了解句子结构，再通过练习掌握分析句子的方法。除此之外，托福阅读速度慢的学生分不清内容重点，每个句子都看是没有必要的。要想明确在有限的时间重点读什么，学生还要从托福阅读考点以及内容逻辑角度着手。

托福阅读提速请整体把握文章

对于整篇托福阅读文章，由于文体不同，需要把握的内容也是不同的，能够了解文章结构把握重点可以帮助大家提高托福阅读速度。托福阅读议论文相对说明文更容易把握，因为观点+论点+论据的一般形式可以帮助学生把握文章思路;而说明文会包含一些数字、人物、实验等，学生可能会感觉信息量太大不好掌握，但是这些内容大部分情况下可以略读，其实只要掌握了方法并不难。

托福(TOEFL)考试阅读

Questions 1l-20

According to some scientists, migratory birds should be able to withstand the winter.

A bird s feathery coat is good insulation against the cold. BECause a bird is warm- blooded, its body temperature always remains constant, even if the temperature of its surroundings changes.

The factors that trigger migratory behavior in birds are difficult to explain. This behavior seems to be instinctive, not learned. For example, many northern species leave their summer homes while the weather is still warm and the food supply plentiful. Young arctic terns born at the arctic breeding grounds will lake off with the flock for distant lands they have never seen.

Bird migrations are probably regulated by the glandular system. Scientists suspect that the changing length of the day is the factor that triggers migratory behavior. In an experiment, migratory birds were kept in artificially lighted rooms. It was found that if periods of darkness were lengthened proportionately, the glands of the birds became active. These glands secrete hormones, which are chemicals that control numerous body functions. Shorter periods of daylight seem to change the hormone balance of birds, so that they retain more fat. This stored fat is the fuel that provides the energy for a long flight. The same experiment revealed that the birds became more excited as the artificial night was lengthened. It is probably no coincidence that most flocks begin their migratory flights during the night.

11. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Common migratory paths for birds

(B) Why birds migrate

(D) Migration in cold climates

12. The word “withstand” in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) prefer

(B) tolerate

(D) understand

13. According to the passage, which of the following protects birds against cold weather?

(A) Glands

(B) Hormones

(D) Artificial light

14. The word “constant” in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) invariable

(B) persistent

(D) responsive

15. The word “its” in line 3 refers to

(A) temperature

(B) cold

(D) bird

16. In lines 7-9, the author mentions young arctic terns as an example of birds that

(A) do not migrate

(B) breed during migration

(D) adapt to the cold

l7. The word “they” in line 16 refers to

(A) glands

(B) birds

(D) hormones

18. According to the passage, birds exposed to longer periods of darkness experience all of the following changes EXCEPT

(A) activated glands

(B) excited behavior

(D) increased appetite

19. In the experiment mentioned in the passage, the scientists adjusted the birds

(A) food supply

(B) body temperatures

(D) brain chemistry

20. Where in the passage does the author mention the substance that enables birds to fly long distances?

(A) Lines 2-4

(B) Lines 5-7

(D) Lines 16-17

托福(TOEFL)考试阅读

The war for independence from Britain was a long and economically costly conflict. The New England fishing industry was temporarily destroyed, and the tobacco colonies in the South were also hard hit. The trade in imports was severely affected, since the war was fought against the country that had previously monopolized the colonies’ supply of manufactured goods. The most serious consequences were felt in the cities, whose existence depended on commercial activity. Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston were all occupied for a time by British troops. Even when the troops had left, British ships lurked in the harbors and continued to disrupt trade.

American income from shipbuilding and commerce declined abruptly, undermining the entire economy of the urban areas. The decline in trade brought a fall in the American standard of living. Unemployed shipwrights, dock laborers, and coopers drifted off to find work on farms and in small villages. Some of them joined the Continental army, or if they were loyal to Britain, they departed with the British forces. The population of the New York City declined from 21,000 in 1774 to less than half that number only nine years later in 1783.

The disruptions produced by the fighting of the war, by the loss of established markets for manufactured goods, by the loss of sources of credit, and by the lack of new investment all created a period of economic stagnation that lasted for the next twenty years.

1.Why does the author mention the fishing industry and the tobacoo colonies?

A. to show how the war for independence affected the economy

B. to compare the economic power of two different regions

C. to identify the two largest commercial enterprises in America

D. to give examples of industries controlled by British forces

2. Why does the author mention the population of New York City in paragraph 2?

A. to show that half of New York remained loyal to Britain

B. to compare New York with other cities occupied during the war

C. to emphasize the great short-term cost of the war for New York

D. to illustrate the percentage of homeless people in New York

3. Chinese people had fought for independence from foreign countries for more than 100 years; we had lost lands, powers, resources and lives during that period. Today, China faces a new challenge that how the development can maintain, in other words, how China doesn’t lag behind. Please write an essay to express your ideas.

答案：

1.A 2.C

篇5：托福阅读做题速度慢3大重要原因分析

托福阅读做题速度慢3大重要原因分析

托福阅读做题慢原因分析：基本功不扎实

同样一个单词，对于认识的学生和需要上下文语境理解的学生来说，显然前者更快。所谓的巧妇难为无米之炊就是这个道理。同样的一个句子，有的同学读了一遍，意思就在脑子存在了，而有的同学却是需要反复读句子，断句，分析意群，还有可能理解错了，如果文章都理解错了，那么想做题做对就难了。

所以，磨刀不误砍柴工，时间充裕的同学，在备考之初，努力打下坚实的词汇和读句子的基础是明智之举。

托福阅读做题慢原因分析：对待考试的态度决定你的速度

小编曾听一些托福老师反映，常会遇见这样的学生，距离考前还有1个月或者一周来上课。有位老师甚至接过考前一天找她上课的学生，说老师你帮我把题型过一遍，明天就考试了，我熟悉一下。这样的做法小编不能说一点用没有，确实也会有帮助。必须承认，出国类的考试确实有一些规律可循，可以利用，这也是托福老师的任务，总结规律，抓住规律，帮助学生考到理想的分数。

但是想拔高，想拿到高分，不能只靠捷径，不能只靠技巧。

托福阅读做题慢原因分析：做题数量不够导致做题慢

导致做题慢的另外一个原因就是做题少。做题规律好说，但是真正落实笔头上的练习才是最重要的。就像我们中国的高考，一般的规律都是，各科老师会在高一高二把知识点讲解完毕，最多也会在高三上学期把各科的知识点讲解收尾，留下将近一年的时间进行刷题模考练习，其用意无外乎就是学以致用，把学过的规律活学活用，在规定的时间内完美的呈现在考卷上。

这也是为什么小编不是特别推荐“临时抱佛脚”。没有大批量的做题练习，就不会引起质量的变化。同样，做题时间是需要刷题来缩短的。所以Practice makes prerfect是真理。

关于学生在规定时间内，也就是1个小时不能完成3篇托福阅读还有很多其他的原因，比如不适应机考，比如自己会无限制的脑补等等，但是以上提及的3条如果能够对症下药，克服掉，那么阅读的时间不再会是问题。

托福阅读素材之缺失碳的情况

托福阅读材料The Case of the Missing Carbon

Here's what you need to know about the warming planet, how it's affecting us, and what's at stake.

By Tim Appenzeller

Republished from the pages of National Geographic magazine

It's there on a monitor: the forest is breathing. Late summer sunlight filters through a canopy of green as Steven Wofsy unlocks a shed in a Massachusetts woodland and enters a room stuffed with equipment and tangled with wires and hoses.

The machinery monitors the vital functions of a small section of Harvard Forest in the center of the state. Bright red numbers dance on a gauge, flickering up and down several times a second. The reading reveals the carbon dioxide concentration just above the treetops near the shed, where instruments on a hundred-foot (30-meter) tower of steel lattice sniff the air. The numbers are running surprisingly low for the beginning of the 21st century: around 360 parts per million, ten less than the global average. That's the trees' doing. Basking in the sunshine, they inhale carbon dioxide and turn it into leaves and wood.

In nourishing itself, this patch of pine, oak, and maple is also undoing a tiny bit of a great global change driven by humanity. Start the car, turn on a light, adjust the thermostat, or do just about anything, and you add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. If you're an average resident of the United States, your contribution adds up to more than 5.5 tons (5 metric tons) of carbon a year.

The coal, oil, and natural gas that drive the industrial world's economy all contain carbon inhaled by plants hundreds of millions of years ago—carbon that now is returning to the atmosphere through smokestacks and exhaust pipes, joining emissions from forest burned to clear land in poorer countries. Carbon dioxide is foremost in an array of gases from human activity that increase the atmosphere's ability to trap heat. (Methane from cattle, rice fields, and landfills, and the chlorofluorocarbons in some refrigerators and air conditioners are others.) Few scientists doubt that this greenhouse warming of the atmosphere is already taking hold. Melting glaciers, earlier springs, and a steady rise in global average temperature are just some of its harbingers.

By rights it should be worse. Each year humanity dumps roughly 8.8 billion tons (8 metric tons) of carbon into the atmosphere, 6.5 billion tons (5.9 metric tons) from fossil fuels and 1.5 billion (1.4 metric) from deforestation. But less than half that total, 3.2 billion tons (2.9 metric tons), remains in the atmosphere to warm the planet. Where is the missing carbon? “It's a really major mystery, if you think about it,” says Wofsy, an atmospheric scientist at Harvard University. His research site in the Harvard Forest is apparently not the only place where nature is breathing deep and helping save us from ourselves. Forests, grasslands, and the waters of the oceans must be acting as carbon sinks. They steal back roughly half of the carbon dioxide we emit, slowing its buildup in the atmosphere and delaying the effects on climate.

Who can complain? No one, for now. But the problem is that scientists can't be sure that this blessing will last, or whether, as the globe continues to warm, it might even change to a curse if forests and other ecosystems change from carbon sinks to sources, releasing more carbon into the atmosphere than they absorb. The doubts have sent researchers into forests and rangelands, out to the tundra and to sea, to track down and understand the missing carbon.

This is not just a matter of intellectual curiosity. Scorching summers, fiercer storms, altered rainfall patterns, and shifting species—the disappearance of sugar maples from New England, for example—are some of the milder changes that global warming might bring. And humanity is on course to add another 200 to 600 parts per million to atmospheric carbon dioxide by late in the century. At that level, says Princeton University ecologist Steve Pacala, “all kinds of terrible things could happen, and the universe of terrible possibilities is so large that probably some of them will.” Coral reefs could vanish; deserts could spread; currents that ferry heat from the tropics to northern regions could change course, perhaps chilling the British Isles and Scandinavia while the rest of the globe keeps warming.

If nature withdraws its helping hand—if the carbon sinks stop absorbing some of our excess carbon dioxide—we could be facing drastic changes even before 2050, a disaster too swift to avoid. But if the carbon sinks hold out or even grow, we might have extra decades in which to wean the global economy from carbon-emitting energy sources. Some scientists and engineers believe that by understanding natural carbon sinks, we may be able to enhance them or even create our own places to safely jail this threat to global climate.

The backdrop for these hopes and fears is a natural cycle as real as your own breathing and as abstract as the numbers on Wofsy's instruments. In 1771, about the time of the first stirrings of the industrial revolution and its appetite for fossil fuel, an English minister grasped key processes of the natural carbon cycle. In a series of ingenious experiments, Joseph Priestley found that flames and animals' breath “injure” the air in a sealed jar, making it unwholesome to breathe. But a green sprig of mint, he found, could restore its goodness. Priestley could not name the gases responsible, but we know now that the fire and respiration used up oxygen and gave off carbon dioxide. The mint reversed both processes. Photosynthesis took up the carbon dioxide, converted it into plant tissue, and gave off oxygen as a by-product.

The world is just a bigger jar. Tens of billions of tons of carbon a year pass between land and the atmosphere: given off by living things as they breathe and decay and taken up by green plants, which produce oxygen. A similar traffic in carbon, between marine plants and animals, takes place within the waters of the ocean. And nearly a hundred billion tons of carbon diffuse back and forth between ocean and atmosphere.

Compared with these vast natural exchanges, the few billion tons of carbon that humans contribute to the atmosphere each year seem paltry. Yet like a finger on a balance, our steady contributions are throwing the natural cycle out of whack. The atmosphere's carbon backup is growing: Its carbon dioxide level has risen by some 30 percent since Priestley's time. It may now be higher than it has been in at least 20 million years.

Pieter Tans is one of the scientists trying to figure out why those numbers aren't even worse. At a long, low National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) laboratory set against pine-clad foothills in Boulder, Colorado, Tans and his colleagues draw conclusions from the subtlest of clues. They measure minute differences in the concentration of carbon dioxide in air samples collected at dozens of points around the globe by weather stations, airplanes, and ships.

These whiffs of air are stacked against a wall in Tans's lab in 2.6-quart (2.5-liter) glass flasks. Because the churning of the atmosphere spreads carbon dioxide just about evenly around the planet, concentrations in the bottles don't differ by more than a fraction of a percent. But the differences hold clues to the global pattern of carbon dioxide sources and sinks. Scientists calculate, for example, that carbon dioxide should pile up in the Northern Hemisphere, which has most of the world's cars and industry. But the air samples show a smaller than expected difference from south to north. That means, Tans says, that “there has to be a very large sink of carbon in the Northern Hemisphere.”

Other clues in the air samples hint at what that sink is. Both the waters of the ocean and the plants on land steal carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. But they leave different fingerprints behind. Because plants give off oxygen when they absorb carbon dioxide, a plant sink would lead to a corresponding oxygen increase. But when carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean, no oxygen is added to the atmosphere.

Plants taking in carbon dioxide also change what they leave behind. That's because plants prefer gas that contains carbon 12, a lighter form of the carbon atom. The rejected gas, containing carbon 13, builds up in the atmosphere. The ocean, though, does not discriminate, leaving the carbon ratio unchanged. From these clues, Tans and others have found that while the ocean is soaking up almost half the globe's missing carbon—2 billion tons (1.8 billion metric tons) of it—the sink in the Northern Hemisphere appears to be the work of land plants. Their appetite for carbon dioxide surges and ebbs, but they remove, on average, more than 2 billion tons (1.8 billion metric tons) of carbon a year.

Forests like Wofsy's are one place where it's happening. For more than a decade his group has monitored the carbon dioxide traffic between the trees and the air. Instruments on his tower track air above the treetops as wind and solar heating stir it. As each waft of air passes the tower, sensors measure its carbon dioxide content. The theory is simple, says Wofsy: “If an air parcel going up has less carbon dioxide than an air parcel going down, you have carbon dioxide being deposited onto the forest.”

The amount changes fast. “Sunshine, perhaps the temperature, rainfall over the past week—all those factors affect what the forest does on an hour-to-hour basis,” he says. Even a passing cloud can dampen photosynthesis, spoiling the trees' appetite for carbon. In winter, when leaves fall and decay, more carbon dioxide—a by-product of plant respiration and decomposition—seeps back out of the forest and into the atmosphere. Still, over more than ten years, the bottom line of billions of measurements has been positive. On balance, Harvard Forest is sieving carbon from the atmosphere.

It shows in the trees and on the forest floor. To check that their high-tech air measurements weren't somehow being fooled, Wofsy's group strapped calibrated steel bands around trees to measure their growth, gathered and weighed deadfall, and set up bins to collect fallen leaves. The idea was to measure just how much carbon-containing wood and other organic matter was building up in the forest, and to see if it matched the gas measurements. It did. Each acre of the forest has been taking roughly 0.8 ton (0.75 metric ton) of carbon out of the atmosphere annually, doing its humble part to counteract greenhouse warming.

Other forests at research sites in the eastern U.S. are putting on weight as well. That's no surprise, Wofsy says. “In the eastern U.S., the most common age for a forest is 40 to 60 years. That's the kind of forest that's going to be growing.”

The current Harvard Forest, in fact, has a precise birth date: 1938, when a hurricane barreled in from the Atlantic and leveled earlier stands of trees. Elsewhere in the U.S. humans were the hurricane, clearing vast stands of forest for farming. Abandoned in the early 20th century as agriculture shifted westward to the plains, the land is yielding to forest again. The trees, still young, are getting taller and stouter and putting on denser wood. Year by year this slow alchemy locks up carbon in thousands of square miles of eastern forest.

More missing carbon could be hiding in the West. Fire once regularly swept the grasslands, rejuvenating them while killing off woody shrubs like mesquite, juniper, and scrub oak. Decades of firefighting policies called for dousing the smallest blaze and allowed the brush to thrive. The practice disrupted the grasslands' natural cycle and led to bulkier, woodier brush that fueled larger, more destructive fires. But it may also have created a major storehouse for carbon. All told, forest and scrub across the 48 states could be taking in half a billion tons of carbon, balancing out more than a third of the emissions from U.S. cars and factories. It's a huge gift, says Wofsy: “That's at least four times what they were trying with Kyoto”—the climate treaty that the U.S. refused to ratify—“and it hasn't hurt anyone.”

That leaves more than 1.5 billion tons (1.4 billion metric tons) of missing carbon to account for in the Northern Hemisphere. Mature forests, such as tropical rain forest and the great belt of coniferous forest across Alaska and Canada, probably can't help because they're in a steady state, taking in no more carbon dioxide for growth than they give off (plants breathe too). But Europe's managed woodlands, new forests planted in China, and forests regrowing in Siberia after decades of logging could account for another half billion tons (.45 billion metric tons), researchers say.

Then there is a change in the far north, where satellite measurements over the past 20 years have shown that vegetation is getting lusher and enjoying a longer growing season. Natives of the North American Arctic report a new luxuriance on the tundra, where once stunted plants, such as dwarf birch, willow, and alder, are growing taller. The reason is simple, says Princeton's Pacala: “You go to the far north, and it's just palpable how much warming there is.”

Indeed it is. While the world as a whole has warmed by about 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.56 degree Celsius) since 1900, parts of Alaska have warmed by 5 degrees Fahrenheit (2.8 degrees Celsius). Brad Griffith studies caribou at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, where he has noticed a change in the winters. He remembers clear, cold days and powder snow. “It was never slick, never cloudy; you never had to clean your windshield.” Now the winters arc warmer, wetter, and slushier. The shrubs on the North Slope seem to love the change, and Griffith has found that the lusher forage gives newborn caribou a better shot at survival.

That's the good news from the north: Right now global warming, ironically, may be helping forestall even more warming, by speeding the growth of carbon-absorbing trees. But balanced against that are warning signs—hints that northern ecosystems could soon turn against us. Eventually, warming in the far north may have what scientists call a positive feedback effect, in which warming triggers new floods of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, driving temperatures higher.

Worrisome signs begin on the aircraft approach to Anchorage. As the route skirts the hundred-mile-wide (161-kilometer-wide) Kenai Peninsula, ugly gray gaps appear in the dark green canopy of spruce below. Since the early 1990s bark beetles have been on the rampage in the Kenai, killing spruce on more than 2-million acres (809,000 hectares) there. Farther south in the Kenai, says Glenn Juday, a forest ecologist at the University of Alaska, skeletal trees stretch from horizon to horizon. “It's the largest single area of trees killed by insects in North America,” says Juday. “No outbreak this size has happened in the past 250 years.”

The vast tracts of dead trees will ultimately send their carbon back to the atmosphere when decay or fire consumes them. A warming climate is likely to blame, Juday and others believe. Warmth favors the beetle by speeding up its life cycle and improving its chance of surviving the winter. And as Juday has found in his study area, warming also stresses the hardy northern trees, making them less able to fight off infestation.

Two hundred seventy miles (434 kilometers) north of the Kenai, on a hillside just west of Fairbanks, the Parks Loop Stand appears to the unschooled eye to be thriving. But Juday, who has worked in this grove of hundred-foot-tall (30-meter-tall) white spruce for 15 years, knows practically every tree's biography—and he is concerned. Heavier, wetter snowfalls have broken off branches and crowns. The trees have also been assaulted by a pest new to northern Alaska, the spruce budworm.

The first outbreak of spruce budworm in this region was recorded in 1989, and Juday thinks the warmer climate is again to blame. Sickly orange branches high in the trees and ragged spruce seedlings festooned with black pupae show that the budworm is still at work. “This was a healthy, beautiful white spruce stand,” says Juday. But so many trees have died that the formerly dense canopy has opened up, and the moss that carpeted the shadowy floor has given way to sun-loving grasses.

It's not just the snow and the pests. On the jagged stump of a recently fallen tree Juday points to another fingerprint of warming. The 200-year-old tree's growth rings are thick at the core of the stump, but the outermost rings, representing the tree's last few decades of life, are as thin as puff pastry layers. Juday believes the tree's growth has been slowing because of hotter summers. Thin rings are a sign that the trees are undergoing stress, running short of water in the heat.

Since that finding, Juday's group has examined cores from black spruce, another major tree type in interior Alaska. It too grows more slowly in warmer years because of moisture stress. The future of the northern forest could be bleak. Assuming that Alaska continues to warm at the rate some climate models predict, Juday's analysis points to “zero white-spruce growth” by 2090. If that happened, the boreal forest as we know it would be no more. A smaller carbon storehouse could take its place—perhaps a grassy parkland dotted with aspen groves, Juday suggests. Substantial amounts of carbon dioxide could be released into the atmosphere from the corpse of the old forest.

Across the far north a still bigger pulse of greenhouse gas could come from the soil. In a somber grove of black spruce on the broad floodplain of the Tanana River south of Fairbanks, Jamie Hollingsworth, who manages an ecological research site at the University of Alaska, sinks a 4-foot (1.2-meter) steel probe into a damp carpet of moss. It slips in easily at first, then stops abruptly about three feet (one meter) in. Hollingsworth digs through a foot-thick (0.3-meter-thick) layer of moss, roots, and decaying needles, then scoops aside the silty soil below until his shovel grates on the hard permafrost that defeated the probe. Chipping off a clod or two, he reveals silvery veins of ice.

That eternal ice is in jeopardy across much of the far north. Near Fairbanks, at the heart of Alaska, the soil has warmed as much as 3 degrees Fahrenheit (5.4 degrees Celsius) over the past 40 years, putting large tracts of permafrost in danger of thawing. Here and there—even at spots on the university campus—it has already crossed the threshold, and melting has left the ground unstable and boggy. Farther north there's a larger margin of safety.

Fires can speed up the melting. In the summer of a fire raced through a hundred thousand acres (40,000 hectares) of floodplain forest along the Tanana. The charred snags now stand on bare sand and silt, in many places burned clean of the usual thick moss carpet. The moss is critical to the permafrost: It insulates the soil, keeping it at subfreezing temperatures and helping preserve the ice through the summer. Any permafrost in the fire zone is now in danger of thawing—and hotter summers have made fires more common in many parts of the north, including Siberia and western Canada.

Climate experts keep a worried eye on the permafrost because vast reserves of peat and other carbon-rich organic material are frozen into it—a global trove of carbon estimated at 200 billion tons (181.4 metric tons). For hundreds, perhaps thousands, of years low temperatures entombed it. Now, says Terry Chapin of the University of Alaska, “it's potentially a very large time bomb.”

The permafrost's full megatonnage isn't certain. Some of the subterranean ice would create bogs when it melted, and the oxygen-poor waters of bogs can inhibit decay and keep the carbon locked up. But northern warming could well bring a drier climate, and that could open the way to a worst-case scenario, says NOAA's Tans. “If, due to warming in the Arctic, the permafrost warmed up and dried out, most of that carbon could be released.” The atmospheric level of carbon dioxide could jump by a hundred parts per million as a result, he says—more than 25 percent above current levels.

So where in nature can we look for salvation? Until recently climate scientists hoped it would come from farther south. In temperate and tropical vegetation, they thought, a negative feedback effect called carbon fertilization might rein in the carbon dioxide rise. Plants need carbon dioxide to grow, and scientists have found that in laboratory chambers well-nourished plants bathed in high-carbon dioxide air show a surge of growth. So out in the real world, it seemed, plants would grow faster and faster as carbon dioxide built up in the atmosphere, stashing more carbon in their stems, trunks, and roots and helping to slow the atmospheric buildup. Such a growth boost could, for example, turn mature tropical forests—which normally don't soak up any more carbon than they give off—into carbon dioxide sponges.

Alas, it appears not to work. At Duke University's forest in North Carolina, William Schlesinger and his colleagues have been giving hundred-foot-wide (30-meter-wide) plots of pines a sniff of the future. Over each plot a ring of towers emits carbon dioxide at just the right rate to keep the concentration in the trees at 565 parts per million, the level the real atmosphere might reach by midcentury. When the experiment started seven years ago, the trees showed an initial pulse of growth.

“These trees woke up to high carbon dioxide and were able to make good with it for a couple of years,” says Schlesinger. But then the growth spurt petered out, and the trees' growth has slipped most of the way back to normal. That's not to say that high carbon dioxide didn't have some long-term effects. Poison ivy, for some reason, “is one of the winners,” says Schlesinger, with a sustained growth rate 70 percent faster than normal. And allergy sufferers will not be pleased to learn that the carbon dioxide-fertilized pines produced extravagant amounts of pollen.

To take advantage of a carbon dioxide bonanza, it seems, most plants also need extra nitrogen and other nutrients. Schlesinger's experiment is one of many to show lately that in the real world, more carbon just means plants will probably run short of something else essential. Resurgent forests are soaking up plenty of carbon now, but we owe that mainly to our ax-wielding forebears, who cleared the land in centuries past. That land sink is not likely to increase by much, say scientists. And it will eventually saturate as today's young forests mature. “We can expect this sink to disappear on the order of a hundred years,” says Princeton's Pacala. “You can't count on it to keep getting larger, like manna from heaven, the way a carbon-fertilization sink would.”

The outlook for an increased ocean sink is no brighter. Taro Takahashi of Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory has spent decades on oceanographic research ships, making thousands of carbon dioxide measurements just above and just below the water surface to track the exchange of gas between the ocean and the atmosphere.

The North Atlantic and the southern oceans have cold, nutrient-rich waters that welcome carbon dioxide, Takahashi has found. Carbon dioxide dissolves easily in cold water, and the nutrients foster marine-plant growth that quickly uses up the dissolved carbon dioxide. When the plants and the animals that feed on them die and sink into the abyss, their remains carry away the carbon and make room for more.

The traffic mostly goes the other way in warmer, less biologically rich seas. But the global balance is favorable, for now at least. More carbon dioxide dissolves in the oceans than is given off. Takahashi's measurements confirm that the oceans take up nearly as much carbon as the regrowing forests and thickening brush on land: an average of 2 billion tons (1.8 billion metric tons) a year. “One-half of the missing carbon is ending up in the ocean,” Takahashi says.

That may be as good as it gets,“ he adds. ”My major question is whether this ratio is going to change“ as global warming raises the temperature of surface waters and carbon dioxide continues to build up in the atmosphere. ”The prognosis is not particularly bright,“ Takahashi says. A warm soda fizzing over the rim of a glass illustrates one effect: carbon dioxide is less soluble in warmer water. What's more, dissolved carbon dioxide can easily slip back into the atmosphere unless it is taken up by a marine plant or combines with a ”buffer“ molecule of carbonate.

But the ocean's supply of carbonate is limited and is replenished only slowly as it is washed into the ocean by rivers that erode carbonate-containing rocks such as limestone. In absorbing those two billion tons of carbon from the atmosphere year after year, the ocean is gradually using up its buffer supply. Jorge Sarmiento, an oceanographer at Princeton University, has been trying to predict the impact of such changes on the ocean's ability to act as a carbon dioxide sponge. He expects that over the next century, its carbon appetite will drop by 10 percent—and it may ebb much further in the long run.

With no new help from nature in sight, perhaps it is time for us to think about creating our own carbon sinks. Scientists have dreamed up plenty of possibilities: planting new forests, for example, which the Kyoto climate treaty would encourage. The approach has already taken root on a grand scale in China, where the government has planted tens of millions of acres since the 1970s. The bureaucrats set out to control floods and erosion, not stem global change, but the effect has been to soak up nearly half a billion tons (.45 billion metric tons) of carbon.

Steve Wofsy sees another possibility in his forest studies. Young forests like his study plot are hungry for carbon right now because they are growing vigorously. So why not try to keep a forest young indefinitely, by regular thinning? ”You manage it so that every year or every ten years you take out a certain amount of wood“ to be used in, say, paper, housing, and furniture, Wofsy says. ”You might have a situation where you could make the landscape continue to take up carbon for a long time—indefinitely.“

Then there's the siren call of the sea. Although as Sarmiento points out the ocean's natural uptake is dwindling, scientists have tried to find a way to give a boost to its carbon appetite. In the 1980s oceanographer John Martin suggested that across large tracts of ocean, the tiny green plants that are the marine equivalent of forests and grasslands are, in effect, anemic. What keeps them from flourishing—and perhaps sucking up vast quantities of carbon dioxide—is a lack of iron. Martin and others began to talk of a ”Geritol solution“ to global warming: Send out a fleet of converted oil tankers to sprinkle the oceans with an iron compound, and the surge of plant growth would cleanse the air of industrial emissions. As the plants and the animals that grazed on them died and sank, the carbon in their tissues would be safely locked away in the deep ocean.

Reality has not been quite so elegant. Experiments have shown that Martin was partly right: A dash of iron sulfate does cause the ocean's surface waters to bloom with patches of algae tens of miles long, so vivid they can be seen by satellites. But oceanographers monitoring what happens in the water have been disappointed to find that when the extra plants and the animals they nourish die, their remains mostly decay before they have a chance to sink and be buried. The carbon dioxide from the decay nourishes new generations of plants, reducing the need for extra carbon from the atmosphere. Nature is just too thrifty for iron fertilization to work.

Perhaps carbon can be deep-sixed without nature's help: filtered from power plant emissions, compressed into a liquid, and pumped into ocean depths. Ten thousand feet (3,000 thousand meters) down, water pressure would squeeze liquid carbon dioxide to a density great enough to pool on the seafloor, like vinegar in a bottle of salad dressing, before dissolving. At shallower depths it would simply disperse. Either way environmentalists and many scientists are wary of the scheme because injecting vast quantities of carbon dioxide would slightly acidify the deep ocean and might harm some marine life. Last year protesters forced scientists to cancel experiments meant to test the idea, first near Hawaii and then off Norway.

But Peter Brewer, who is studying the scheme at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, says it's too early to write it off. Rising carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will acidify the ocean's surface waters in any case, he points out, and pumping some of the carbon into the ocean depths could slow that process. ”Why would you want to take this off the table before you know what it does?“ he asks.

The most fitting end for the carbon that human beings have tapped from the Earth, in coal, oil, and gas, would be to send it back where it came from—into coal seams, old oil and gas fields, or deep, porous rock formations. Not only would that keep the carbon out of the atmosphere, but the high-pressure injection could also be used to chase the last drops of oil or gas out of a depleted field.

In fact geologic sequestration, as it's called, is already under way. One field in the North Sea, for example, yields gas that is heavily contaminated with natural carbon dioxide. So before shipping the gas, the Norwegian oil company Statoil filters out the carbon dioxide and injects it into a sandstone formation half a mile (0.8 kilometer) below the seafloor. The U.S. Department of Energy plans to start its own test project, which would drill a 10,000-foot (3,000-meter) well in West Virginia and pump carbon dioxide into the deep rock.

No one knows yet how well such schemes might work in the long run. Tapped-out oil and gas fields are, by nature, full of man-made holes that might leak the carbon dioxide. Even if the stored gas didn't leak straight to the surface, it might seep into groundwater supplies. But the North Sea project seems to be working well eight years after it began. Seismic images that offer views beneath the ocean floor show that the thick layer of clay capping the sandstone is effectively sealing in the 6 million tons (5.4 million metric tons) of carbon dioxide injected so far.

That's encouraging news for researchers who are working on schemes that would allow humanity to keep burning fossil fuels without dire consequences for climate. Researchers at Princeton, for example, are exploring a technology that would take the carbon out of coal.

In a multistep process coal would react with oxygen and steam to make pure hydrogen, plus a stream of waste gases. The hydrogen could be burned to produce electricity or distributed to gas stations where hydrogen-powered cars—emitting nothing but water vapor—could fuel up. The waste, mostly carbon dioxide but also contaminants that coal-burning plants now emit, such as sulfur and mercury, would be buried. The scheme, says Princeton energy analyst Robert Williams, ”could make coal as clean as renewable energy, and you can exploit the low cost of coal.“

Or maybe the future lies in fields of solar panels, armies of giant wind turbines, or a new generation of safe nuclear reactors. No one knows, but that gauge in Wofsy's shack tells us that we don't have long to dither. The trees are doing their best, but year by year the flickering red number is climbing.

篇6：雅思阅读速度慢是什么原因

雅思阅读速度慢是什么原因

雅思阅读速度慢的原因1、边看边读

有一些考生因为原来学英语课文时有朗读的习惯，当遇到英语文章，都会情不自禁地读出声来，又或是口里念念有词。如此做的后果，肯定是阅读速度降低。解决问题比较重要的是一定要树立“看”文章而不是“读”文章的心态。

雅思阅读速度慢的原因2、一次只看一个单词

有一些考生逐词逐词地看，一眼只看一个单词，如此做不仅速度慢，同时也许还会有这样一种情形出现：每一个单词都认识，但整句话即无法理解。克服以上逐词阅读坏习惯的方法，为的是争取眼睛在文章中移动的速度一步一步加快，一次看一个意群(sense unit)，而不是只看一个单词。意群的划分如例所示：It is possible to use this iron in a vertical position so that you can remove creases from clothes on coat hangers or from curtains.

雅思阅读速度慢的原因3、遇生词则停顿

习惯在做雅思阅读题时先将全部生词查出来的考生，到了实战时却很容易出现碰到生词便停下来思索很长时间，从而造成打断阅读连贯性的情况。考生应该平时养成根据上下文猜测单词含义的习惯，而对于那些不影响理解的生词，则可以忽略不计。

综上，边看边读、一次只看一个单词、遇生词则停顿等原因，造成了雅思阅读速度慢，雅思阅读备考生了解了吗?

雅思阅读材料：怎么拍照会显瘦?

IF YOU’RE LIKE ME, YOU’RE CONSTANTLY LOOKING FOR TIPS TO LOOK SKINNY IN PICTURES. by Lyndsie

It’s not that I’m necessarily unhappy with my body, but if I’m going to be showing a picture to the world (or my world, at least) on Facebook or what have you, I want to look my best. I want to know how to pose, how to find my best angles, and all the things they try to teach you on America’s Next Top Model. I’m no Tyra Banks, but if you’re in the same boat, then I’ve got some excellent tips to look skinny in pictures you may be able to use!

1. Get the Camera above You 将镜头置于头顶

A lot of tips to look skinny in pictures are actually subtle little tricks that any photographer can use. One such trick is to make sure that the camera above you. You don’t have to place it incredibly high; you can just hold it above your head or place it on a shelf that’s taller than you. Because of the angle, you’ll need to look up, which elongates your neck and makes you look wonderfully slim。

2. Watch Your Head 看着你的头部

The position of your head actually makes a huge difference about how you look in a picture. You shouldn’t pull your head back at an angle, for instance. That can make your chin look longer, so even if you’re thin, your face will look much bigger. Instead, position your head forward; even if you have a double chin, that will minimize it and create the illusion of slimness。

3. Twist It 扭动身体

Positioning your body correctly is another great tip to look skinny in pictures. You don’t want to face the camera full on, because no matter what, that’s going to make you look larger. Keep your spine straight and your shoulders squared, and twist yourself away from the lens. You can instead turn halfway to the side, put one foot in front of your other one, and keep that toe pointing toward the camera, while your weight rests on your other foot。

4. Suck It In 收腹

This kind of goes without saying, except you’ve got to be careful about it. It’s important, again, to have terrific posture when you do this, with your back and shoulders straight. You only want to suck in your stomach a little – don’t do it so much that your ribs are visible. That makes it incredibly obvious to any viewer that you’re sucking in to look skinnier。

5. At Arms 注意你的胳膊

The way you position your arms is vital if you want to look slim in a photo. You can either hold them out from your sides just a little, so that your upper arms don’t flatten, thereby looking wider, or you can turn three quarters away from the camera and put your hand on your hip. Not only will you look fierce, you’ll look skinny, too!

6. Wear Dark Clothing 穿深色衣服

Not every tip to look skinny in pictures involves the positioning of your body, though. How you dress makes a huge difference, as well. If you wear darker clothes, they will instantly slim you down. Black is always the new black for a reason, and besides that, the resulting picture will look wonderfully dramatic. Remember, the type of clothing you wear matters too – anything too large will make it look like you’re trying to hide something, while tight-fitting clothes will show bulges that aren’t even there。

7. Choose the Right hairstyle 选择合适的发型

The hairstyle you have can make you look thinner – or not – as well. If you know you’re going to be having pictures taken, try to avoid anything too sleek, like a ponytail pulled all the way back. Having tendrils of hair around your face creates a softness, taking away from any harsh angles that could make your head, neck, and shoulders look larger or wider than they are。

I really hope that my tips to look skinny in pictures have given you some great ideas. Bear in mind, you should love your body no matter what its shape or size. However, if you feel self conscious in front of the camera, there are some things you can do. Do you have any other tips on how to make yourself look stellar in a photo?

雅思阅读材料：十大最受赞赏的科技公司

Apple

苹果公司

Its stock may have come back down to earth, but Apple is still one of the most beloved brands in the world. Every launch of a new product is eagerly awaited. The company had tremendous success last year with the launch of the iPhone 5 as well as the iPad mini, which helped drive record sales in the year's final quarter.

苹果公司(Apple)的股票或许已经重新回落到现实水平，但苹果品牌依然是全球最受喜爱的品牌。它每一款新产品的发布都能激起消费者热切的期待。公司去年发布了iPhone 5和iPad mini，都取得令人瞩目的成功，公司在去年一个季度的销量也得以创下新的纪录。

Google

谷歌公司

The search giant seems to be successfully adding hardware competency to its software dominance. It unveiled a host of exciting new products last year at CES. This year, one of the most anticipated releases will be for the recently patented Google Glass eyewear. It is expected to be available for under $1500 to ordinary consumers.

搜索巨头谷歌(Google)在软件优势的基础上成功强化了硬件能力。它在去年的消费类电子展(CES)上推出了一系列激动人心的新产品。而今年，它最令人期待的产品之一非谷歌眼镜(Google Glass)莫属。这款产品最近已经获得了专利认可，预计将以1,500美元的价格向普通消费者出售。

Amazon

亚马逊公司

The world's leading e-commerce company made a lot of investments last year that are expected to payoff in 2013. It went head to head with Apple's iPad with the release of the Kindle Fire HD, which is now the #2 ranked tablet in the market. The company is also expected to improve its product delivery times with the opening of several fulfillment centers across the country as well as in South America.

亚马逊(Amazon)已经成为全球领先的电子商务公司，去年进行了大量投资。 2013年，这些投资预计将带来回报。它以苹果iPad为竞争对手，推出了Kindle Fire HD，目前在平板电脑市场中位居第二。此外，亚马逊将在美国和南美地区开设多个运营中心，预计将改善公司的产品交付时间。

IBM

IBM公司

The tech solutions company gave a better than expected outlook for 2013 on the back of increased growth in emerging markets such as Brazil, India and China. It also announced a new suite of mobile products for its business customers and an expanded relationship with AT&T to increase its presence in the mobile market.

随着巴西、印度和中国等新兴市场的发展，科技解决方案公司IBM在2013年的前景将好于预期。此外，这家公司针对商务用户推出了一系列新型移动产品，还通过加深与美国电话电报公司(AT&T)的合作，扩大了公司在移动市场的影响力。

Microsoft

微软公司

There was an underwhelming response to the latest version of Microsoft's flagship product, Windows 8. However, analysts believe it is only a matter of time before consumers get used to the new interface and its presence across multiple platforms. The company also continues to perform well with its Office and Xbox products.

虽然微软(Microsoft)推出的旗舰产品Windows 8反响平平，但分析师认为，这只是个时间问题，消费者很快就会习惯这种新的操作界面及其跨越多重平台的应用能力。此外，它的Office与Xbox产品表现依然抢眼。

Intel

英特尔公司

The world's leading chip manufacturer is finally making a push into segments other than PCs by announcing a range of products designed to accelerate its presence in other personal electronic devices. It recently launched its high-speed, low power Atom processor aimed at the smartphone and tablet market.

全球领先的芯片制造商英特尔(Intel)终于将注意力转移到了PC以外的其他市场。为了加快建立公司在其他个人电子设备领域的影响力，它发布了一系列新产品。近期，这家公司发布了针对智能手机与平板市场的高速、低耗凌动(Atom)处理器。

Accenture

埃森哲公司

With a loyal client base that includes more than 3/4th of the Fortune Global 500, the global consultancy continues to enjoy healthy growth, generating net revenues of US$27.9 billion for the fiscal year 2012. It also remains one of the top companies to be employed at, spending over $850 million each year on employee training and development.

凭借忠诚的客户基础，其中包括四分之三的《财富》全球500强公司(Fortune Global 500)，跨国咨询公司埃森哲(Accenture)继续保持着健康增长。2012财年，这家公司的净收入达到了279亿美元。此外，埃森哲也是的用人单位之一，公司每年用于员工培训与发展的开支超过8.5亿美元。

eBay

eBay公司

Perhaps taking cues from Pinterest, the company recently launched a brand new homepage containing a highly visual, personalized feed of products specifically tailored for the user. The redesign comes on the back of eBay's remarkable recovery that had its stock up by 70% in the last year, beating out other ecommerce giants such as Amazon.

或许是受到照片分享网站Pinterest的启发，这家公司最近推出了全新的主页，其中包括专为用户量身定做的高度可视化、个性化产品概要。在此之前，eBay经历了强劲的复苏。去年公司股票上涨了70%，远胜其他电子商务巨头，例如亚马逊。

Facebook

Facebook公司

The social media has managed to stabilize after a disastrous IPO last year and recently unveiled its latest product, the ”Graph Search\" feature that will allow users to search for results in their friends' online activity. Analysts say the new feature could compete with sites such as Yelp and LinkedIn in terms of comparative searches.

经历去年灾难性的IPO之后，这家社交媒体网站终于恢复稳定，并在最近发布了产品“社交图表搜索(Graph Search)”。这项功能允许用于搜索好友的在线活动。分析师称，这个功能在比较式搜索方面可以与点评网站Yelp和商务社交网站LinkedIn等网站相媲美。

Cisco

思科公司

It's all about the cloud at Cisco and it's made several acquisitions to compete in that market. The company recently unveiled several products from its Quantum software portfolio that will enable users to process data across their mobile and wireless networks.

思科(Cisco)将重点放在云技术领域，为了加强在云技术市场的竞争，还进行了多笔收购。思科最近推出了Quantum软件产品组合中的几款新产品，用户可以通过这些产品跨越移动与无线网络来处理数据。

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