雅思阅读对28个多少分

下面小编给大家带来雅思阅读对28个多少分，本文共8篇，希望能帮助到大家!本文原稿由网友“rsdzkj”提供。

篇1：雅思阅读对28个多少分

雅思A类阅读评分标准。

Number of correct Reading answers IELTS band score

39-40 9.0

37-38 8.5

35-36 8.0

33-34 7.5

30-32 7.0

27-29 6.5

23-26 6.0

20-22 5.5

16-19 5.0

13-15 4.5

10-12 4.0

6-9 3.5

4-5 3.0

3 2.5

2 2.0

1 1.0

absent 0.0

当然，我们这边需要提醒广大烤鸭注意的是首先，雅思阅读考试评分标准与雅思听力评分标准一样官网并没有公布。目前大家了解的评分标准都是通过培训机构或者雅思考生总结整理的。

其次，雅思阅读的评分标准不同于雅思听力，口语，写作评分标准。雅思阅读A类与G类考题不同，评分标准也稍有不同。而雅思写作，口语，听力无论是A类与G类评分标准或者考核点是一样的。

最后，由于官方没有公布确切的评分标准，就是因为每次考题评分标准不是固定不变的，但是变化甚微，一般最多相差1-2个。 以下整理的评分标准是相对权威的，也可以说是很多培训机构认可或者以此来参照进行模拟测试。欲了解自己成绩的考生，可以以此为参考。但是准确率不一定是百分百。

ielts阅读评分标准(G类)

409.0 398.5 388.0 36-37 7.5 34-35 7.0 32-33 6.5 30-31 6.0 26-29 5.5 23-25 5.0 19-22 4.5 15-18 4.0

雅思阅读复习效果不好有老师和学生两方面因素。如果是老师没有讲明白，那就可以换个辅导班。但是，更多情况是学生没有有效复习。学习任何东西都有四个层次：了解，掌握，熟练，精通。如果只是了解了方法，没有掌握，肯定没有收获。从了解到掌握的标准就是：能否给别人讲明白了。

雅思考试的所有阅卷工作由经过训练的评分人员和考官在考试中心进行。

评分人员受过专门训练，了解雅思评分相关政策，而且切实做到按照评分标准给听力和阅读考卷评分。每隔一年对评分人员进行测评，以确保评分符合标准。在每个考试中心，会进行系统化的监测，并对一定比例的答题纸实施双重阅卷。

篇2：雅思阅读对28个多少分

雅思阅读多少分算高分!雅思阅读考试总分是九分，那么雅思阅读多少分算高分呢，在考试中7分以上算比较不错的成绩，但是分数多高可以根据我们的目标来判断，下面来看看雅思阅读多少分算高分相关内容。

雅思考试满分9分，每0.5分是一个级别。中国大陆区考生过去的总平均分是5.7分。所以如果你考了5.5或者6.0, 意味着你在所有考生当中处于一个中间的位置，和普罗大众差不多的水平。

从分项的角度来讲的话，听说读写四科的分数是不一样的，尽管每年这个分数会有一定的波动，但是从过去这几年来看整体的趋势是比较一致的。这个整体的趋势既指的是听说读写哪一科容易取得比较高的分数，也包括这四科分数的上下浮动区间，基本集中在0.1-0.2之间。这种浮动代表着这是一个相对稳定的数据。

从听说读写四项平均分来看，最高的科目不负众望的是阅读，阅读中国学生的平均分是6.1分。最低的科目大家也猜得到，在过去几年里一直是写作，基本是都是5.2-5.3。阅读和写作分别是最高和最低的，然后听力和口语分别是第二和第三。听力的平均分还是比较高的，5.9分。口语大概是5.4。所以6.1，5.9，5.4，5.3这四个分科的分数，总分平均分是5.7。大家有一个大致的了解了吧。

当然平均分这个数据的参考价值并不是很大，更加有比较意义的是百分位的分布情况，也就是说不同分数段的人数分布情况。这个分布是怎么来理解的呢?我们再次运用简单的数学例子：假设把全国参加雅思考试的考生看成100人，你可以根据你自己的分数把自己放到这100个人当中，看看自己能排多少名。

比如考到8.0以上的，在大陆所有考生中占1%，因此如果你的分数是8分以上，你在这100人的成绩排名中就是拔得头筹。再往下， 7.5这个区间占到了7%，也就是说如果你考了7.5，你在100个大陆考生中就是第二名，然后有7个学霸和你并列。至于大家最期待的7分目标，这个分数段的同学的比例是9%，这就意味着能考到7分以上的同学总共占了17%。我们知道一般排名靠前的名校的雅思分数要求都是7以上。以17%的比例来看。这个分数要求还是非常合理的。

再往下，6.5这个区间是有15%，6分有23%，5.5有23%，5分有15%。从分数分布大家可以发现这个考试的设计还是非常严谨的，整个分数的分布情况非常符合正太(不了解正态分布的自己百度吧)。更低的分数，4.5是6%，4分及以下是3%，这就是大陆考生雅思平均分总体的一个分布情况。

看完客观的数字统计，我们再来聊一聊主观方面。首先要了解的一点是雅思考试并不是一个竞争体制下的排名考试，也就是说你没必要一定要考很高分(任性的学霸除外)，你只要考到需要的分数标准就可以了。比如你想去英国读研究生，学校要求6.5，你考到6.5就万事大吉了。一些好的专业和学校可能要7分或者7.5都有可能，所以大家根据标准来置顶目标分数。

如果是找工作，我们一般把6.5分作为一个应聘的基准分。

雅思阅读考试中如何分配时间

一、缩短整套总用时的策略

不要盲目的去计时,一开始直接就控制在一小时内做完,导致正确率很低(没有正确率的控制时间是没有意义的)

先不计时做一套,看自己的正确率,如果正确率已经达到自己的目标(没达到目标先保证正确率,可以不用管时间),比如阅读目标6.5的要按7分来要求自己,如果对的题目个数是30个,用时为1h30min,下次做的时候也不要直接缩短到1h,基本不可实现而且可能正确率很低，可以采取每次缩短5min的方式，第二次计时1h25min,第三次1h20min,一直缩短到55min为止(考试是60min,但是考试可能会紧张,所以平时要练习控制到55min)。

二、控制整套总用时的策略

如果要控制这一套阅读的时间在一定时间内,要按照难度来分配时间,一般一套题会有两篇简单的一篇难的,可以按照1:1:1.5来分配时间,比如要控制在60min内,可以17min,17min,25min来分配时间,一般是最后一篇会比较难,但是也不是绝对的,大家要先做简单的两篇,所以考试的时候如果第一篇做着比较难,可以先跳过,去做第二篇,再往后,三篇用时大致按照这个时间来分配,。

三、控制单篇总用时的策略

一篇当中的题目会有难题也有简单的题目,我们要求大家简单的题目能做对就可以,不要在难题上耗时间,耗了时间也不一定能对,所以当你感觉一道题比较难的时候,超过1min半找不到答案就算难题哦,那就凭自己的直觉蒙一个,然后往下做,不要在难题上耗时间.考试的时候可能会出现最后一篇没有时间了的情况，参考下列策略,仅限于考前十天的模考和考试的时候用,平时不要这么干,没有意义。

四、考试时候最后一篇时间不够的处理办法

如果时间没控制好,做到最后一篇时间不够了,或者明显做不完,要在有限时间内完成,就直接采取蒙的方式,先挑简单题型来做,比较难的题型直接跳过,或者先挑不好蒙答案的题来做,比如填空题,选择题和是非题都可以直接去蒙答案,全选D或全填Y/T,总能对几个,一般离考试时间还有15min的时候最后一篇如果还有很多题没做就不要按顺序来做了,直接先挑比较简单的题型来做,保证简单题正确率,还有5min的时候就要去把所有没做的题先蒙完,没做的最好留的都是选择题和是非,留个填空题也没法蒙。

篇3：雅思阅读对28个多少分

雅思阅读是多少字数的!雅思阅读考试中一共包括三篇阅读文章，阅读文章的篇幅都比较长，那么雅思阅读是多少字数的呢，每篇阅读文章大约一千五到三千字的，下面来看看相关介绍。

阅读部分(General Traning和Academic试卷不同)

概况： 60分钟 共3篇文章 每篇约1000左右(阅读量极大) 40个题目

Academic类与General training类的考题都以“三大段”的文章为基本结构，大约1500-3000字之间，内容多样，甚至有时以图表、表格的方式出现，学生答题的方式亦有多种答题形式，共40题.

阅读部分的主题并不是为了考察学生对学术的专业度或认知度，所以学生千万别因对主题的陌生而紧张起来。

A类与G类内容相同之处在于A类除生活化范畴之外，加入考生在学业上、学术上的探讨与了解，而G类较着重于社会上的、生活化的、工作训练等的主题。

学术类阅读

学术类雅思考试的阅读测试共有3篇文章，考生需要回答40道题目。每一篇文章所需要回答的问题数量不同。每一道问题相对应1分。

阅读考试中的文章来源于诸如杂志、期刊、书籍和报纸等途径，经改写而成。除了文字，文章还包括了图表、曲线图、画图等非文字内容，以记叙文、说明文或者议论文等文体表现出来。文章的内容包含即将学习本科、研究生课程或进行职业注册的考生所感兴趣的、与其认知程度相符的常见话题。其中，至少一篇文章会出现详尽的论述形式。所有文章总计长度约在到2750词之间。

培训类阅读

培训类雅思考试阅读共3部分，难度由浅而深，共40道题。其中第一部分有14道题目，第二和第三部分分别有13道题目。第一部分通常包含2到3篇短文或者若干段文字，内容选自通知、广告、时间表、宣传品、以及其它的类似来源;第二部分通常有2篇文章，内容选自大学招生简章、课程介绍、大学课程介绍、图书馆指引、规定、以及其它的类似来源;第三部分则为一段较长的文章，内容选自报纸、杂志、期刊、小说或非虚构的书籍、以及其它的类似来源。

篇4：雅思阅读对25个是多少分

雅思阅读对25个是多少分

正确题数与分数段对应关系

15-19 5分

20-22 5.5分

23-25 6分

26-29 6.5分

30-32 7分

33-35 7.5分

36-37 8分

38-39 8.5分

40 9分

雅思阅读想拿高分需要掌握这些技能

一是英英词库

即你是否拥有英语对英语的同义词词库，还是只知道中文的意思，要知道这是国际性的英语考试，是老外出题，所以他绝对不会以你做中国试题的思维考测你，雅思阅读就是全文的找答案，可是你所定位的词很多时候不会老老实实地坐在原文里等着你，这就需要你具备英语同义词的能力，比如有一道题目，是T/F/NG，题目是： The Medical reference books in Tang Dynasty range from both academical and practical contents. 这句话的考点词是非常明确的，医疗书是否既包括学术，又包括实践的内容，如果只有其中一个，而不包括另一个，一定是NO。 在原文中学生怎么也找不到答案，所以选了NG，你是绝对拿不到高分的，因为在原文中，academic变成了theoritical，然而practical却变成了pragmatic，medial reference books转为了medician texts，在学生应用对应法技巧时，如果没有同义词的积累，这题是做不出来的。

二是你的paraprase的能力

什么意思呢?就是改句子的能力，但不是写句子，是让你改。高手都很擅长改句子，换了一句话或几句话来说，但是表达一样的意思。 这就是我说的in other words，这个能力在heading list题型里，淋漓尽致地体现了考官的此意图，比如题目：The company employers show less caring to their staffs. 老板对员工不像从前那样关心了。原文：The caring image of company has gone.公司关怀员工的形象一去不返了。多么的经典了，所以考官是希望你具备这样的识别能力，可是不做这方面的能力训练，如何能达到这样的识别能力?

三是句子主干的分析

当你通过同义词或paraphrase的能力找到答案所在处时，你要大概的知道这句话的意思，或者你要使用对应法的技巧。可是学生一看到许多单词都不懂，都不知道怎么做了，所以要有分析主干的能力，知道什么是要看的，什么不用看，这里面名堂就多了，老师的经验就充分的体现在这里。并不是教你看得懂整句话的老师就是很棒，而是教你在单词都看不懂的情况下，仍然能看得懂，这才是最重要的。因为你到了国外念书，每日的阅读量是几百页，而且许多单词对你而言可能都很陌生，如果你把每个单词慢慢的查，每个句式慢慢地分析，你死定了，一天就算你牛，也最多20页左右，而且看完了，也不记得看了什么。这部分是典型的能力加技巧。

雅思阅读文章如何快速理解

雅思阅读考试中一共包括三篇文章，文章的篇幅都比较长，而且信息量比较大，想要理解文章确实是有一定困难。今天小编为大家介绍一下雅思阅读文章如何快速理解，希望能帮助大家掌握理解文章的方法，希望对大家备考有帮助。

首先阅读结构，中西方有很大程度就是语言结构不同，目前为止，说的每一句话，都可单独成句，因为咱们的句式结构叫做并列。但英文是主从的关系。比如，这里在给大家上课，英文说法是陆野，一个穿着灰色上衣，戴着眼镜，长得像弥勒佛一样的胖子，正在手舞足蹈地给一些学生们，上雅思课。英文会不断地去修饰这个东西。此时，逐词读你会看到很多不认识的生词，就会查字典，再思考词的用法。这个过程后句子主语早已忘了。

这就是记忆力，这种方式不叫阅读，阅读结构取决于题目。如果题目问到了你陆野是一个什么样的人，你说看一看我穿着灰色上衣，戴着眼镜，长得像弥勒佛的胖子就可以了。但如果说陆野在干吗?你管我穿没穿衣服，管我穿什么衣服呢。直接找它的谓语动词。阅读结构就是要清楚地知道每句话要什么成分，再去做题，才能够提升你的阅读速度，这叫做阅读一个结构，

对于5.5分班的学生来说，我要求从阅读一个单词变到阅读一整句话，最起码要读的是一句话，一个完整的句子，这才叫学会了阅读。

对于要6分以上，7分以上的同学，要读的还有段落结构，文章结构，要不然做题的时间是绝对不够的。慢慢地尝试着去看段落和文章的结构，阅读理解不是把这一篇文章，一段话给翻译出来就算你读懂了。你们可以试着拿这句话来套。

意思是说，要用最短的话告诉我这段讲什么。在练习阅读时，同学们可以尝试着自己做一个高度的归纳总结，简述文段讲了什么。这样才叫阅读理解读懂了。

第二个点是阅读语气，阅读和听力很大程度上并不是翻译，而是要去读它的语气。例如，如果在文章中一句话，大多数人认为俞敏洪是一个男人，问，俞敏洪是不是男人?是，答案错误。正确答案，他一定不是。文段要阅读一个语气，为什么说大多数人认为俞敏洪是一个男人，试想，如果俞敏洪是一个男人的话，作者有必要写这句话吗?直接he替代即可，为什么要强调大多数人认为他是一个男人，后面一定会转折，而转折才是重点。这就雅思阅读会出题的一个点。

再如，假如听力说我有好几张电影票，请大家看电影，你对我说，我十分想跟你去看这个电影，这种情况，你一定没有去。听力考试听的是语气，如果你想去看这个电影，你一定会说走，几点?所以你说十分想去，后面一定有去不了的转折。这就是阅读一个语气。

除了阅读语气，还有一个重要的点，则是阅读考点，阅读考点是读文章的一个方法，也就是阅读考官容易出题的一个点。

比如，在剑桥书上每一道题在原文的出处，但是我的书丢了。强调这一点是因为，同学们在标注几篇文章之后就能发现，阅读文章虽长，但读几句话就能出答案，积累多了你会发现出题的点都是有规律的。这就是它的考点。

要强调的是，学习雅思阅读学的是一种方法，怎样去找考点，不是把题做完对完答案就可以。对答案后，要考虑如果这些词不认识题我能不能做对。

雅思阅读备考资料怎么选

雅思阅读备考中，考生可以参考一些专业的资料，指导我们更有效的进行备考。面对市面上这么多资料，很多考生表示不知道怎么选择。接下来小编为大家推荐一些雅思阅读备考资料，希望能帮助各位考生有效备考雅思阅读。

一、雅思阅读资料的选择

考生在选择雅思备考资料时，可以根据三个标准来选择，即阅读基础类，技巧类以及练习类。考生哪一方面不足就要适当选择哪一方面的备考资料。

除了这些与雅思阅读考试非常相关的备考资料之外，考生还可以适当接触一些比较原汁原味的英语文章，比如BBC，国家地理杂志，新科学家杂志等等。当然，考生也要根据自身的实际水平去选择。如BBC，国家地理杂志的文章内容丰富，形式和结构比较活泼并充满视觉冲击力，更适合刚接触G类雅思阅读考试且英语基础较薄弱的考生。

二、雅思阅读技巧如何提高?

雅思阅读技能培养主要强调的是阅读理解技能的培养。考生不仅要注重阅读，更要注重理解，也就是说在阅读的基础上加之对文章内容的理解，这样才能快而准的解题。

想要达到此目的，考生就要制定雅思阅读理解能力提升计划，从背景知识，词汇，语法，泛读，精读四方面着手准备。背景知识对理解文明起到举足轻重的作用，比如如果对英国政党制度没有一定了解的话，经济学人上的关于英国工党选举的那些事就很有可能看不懂，尽管知道每个单词每个短语的意思。词汇是阅读理解的基石，语法对阅读理解的准确率有很大的影响，比如长难句理解不透彻的话，理解起来就会吃力，泛读和精读是提升阅读速度和质量的保证。总之，不管是哪一个方面，考生都要认真学习，补充能量，这样才会逐步提升阅读理解能力，拿下高分。

篇5：托福阅读对30个多少分

托福阅读对30个多少分?以下是详细的托福阅读评分标记及正确题目个数及对应的托福阅读分数。

托福阅读对30个多少分

关于托福阅读得多少分实际错题多少个的问题，大家可以参考托福阅读计分方法：

托福阅读技巧：如何辨别托福阅读题目难易度

一、新托福阅读炮制出的难点分析

ETS煞费心机，潜心钻研，终于使傻瓜机械的老托福有了一副新面孔，上了一个新台阶。难度上已经有所提高，对于考生的语言能力增加了更为客观的测试。

(1)词汇增加，更为学术。新托福文章中学科专业词汇高频出现。以一篇关于树木分类的文章为例，文中提到大量植物学领域的专业词汇，如：dandelions(蒲公英)，tannins(丹宁酸)，crown canopy(树冠)，acorn(橡子)，oak(橡树)等等，每一个陌生的词汇就如同一束刺眼的白光，搞得考生眼前一片混沌，头晕眼花，不知文中所云。所以，从词汇角度说，托福难于雅思。

(2)篇幅变长，句式丰富。新托福阅读的写作句型主要集中在因果句，类比句，对照句，比较级和举例子等。很多句子长度跨越4到5行，主语谓语相距甚远，如果考生没有扎实的语法功底，一下子难以把握句子主干。

(3)创新题型，客观考察。ETS除了秉承其单选题的习惯，还增加了独一无二的插句子题，转述句子题和匹配题(此题目与雅思匹配题几乎大同小异)。其中匹配题的定位略有难度，因为答案多是分散在全文的细节，不是一目了然的。转述句子需要考生真正理解原句信息。

(4)屏幕阅读，无法标记。大部分考生习惯于阅读时勾画出句子中的重要单词和连接词，这样有助于理解句子关系，记忆阅读重要信息。但是电脑屏幕阅读冲击了我们的传统习惯，对考生瞬时记忆力提出的更大的挑战!

二、新托福考试的突破点剖析

表面看来，新托福犹如猛虎出山，架势仿佛超过雅思难度，让人一下子找不到应对

招数。但稍许研琢，会马上眼前一亮而豁然开朗——其实，难词长句只是托福摆出的虚架子，它的出题规律基本依旧，所以，从出题水平上，托福还是败给了严谨狡猾的雅思。

(1)顺序原则，问题易定位。美国人讲究效率和直率的性格完全体现出来了。考官会友善的告诉考生本题在第几行，第几段，或干脆文中用阴影标注，所以在原文定位题目不费吹灰之力。

(2)题型相对单一，规律性强。单选题主要考察：词汇题，指代题，细节解释题，推论题等。其中词汇题基本可以不看上下文，即可根据同义词替代法找答案，节约大量时间。

(3)题目一一对应，可漏读无用信息。考生可以读题、阅读同步进行，可以达到不重复阅读，从而提高作题速度。

总之，新托福已不再神秘，不过如此，只要考生能够在词汇上进一步扩充，句子分析能力进一步强化，学会将文章略读和定位法结合，大家还会感到，新托福核心依旧，只是换了身尺寸大一点的外套，难度还是在雅思阅读之下。建议大家可以“雅”为“托”用，将雅思的阅读技巧运用到托福阅读中，一定会感到美国人在应试出题上还是比英国人更加诚实、直接，所以托福阅读没有难过雅思。

托福阅读技巧：托福阅读速度提升分4步

只读文章段落中的第一句，你就可以对作者的思路有一个大致的把握。这样可以帮你节约时间，而将更多的时间花在回答问题上。

提高托福阅读答题速度4步法

前面我们告诉你如何处理阅读理解文章的6个策略和阅读理解的3种题型，现在我们告诉你在做阅读题时该如何运用这些策略和技巧：

1。解剖文章的第1段;

2。在脑子里面形成一个作者思路图;

3。停下来，总结一下文章大意;

4。开始答题。

解剖文章第1段

积极主动地解读文章的第1段，时尽量记住作者提出的问题(现象或观点)，和一些与文章内容相关的概念和词汇，如这篇文章讲的是印第安人风俗，光电子显像镜还是讽刺文学。文章的论题是什么，作者想说什么?

在脑子里面形成一个作者思路图

在脑子里或者在草稿纸上画一个文章的结构思路题。各个段落的目的是什么，主题又是什么?再次提醒，TOEFL考察的是你的答题能力而非阅读能力。你不必完全掌握整篇文章，了解文章中的每一个细节。(其实，你也没有那么多时间)。相反，你应该只读文章段落的第1句，而快速浏览其余部分。当你“读”完这篇文章时，你就能对文章的结构思路有总体的把握。

总结文章大意

在回答问题前，花几秒钟总结一下文章的思路和主题。

开始答题

根据你对文章的整体思路来答题。将问题(或选项)定位到文章中具体的某个段落甚至具体的句子。这里，你可以比第2个步骤更仔细。

所以要装上马达提升托福阅读答题速度，提高了速度，你的托福阅读高分离你也就不远了。

托福阅读技巧：托福阅读备考三步走

首先，无论什么技巧都必须要有基本的单词量做基础。

没人喜欢背单词，但是只有有足够的单词量才能应对托福阅读中的各种层出不穷的问题。用的是谁的单词书其实没有多大分别，你只要认认真真的把一本单词书背个 70%，那也就差不多了，托福阅读的主要考察对象不是单词，只是透过单词来表达一种意思，只要你能猜出来这种意思并且在这个基础上把题答对，那么，对少单词都不是问题。

其次，对于难句长句的理解。

还是要明白大意就好，但是要能够根据大意准确定位找到答案。大家可以专门找些难句和长句来进行有针对性的练习。把那些句子反复读，反复看，看上十几遍，觉得很通顺、觉得句子写得很好自己以后也要这么写了才算好。速度慢不是问题，但是坚持下来，大家对难句和长句的理解能力就好冥想提高。

再次，大家在专门练习托福阅读题的时候，还是多看看OG

OG是非常有指向性的，而且那上面说的一些小技巧还是不错的。Delta上的题目要难一些，主要是有一些题目需要考生进行引申、做一些文学上的理解，当然这些在托福中是不会出现的。所以做题的时候不要想得太复杂，第一感觉是什么就选什么，很有效。

篇6：托福阅读对一半多少分

托福阅读原文

Islamic Art and the Book

【1】The arts of the Islamic book, such as calligraphy and decorative drawing, developed during A.D. 900 to 1500, and luxury books are some of the most characteristic examples of Islamic art produced in this period. This came about from two major developments: paper became common, replacing parchment as the major medium for writing, and rounded scripts were regularized and perfected so that they replaced the angular scripts of the previous period, which because of their angularity were uneven in height. Books became major vehicles for artistic expression, and the artists who produced them, notably calligraphers and painters, enjoyed high status, and their workshops were often sponsored by princes and their courts. Before A.D. 900, manuscripts of the Koran (the book containing the teachings of the Islamic religion) seem to have been the most common type of book produced and decorated, but after that date a wide range of books were produced for a broad spectrum of patrons. These continued to include, of course,manuscripts of the Koran, which every Muslim wanted to read, but scientific works, histories, romances, and epic and lyric poetry were also copied in fine handwriting and decorated with beautiful illustrations. Most were made for sale on the open market, and cities boasted special souks (markets) where books were bought and sold. The mosque of Marrakech in Morocco is known as the Kutubiyya, or Booksellers’ Mosque, after the adjacent market. Some of the most luxurious books were specific commissions made at the order of a particular prince and signed by the calligrapher and decorator.

【2】Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in the eighth century. It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking - in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets - slowly spread westward. Within fifty years, the government in Baghdad was using paper for documents. Writing in ink on paper, unlike parchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt - and eventually to Sicily and Spain - but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In western Islamic lands, parchment continued to be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.

【3】The introduction of paper spurred a conceptual revolution whose consequences have barely been explored. Although paper was never as cheap as it has become today, it was far less expensive than parchment, and therefore more people could afford to buy books, Paper is thinner than parchment, so more pages could be enclosed within a single volume. At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets - as much as a meter across - were available. These large sheets meant that calligraphers and artists had more space on which to work. Paintings became more complicated, giving the artist greater opportunities to depict space or emotion. The increased availability of paper, particularly after 1250, encouraged people to develop systems of representation, such as architectural plans and drawings. This in turn allowed the easy transfer of artistic ideas and motifs over great distances from one medium to another, and in a different scale in ways that had been difficult, if not impossible, in the previous period.

【4】Rounded styles of Arabic handwriting had long been used for correspondence and documents alongside the formal angular scripts used for inscriptions and manuscripts of the Koran. Around the year 900, Ibn Muqla, who was a secretary and vizier at the Abbasid court in Baghdad, developed a system of proportioned writing. He standardized the length of alif, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, and then determined what the size and shape of all other letters should be, based on the alif. Eventually, six round forms of handwriting, composed of three pairs of big and little scripts known collectively as the Six Pens, became the standard repertory of every calligrapher.

篇7：托福阅读对一半多少分

1.

Paragraph 1 makes all of the following points about Islamic books EXCEPT:

A.Books were an important form of artistic expression.

B.A wide variety of books with different styles and topics became available.

C.They were sold primarily near mosques.

D.Most books were intended for sale on the open market.

2.

The word “sponsored” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.visited

B.owned

C.praised

D.supported

3.

The word “adjacent” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.major

B.nearby

C.ancient

D.well-known

4.

According to paragraph 1, before A.D. 900, books in the Islamic world

A.included a wide range of subjects

B.did not contain any calligraphy or decoration

C.used rounded scripts

D.were usually written on parchment

5.

In paragraph 1，why does the author mention the fact that the mosque in Marrakech, Morocco, is known as the Booksellers’ Mosque

A.To cast doubt on the importance of souks in making books available to common people

B.To provide an example of a place where books were made at the order of a particular prince

C.To emphasize how influential and well known the book markets were

D.To demonstrate the need for religious texts in Islamic lands

6.

The phrase “extracted from” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.taken out of

B.produced using

C.discovered in

D.combined with

7.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.It was several centuries before papermaking techniques spread to faraway areas where parchment was popular and used widely in art.

B.Although papermaking came to Egypt quickly, it took much longer for paper to be used when copying the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art.

C.Papermaking spread beyond Egypt, Sicily, and Spain, but it was not widely used by artists for centuries, probably because of the conservative nature of art in those countries.

D.Paper replaced parchment in copies of the Koran, probably at the request of conservative practitioners in areas like Egypt, Sicily, and Spain.

8.

In paragraphs 2 and 3, which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of paper over parchment?

A.It was harder to erase or change what was written on paper.

B.More pages of paper could be bound in a single volume.

C.Paper could be produced in sheets of varying weights and thicknesses.

D.More people could buy books made of paper because it was cheaper.

9.

Why does the author include the following information: “At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets - as much as a meter across -were available.”?

A.To provide evidence that the development of papermaking techniques was very slow

B.To explain why paper was never as cheap as it has become today

C.To make the point that paper allowed artists to develop paintings that were more expressive and complex

D.To prove that paper was more popular with artists who used large sheets, than it was with book printers, who used smaller sheets

10.

According to paragraph 3, the increased availability of paper and the development of systems of representation

A.encourage more people to make their own drawings

B.made the transfer of artistic ideas to distant people and places much easier

C.made architectural plans more complex and therefore harder to read

D.allowed artists to create paintings that were smaller in scale

11.

According to paragraph 4, what did Ibn Muqla achieve around the year 900?

A.He modified a set of formal scripts known as the Six Pens into rounded scripts appropriate for correspondence.

B.He created a standardized set of rounded scripts proportional to the size of the first letter of the alphabet.

C.He promoted calligraphy as an art form and encouraged the use of rounded letters in religious texts.

D.He persuaded the court in Baghdad to use rounded styles instead of more angular scripts in their documents.

12.

The phrase “composed of” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.made up of

B.developed from

C.in addition to

D.similar to

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? This change occurred for good reason. This change occurred for good reason.

Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in the eighth century. ■【A】It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, ，and the technique of papermaking - in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets - slowly spread westward. ■【B】 Within fifty years, the government in Baghdad was using paper for documents. ■【C】 Writing in ink on paper, unlike parchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. ■【D】 Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt - and eventually to Sicily and Spain - but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In western Islamic lands, parchment continuedto be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.

Islamic books from A.D. 900 to 1500 reflect major changes from the past and important innovations.

A.Books became major vehicle of artistic expression for calligraphers and painters, and the subjects of books expanded to include more and more kinds of works.

B.The growing luxuriousness of books meant that the market for them was increasingly dominated by the wealthy and powerful patrons who could afford them.

C.After it was learned from Chinese prisoners, the technique of papermaking spread throughout Islamic lands, where paper gradually replaced parchment.

D.The high status enjoyed by calligraphers and artists made books extremely popular in the cities where books were bought and sold.

E.The popularity of books led to major advances in the development and transfer of new artistic ideas.

F.Around the year 900, a set of rounded styles of Arabic handwriting began replacing angular scripts in copying the manuscripts of the Koran.

篇8：托福阅读对27个多少分

托福阅读原文

Protection of Plants by Insects

【1】Many plants - one or more species of at least 68 different families - can secrete nectar even when they have no blossoms, because they bear extrafloral nectaries (structures that produce nectar) on stems, leaves, leaf stems, or other structures.These plants usually occur where ants are abundant, most in the tropics but some in temperate areas. Among those of northeastern North America are various plums, cherries, roses, hawthorns, poplars, and oaks. Like floral nectar, extrafloral nectar consists mainly of water with a high content of dissolved sugars and, in some plants, small amounts of amino acids. The extrafloral nectaries of some plants are known to attract ants and other insects, but the evolutionary history of most plants with these nectaries is unknown. Nevertheless, most ecologists believe that all extrafloral nectaries attract insects that will defend the plant.

【2】Ants are portably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders of plants. Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit this need by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy. To return this favor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might compete with ants for nectar. Many of these intruders are herbivorous and would eat the leaves of the plants.

【3】Biologists once thought that secretion of extrafloral nectar has some purely internal physiological function, and that ants provide no benefit whatsoever to the plants that secrete it. This view and the opposing “protectionist” hypothesis that ants defend plants had been disputed for over a hundred years when, in 1910, a skeptical William Morton Wheeler commented on the controversy. He called for proof of the protectionist view: that visitations of the ants confer protection on the plants and that in the absence of the insects a much greater number would perish or fail to produce flowers or seeds than when the insects are present. That we now have an abundance of the proof that was called for was established when Barbara Bentley reviewed the relevant evidence in 1977, and since then many more observations and experiments have provided still further proof that ants benefit plants.

【4】One example shows how ants attracted to extrafloral nectaries protect morning glories against attacking insects. The principal insect enemies of the North American morning glory feed mainly on its flowers or fruits rather than its leaves. Grasshoppers feeding on flowers indirectly block pollination and the production of seeds by destroying the corolla or the stigma, which receives the pollen grains and on which the pollen germinates. Without their colorful corolla, flowers do not attract pollinators and are not fertilized. An adult grasshopper can consume a large corolla, about 2.5 inches long, in an hour. Caterpillars and seed beetles affect seed production directly. Caterpillars devour the ovaries, where the seeds are produced, and seed beetle larvae eat seeds as they burrow in developing fruits.

【5】Extrafloral nectaries at the base of each sepal attract several kinds of insects, but 96 percent of them are ants, several different species of them. When buds are still small, less than a quarter of an inch long, the sepal nectaries are already present and producing nectar. They continue to do so as the flower develops and while the fruit matures. Observations leave little doubt that ants protect morning glory flowers and fruits from the combined enemy force of grasshoppers, caterpillars, and seed beetles. Bentley compares the seed production of six plants that grew where there were no ants with that of seventeen plants that were occupied by ants. Unprotected plants bore only 45 seeds per plant, but plants occupied by ants bore 211 seeds per plant. Although ants are not big enough to kill or seriously injure grasshoppers, they drive them away by nipping at their feet. Seed beetles are more vulnerable because they are much smaller than grasshoppers. The ants prey on the adult beetles, disturb females asthey lay their eggs on developing fruits, and eat many of the eggs they do manage to lay

高考作文多少分

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四级作文多少分

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桂林师范学院要多少分

雅思阅读对28个多少分.doc

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