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托福阅读如何搞定学术性强的文章

时间：2022年12月29日

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下面是小编整理的托福阅读如何搞定学术性强的文章，本文共6篇，欢迎大家阅读借鉴，并有积极分享。本文原稿由网友“菅埋者”提供。

篇1：托福阅读如何搞定学术性强的文章

托福阅读如何搞定学术性强的文章?从段落结构找线索

托福阅读学术类文章篇章结构介绍

在学术性文章中，一般需要具备三个组成部分：

(1)Topic 话题：即文章的主角是什么。比如讲解某个科学理论、研究某种社会现象，探讨某个历史事件;

在托福文章中，这种导入性信息往往出现在篇首位置。考生可以根据篇首段信息对整篇文章所要讨论的核心内容有所了解;

(2)Aspects 方面：即将篇首的话题延伸拓展为若干个方面进行阐述说明。若话题为某个科学论点，则方面可能分为若干个支持论据;若话题为某种自然现象，则方面可能分为若干个内外成因;若话题为某个历史事件，则方面为几段发展时期;

在托福阅读文章中，往往依照各个方面之间的层次关系，将各个方面拆分为若干个独立的自然段落，共同组成行文主体;

(3)Attitude态度：即文章的作者对于所讨论话题持怎样的态度。或是积极肯定，或是消极否定，或是保持中立。在托福阅读文章中，态度往往是被较多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。

Topic话题+ Aspects方面+ Attitude态度，这三要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“T+A+A篇章结构”。托福文章大都遵循这种结构，考生通过篇首段落信息来把控整个文章话题及大致讨论方向，再抓住文章的各个段落主旨，便可洞悉整个文章脉络和逻辑结构。

托福阅读学术类文章段落结构分析

学术性文章的自然段落，一般需要具备两个组成部分：

(1) Topic Sentence 主旨句：表达段落的主旨，即本段想要表达的核心内容是什么;

(2) Detail 细节：为了详细说明段落中心含义，所罗列的相关支持内容，即本段通过哪些例证来阐明主旨句。

Topic Sentence主旨句+ Detail细节，这两个要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“TS+D段落结构”。托福文章段落大都遵循这种结构，考生通过段落主旨句就可以把握该段的中心含义。

当考生们了解了这种TAA篇章结构(Topic话题+ Aspects方面+ Attitude态度)和TS+D段落结构(Topic Sentence主旨句+ Detail细节)的行文规律后，对文章框架的把握就会做到心里有数，更有利于提高阅读速度和定位有效信息的准确度。

托福阅读长难句：植物体

These include conducting vessels that transport water and minerals upward from the roots and that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body and the stiffening substance lignin, which support the plant body, helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight. (TPO25, 47)

vessel /'ves(?)l/ n. 船(尤指大船)，舰;容器, 器皿;管状结构，血管，导管

photosynthetic /?f?ut?sin'θetik/ adj. 光合作用的

stiffen /'st?fn/vt. (使某物)变得(更加)坚硬﹑僵硬

lignin /'l?gn?n/n. ‘化学’木质素

大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解

These include conducting vessels (that transport water and minerals upward from the roots) and (that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body) and the stiffening substance lignin, (which support the plant body), (helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight.) (TPO25, 47)

修饰一：(that transport water and minerals upward from the roots) ，从句，修饰conducting vessels

中文：从根部向上运输水与矿物质

修饰二：(that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body) ，从句，修饰conducting vessels，注意其中有个from to的介词短语，从叶子到植物体的其余部分

中文：从叶子向植物体内其余各部分运输光合作用产物

修饰三：(which support the plant body) ，从句，修饰substance lignin

中文：维持植物体的生命

修饰四：(helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight.) ，非谓语动词

中文：有助于植物体大部分表面暴露于阳光之下

托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：

这些包括导管(用来从根部向上运输水与矿物质以及从叶子向植物体其余各部分运输光合作用产物)和坚硬的物质木质素(用来维持植物体的生命，有助于植物体大部分表面暴露于阳光之下)。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是非谓语动词、从句，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

托福阅读长难句：植物减少水分流失

They include roots or rootlike structures, a waxy cuticle that covers the surfaces of leaves and stems and limits the evaporation of water, and pores called stomata in leaves and stems that allow gas exchange but close when water is scarce, thus reducing water loss. (TPO25, 46)

waxy /'w?ks?/ adj. 蜡状的

cuticle /'kj?t?kl/ n. ‘植物’角皮，角质层;表皮，外皮

scarce /ske?s/ adj. 不足的，稀有的

大家自己先读，不回读，看一遍是否能理解

They include roots or rootlike structures, (a waxy cuticle)(that covers the surfaces of leaves and stems and limits the evaporation of water), and pores (called stomata)(in leaves and stems)(that allow gas exchange but close when water is scarce, thus reducing water loss). (TPO25,46)

托福阅读长难句100句分析：

这个句子的主干就是：

They include roots or rootlike structures and pores

修饰一：(a waxy cuticle) ，同位语

中文：一种蜡状角质层

修饰二：(that covers the surfaces of leaves and stems and limits the evaporation of water) ，从句，修饰a waxy cuticle

中文：覆盖在叶子和茎表面并且限制水分蒸发

修饰三：(called stomata) ，修饰pores

中文：称之为气孔

修饰四：(in leaves and stems) ，介词短语

中文：在叶子和茎上

修饰五：(that allow gas exchange but close when water is scarce, thus reducing water loss) ，从句，修饰pores，但是注意这个从句里还有三个修饰成分，疯了!!!

从句：but close

从句：when water is scarce

非谓语动词： thus reducingwater loss

中文：保证气体交换但当水分不足时则会关闭，从而减少水分流失

托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：

他们包括根部或类似根部的结构(一种覆盖在叶子和茎表面并限制水分蒸发的蜡状角质层)以及在叶子和茎上的称之为气孔的毛孔(这些毛孔保证气体交换但当水分不足时则会关闭，从而减少水分流失)。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是非谓语动词、从句、介词短语以及同位语，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

如何搞定托福阅读中的学术词汇

什么是学术词汇

在托福阅读的课堂上，经常有学生对繁杂的学术词汇头疼不已。碰到这类词汇，会大大拖慢阅读速度，影响整体的正确率。托福阅读中，所有的单词可以被归为两类：一般功能词汇和学术词汇。一般功能词没有明显的学术背景，比如：animal, organ, time 而学术词汇指的是一类有特定学科背景的词汇。比如某一种动物，像是archaeopteryx(始祖鸟);某一个生物结构，像是nerve cord(神经索)，或者某一个历史时期，像是 Cretaceous(白垩纪)等等。比起一般功能词，托福阅读中的这些学术词汇更容易对我们造成阅读障碍。

具体来说阅读文章中的学术词汇之所以难主要在三个方面：第一，我们备考过程中很少会背到某个特定学科的词汇;第二，学术词汇往往难以用普通的词根词缀法去猜测;第三，我们甚至可能根本连它的汉语意思都不知道，例如：托福阅读中出现过一种叫Kittiwake的鸟，汉语叫三趾鸥，这个中文名词，我们可能也没有听过。如此，陌生的学术词汇会影响我们阅读的速度，也影响我们的心理状态。

为什么会有学术词汇

那么既然托福是一门语言考试，那么为什么阅读文章中会出现如此多的学术词汇?而这所有的学术词汇，为什么考试中都不会给你任何解释呢?

首先应该相信，作为世界范围内英语最为的考试之一，考试方将学术词汇设计进托福阅读一定是有其原因的。而上面问题的答案我们可以从托福考试的本质来思考。

托福的确是语言考试，但是托福考试考察的是母语非英语，但是却即将赴英语国家学习的学生。那么对于这些学生(其中多数是读本科或者研究生)，对于他们的语言考试就更加侧重于测试他们能否在国外的大学环境中生存并且学习。而在大学里，一个学生阅读最多的是什么呢?显然是各种的课本。那么针对这种考察需求，托福考试的阅读部分就应该考察学生能否读懂，理解课本的能力。大学课本归根到底都是由学术性的文段组成，含有大量的学术词汇。这样，托福阅读中也出现如此多的学术词汇就理所应当了。只有这样才能真正考察学生是否能看懂课本。

一本动辄上千页的英文课本比起托福阅读难度自然大得多，可以说读懂托福阅读文章不一定能读懂英文课本;但是，如果托福文章都读不懂就肯定也难以理解英文课本。

“量”的问题--考前储备学术词汇

考前储备学术词汇，首先该明确的是托福文章所涉及的文章体裁十分广泛，自然科学，人文科学，社会科学，艺术等等无所不包，想穷尽所有考试中的学术词汇是不实际的，也是低效率的。但是托福阅读文章的出题题材是有偏好的。在考前储备学术词汇时，我们只需在练习时，把真题文章中的学术词汇进行一下整理，仅仅以“认识单词”为目标，不求会写，会听，会说，这样来积累一定的学术词汇，以保证如果考试时遇到相关学术词汇脑中有一个基本概念。常见的比如生物化学类文章中经常出现的carbohydrate(碳水化合物)，动物类文章中经常出现的vertebrate(脊椎动物)等。

“质”的问题--考场理解学术词汇

当我们在考场上时，对文章中不同学术词汇的理解的层次，也就是“质”是不同的。主要可以归为两类。

第一类是文章中没有给出相关解释或定义的。这类学术词汇只需明白它们“是哪类事物”就可以。

例如：Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets.

句中“common murres”, “Atlantic puffins”, “black-legged kittiwakes”, 和 “northern gannets” 都是我们陌生的学术词汇。对于它们，我们只需要从文章中读出它们是一些鸟类就可以，然后利用首字母缩写，分别可以用“C” “A” “BK” 和“N”来替代标记，之后在做到相关题时，比如：

According to the passage, which of the following birds conceal their nest?

(A) Bonaparte's gulls

(B) Atlantic puffins

(D) Northern gannets

其中 B、C、D选项直接对应“A”、“BK” 和“N”即可。

第二类是文章中给出了相关解释或定义的。这类学术词汇我们不仅要知道它们“是哪类事物”，还要对它们的文中定义引起充分重视。常见引出对学术词汇定义或解释的信号有：定义从句，同位语从句，插入语，破折号，括号等。

例如：

1. Further burial and slow cementation - a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals - finally produce solid glacial ice.

这篇文章主题是冰川，句中cementation(黏固)是一个地质学术语，后面的破折号之间的部分，即是对cementation的解释定义。

2. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (dark lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands).

这一句中，Maria(月海)和Terrace(月陆)都是关于月球的学术词汇，括号之中的部分在这里对二者进行了解释。在该文章的一个题目中，

All of the following are true of the Maria EXCEPT:

(A) They have small craters.

(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers.

(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace.

选项D的即是对该句话括号中的学术名词解释部分进行的一个考查。

正确的态度面对学术词汇

学术词汇固然有一些难度，但在平时练习和考场上对它们有一个正确的心态是很重要的。依然从托福阅读考查本质的角度出发，它所模拟的是今后大学的学习过程。那么真正在学习的过程中，在阅读课本的过程中，肯定有很多术语是陌生的，没见过的，而学习正是把陌生知识变得熟悉的过程。正是通过对课本的阅读学习，才掌握了那些学术词汇，才学到了知识。

同样，做托福阅读时，不妨也把它当做一个袖珍版的课本学习过程。一些重要的术语(学术词汇)在课本(托福阅读文章)中是会给出解释定义的，而这些也是学习的重点，要着重理解。与课本不同的是，真正的课本上，概念和定义都会有突出着重的字体或字号来表示，而在托福阅读中，我们要善于在字体字号完全一样的文章中提取出对重点学术词汇的解释定义。而一些次要的学术词汇，理解的“质”也不需要那么高。

只要把握住托福阅读中学术词汇的考察本质，平时适当积累，掌握正确的应对方法，再加上正确的面对心态，相信大家都能够攻克托福阅读中五花八门的学术词汇。

篇2：托福阅读学术性文章2大结构分析

学术性文章的自然段落，一般需要具备两个组成部分：

(1) Topic Sentence 主旨句：表达段落的主旨，即本段想要表达的核心内容是什么。

(2) Detail 细节：为了详细说明段落中心含义，所罗列的相关支持内容，即本段通过哪些例证来阐明主旨句。

Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail细节，这两个要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“TS+D段落结构”。托福文章段落大都遵循这种结构，我们通过段落主旨句就可以把握该段的中心含义。

托福(TOEFL)考试阅读模拟试题

Hormones in the Body

Up to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.

Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning “to excite” or “to set in motion.” A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.

As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.

Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual's personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.

In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots-dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels-will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.

Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.

27. The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) desire

(B) origin

(D) chemical

28. The word it in the passage refers to

(A) secretin

(B) small intestine

(D) pancreas

29. The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) remembered

(B) surprised

(D) motivated

30. To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must

(A) be part of the digestive process

(B) influence the operations of the nervous system

(D) regulate attitudes and behavior

31. The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to

(A) whether scientists understand their function

(B) how frequently they release hormones into the body

(D) whether they secrete chemicals into the blood

Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]

32. The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) misunderstood

(B) precise

(D) simple

33. The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) sudden

(B) small

(D) noticeable

34. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

(A) Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.

(B) Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure, scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions are.

(D) The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure, but they can affect both people's psychology and actions extensively.

35. The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) decreased

(B) advertised

(D) researched

36. Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?

(A) Adults of smaller statue than normal

(B) Adults with strong digestive systems

(D) Children who may remain abnormally small

37.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?

These sentences are highlighted in the passage.

(A) The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.

(B) A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.

(C) HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots-dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels-will form.

(D) Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.

38. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body is a complex machine, however, and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believing they aren't aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

39. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.

Answer Choices

The term hormone is based on a Greek word that means “to excite” or “to set in motion.”Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.

Hormones can be given artificially, but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.

Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but also certain chemicals can affect bodily processes far from their points of origin.Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of blood clots and heart disease in middle-age women.

Answer Keys

Reading:

27. B

28. A

29. D

30. C

31. D

32. C

33. B

34. D

35. A

36. D

37. A

38. third square

39.1) Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system….

2) Hormones can affect not only life processes…..

3) Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of ….

篇3：托福阅读学术性文章2大结构分析指点

在学术性文章中，一般需要具备三个组成部分：

(1)Topic 话题：即文章的主角是什么。比如讲解某个科学理论、研究某种社会现象，探讨某个历史事件;在托福文章中，这种导入性信息往往出现在篇首位置。考生可以根据篇首段信息对整篇文章所要讨论的核心内容有所了解。

(2)Aspects 方面：即将篇首的话题延伸拓展为若干个方面进行阐述说明。若话题为某个科学论点，则方面可能分为若干个支持论据;若话题为某种自然现象，则方面可能分为若干个内外成因;若话题为某个历史事件，则方面为几段发展时期。在托福阅读文章中，往往依照各个方面之间的层次关系，将各个方面拆分为若干个独立的自然段落，共同组成行文主体。

Topic话题 +Aspects方面 + Attitude态度，这三要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“T+A+A篇章结构”。托福文章大都遵循这种结构，我们通过篇首段落信息来把控整个文章话题及大致讨论方向，再抓住文章的各个段落主旨，便可洞悉整个文章脉络和逻辑结构。

篇4：托福阅读学术性文章2大结构分析指点

学术性文章的自然段落，一般需要具备两个组成部分：

(1) Topic Sentence 主旨句：表达段落的主旨，即本段想要表达的核心内容是什么。

(2) Detail 细节：为了详细说明段落中心含义，所罗列的相关支持内容，即本段通过哪些例证来阐明主旨句。

托福阅读中出现频率最高的问题有哪些?

1.事实信息类问题。

问题说明：要求您识别文章中明确说明的事实信息。

示例：根据文章段落，以下哪些内容是关于 X 的正确说明?

2.错误事实信息类问题。

问题说明：要求您确定在 4 个答案选项中哪个是错误的，该错误选项的细节或观点并不存在于文章中或表达不当。

示例：作者在描述 X 时，提到以下所有内容，除了……

3.推断题。

问题说明：问题阅读完文章后，会要求您确定 4 种表述中哪个是作者试图暗示的内容。

示例：关于 X 可以做出以下哪些推断?

4.修辞目的题。

问题说明：您会被问及为何文章作者在某一特别位置或采用某一特别方式说明了某一条特别信息。

示例：作者为何提到 X?

5.词汇题.

问题说明：要求您根据文章回答 4 个答案选项中哪个选项在意思上最接近所选的词语或词组。

示例：文中的词语 X -=在意思上最接近……

6.指代题。

问题说明：文章中某一词语突出显示;要求您从 4 个答案选项中选择哪一个最准确地指代了突出显示的词语。

示例：文中的 X 词语指的是……

7.句子简化题。

问题说明：要求您选择一个与文中某个句子基本意思相同的句子。

示例：以下哪项最准确地表达了文中突出显示文字的基本信息?

8.句子插入题。

问题说明：您会看到一个新句子并被问及它最适合放在文章的哪个地方。

示例：【你将看到粗体显示的句子】该句最适合放在哪个地方?

9.文章总结题。

问题说明：要求您选择文章的主要观点，与文章次要观点或不包含的观点区分开来。

示例：哪三个选项表达了文章中最重要的观点?

10.填表题。

问题说明：向您提供一份根据文章信息已进行部分填写的表格，并要求您将表述内容与所提供的原文进行正确匹配。

示例：将表述内容与所提供的原文进行正确匹配。

托福阅读中的绝对词

在众多口口相传的做题技巧中，我想“绝对化表达不选”一定是出现频率很高的一条。我不知道最早的想出这条规律的前辈他说的原话是什么，我只知道经过这么多年的传承，很多人都被忽悠了。

我先举个栗子。

TPO当中有这么一道题，其中B选项里有个大大的best，很多人就在心里把这个选项枪毙了。是的，不凑巧，偏偏这就是正确答案。

Paragraph 1 indicates which of the following about ::Roman pottery::?

A Roman amphorae were of much higher quality overall than other Roman pottery.

B Roman pottery can .best. be appreciated when actual pieces are handled.

C Roman pottery declined slightly in quality when the use of fast wheels and kilns was introduced.

D Roman practical tableware spread more rapidly across the Mediterranean than amphorae did.

The pottery of ancient Romans is remarkable in several ways. .The high quality of Roman pottery is very easy to appreciate when handling actual pieces of tableware or indeed kitchenware and amphorae (the large jars used throughout the Mediterranean for the transport and storage of liquids, such as wine and oil). However, it is impossible to do justice to Roman wares on the page, even when words can be backed up by photographs and drawing. .Most Roman pottery is light and smooth to touch and very tough, although, like all pottery, it shatters if dropped on a hard surface. It is generally made with carefully selected and purified clay, worked to thin-walled and standardized shapes on a fast wheel and fired in a kiln (pottery oven) capable of ensuring a consistent finish. With handmade pottery, inevitably there are slight differences between individual vessels of the same design and occasional minor blemishes (flaws). But what strikes the eye and the touch most immediately and most powerfully with Roman pottery is its consistent high quality.

这个题目相关的句子我已经加粗标记了，这句话比较明显的有一个逻辑连接词however，所以对比的意思非常的明确。而四个选项里也有三个都表现了对比，而这三个选项在内容上还都集中在标红那一段。所以这个题目来势汹汹其实一点都不难，错误选项迷惑度低，但让人遗憾的是，这道题错误率很高。而且大多数学生是在这样的一种情况下错的：我知道我选的不太对，但我不知道选什么。但是大家又都坚定地认为B选项里面的BEST太过于绝对，坚决不选。

其实标记的句子写得很清楚，……is very easy to appreciate……However, it is impossible to do……我先大致翻译一下这句话：罗马的瓷器的高品质在你亲手碰触到实物的时候是很容易感受的，但是通过图片就不可能做出公正的评价。这句话中两者对比语气很强烈，语意也很清楚，就是想表达罗马瓷器你要把玩实物才能感受它的高品质，就是handling actual pieces好，page不好。

B选项是很合适的。

对于这种大段落考查细节题的情况，同学们往往会紧张，越紧张越慌乱，什么都找不到。其实我们仔细分析一下这段话，第一句总起，说罗马瓷器在很多方面都很出众。然后就是一个大对比，表明它的好的好是图片表现不了的，你得亲手去感触。再往下就是关于它如何好更细致的内容了。在更细节的内容里，还有一个对比，.like all pottery, it shatters if dropped on a hard surface. .这也就是第二题的答案出处。

其实ETS还是比较套路滴，第一段的后半部分中有大量关于罗马瓷器的细节描述，这种情况下最容易出EXCEPT的题目，而第二题的答案句也不是意外的落在一个对比表达上。给大家附上第二题哈：

All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 1 as characteristics of Roman pottery EXCEPT:

A It was usually made with high-quality clay.

B It generally did not weigh much.

C It did not break as easily as other ancient pottery.

D It sometimes had imperfections.

我平时没事儿的时候喜欢把TPO的文章拿出来细细地读，然后跟题目进行对比，有些文章类型，题目简直就是固定搭配。后来我再做真题或者新的TPO，我都先猜一猜这个段落会怎么出题，我也会直接通过看题目，直接猜答案，结果竟然八九不离十。不是在炫技，也不是教大家投机取巧，是觉得多多分析文章的结构对做题目帮助很大，所谓的题感大概就是这样吧。

All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 1 as characteristics of Roman pottery EXCEPT:

A It was usually made with high-quality clay.

B It generally did not weigh much.

C It did not break as easily as other ancient pottery.

D It sometimes had imperfections.

遇到托福阅读加试题了怎么办?

遇到托福阅读加试题是比较正常的，我们不能心慌，更不能乱做。原因很简单，我们不知道加试部分到底怎么算分，市面上流行的说法那么几种：加试部分是为了测试题目的平衡性，不算分;加试部分会抽几道题算分，认真做;ETS会利用加试题目的难度来平衡试卷的总体难度，加权平均后会给学生加分或者减分。

其实，不管是那种情况，我们完全没有必要被加试所影响。跟新托福实施的早几年相比，现在的托福考试已经非常友好了。要知道以前你是不知道托福阅读试题是否有加试的：以前阅读部分采用分别计时制，20分钟完成第一篇，如果有加试，那么剩余时间会变成40+40;在采用新的计时方式后，我们在第一时间就能知道有无加试，具体有几篇，因为整体时间会在屏幕上显示。再者说，我们有经典的托福阅读文章加试题目，完全可以在考试前全部记忆下来，这样在考场上就能够快速地完成加试部分，然后利用剩余的时间来检测前文已经做过的题目。这也算是托福阅读加试的福利了。

既然去考托福就应该有充足的准备，如果有了很好地准备工作，即使多出了几篇托福阅读文章也应该不会影响整体发挥。托福阅读试题加试近几年出现的频率增高，考生们应该放平心态，坦然面对。这样才有机会最大化发挥自己的实力，取得理想的成绩。

篇5：托福阅读如何搞定词句和结构

托福阅读如何搞定词句和结构

NO8-1，我们从“词--句-- 篇章”来谈谈这篇文章。

原文：

Geologists have long known that the Earth's mantle is heterogeneous, but its spatial arrangement remains unresolved—is the mantle essentially layered or irregularly heterogeneous? The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in “incompatible elements” (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids' pathways. We believe, perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.

一、难词

spatial: a.1.空间的，太空的;2.存在(或者发生)于宇宙空间的

plume: n.1.羽状物2.柱，地柱

xenolith:俘虏岩

percolate:v.1.渗透2.扩散到，弥漫于

portions: n.一部分

二、难句

1.the best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，mostgeologists contend，is the upper mantle.

对于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿——这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流(mantle plume)——上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语

解释：本句前面的主干并不算难，即the evidence is the fact that,难就难在fact之后说明fact 的同位语从句。此从句中既有大段插入语，又有从句，较为难读。同位语从句的主语是volcanic rocks，主语后面的found on oceanic islands是分词修饰volcanic rocks的;islands后面又有一个说明islands的同位语islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位语实际起到一个分隔主谓的同位语的作用。其后是谓语动词are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。

句中有一些专有词汇。如果抛开文章不说，单看这一个句子，则句首的layered mantle thesis就难以理解。但是如果读者能够读懂句子的大致意思，看到layered mantle thesisr最有力证据就是其材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle,这应该可以推测出，既然不同于上层地幔，则这个理论一定是在说地幔有不同的层面。

2. some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantlexenoliths， argue that the mantle isnot layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in “incompatible elements” (elements tending towardliquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transformingportions of the upper mantleirregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. (4+)

但是，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体(xenolith)所作的观察为依据，指出地幔并非是分层排列的，相反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流质构成的，这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态，自下而上渗透扩散，并依照这些流质流向的任意性，不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语

解释：本句的主句中有一个长插入语however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主谓，但句子的主要难度还是在that引导的宾语从句中，从句中有由but 所连接的两个句子，一起延续到句末。首选是rich in incompatible elements修饰fluids;后面又有一个同位语和一个分词结构，都是修饰incompatible elements的，最后还有一个状语来修饰那个分词结构，层层修饰，比较复杂。

三、文章结构

Ts是文章的第一句，因此这一篇短文章是结论解释型。文章开始说出了地幔是heterogeneous,然后又指出了他的spatial arrangement remains unresolved,然后提出了两种理论，一是layyered-mantle thesis,另外一个是irregularly heterogeneous.然后分别对这两种理论进行describe.最后作者指出，We believe,perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.

托福阅读三大经典题型解题技巧

一、指代题

1、识别：The word ：“……” in Line ……refers to……

2、做法：

①向前找出现过的词语，一般多为名词，一般是多为距离较近的词语。小心复杂定语从句。

②将出现过的词语代入所在位置。之后判断下当前句子是否成立而且意义通顺。

③注意人称和数的变化。IT、THAT对应单数/THOSE、THEY对应复数。

但是，IT有可能指代前面一句话。

④物主代词 “ITS” 通常指代最近的一个词语

二、主题题

1、特点：

①说明文出现次数比较多。

②文章一般是总分的金字塔结构。主题在第一段提出。

2、主题出现的位置：

①文章首句

②文章的第2句或者第2段

③各段首句的综合

④最FT的一种：自己归纳

3、正确选项的特点：

①包含关键词

何为关键词：A、在其他选项中不存在的。

B、在各段首句中反复出现或者出现2次以上的。(此办法可用来检查或者时间不够的应急)

②人名、地名如果是正确答案，那么，这人名地名一定在文章中反复出现。

③注意选项中与关键词的同意和异意的变体，也可能是正确答案。

4、错误选项的特点：

①过于宽泛或者过于狭窄

②拿段落细节说事，部分代替整体。

③将来的说成已有的。

5、技巧：

①答案大多是B、C。(经XDF老师曲线图概率分析得出)

②DEVELOPMENT、ORIGIN、EFFECT、包含以上词语的注意，可能是正确答案。

备注：此技巧用来应急，猜测运气成分较大。请板油慎用。

三、细节题

唯一法则就是：认真、认真、再认真。

托福阅读材料：好心情影响记忆力

Being in a good mood decreases the brain's working memory, US researchers say.

“This explains why you might not be able to remember a phone number you get at a party when you are having a good time,” Elizabeth Martin, a doctoral student of psychology at the University of Missouri, says in a statement. “This research is the first to show that positive mood can negatively impact working memory storage capacity.”

The researchers gauged study participants’ mood before and after showing them a video clip - some saw a bit of a stand-up comedy routine, while others saw a video on how to install flooring.

Those who viewed the comedy routine were in significantly better moods after viewing the video, while the mood of flooring group had not changed. Both groups were then given a memory test.

The study, published in the journal Cognition and Emotion, found those who watched the comedy routine performed significantly worse on the task.

美国研咳嗽背疲眯那榭赡芑峤档大脑的工作记忆(属程序性记忆、短时记忆，是一种短暂时刻的知觉)能力。

“这就能解释为什么明明在派对上玩得很开心，却记不住从派对上得到的电话号码，”密苏里大学心理学博士伊丽莎白马丁在一份报告中指出。“该研究首次说明，积极情绪有损于工作记忆容量。”

研究人员在受试者观看视频片段前后对其情绪进行了测量。其中一部分受试者所看的是轻松喜剧节目，另一些人所看的视频则关于如何铺地板。

那些看了喜剧的受试者观后情绪更佳，而“地板视频”受试者观前观后情绪并无波动。两组都接受了记忆测试。

此项刊登于《认知与情感》杂志的研究发现，观看了喜剧的受试者在记忆测试中表现明显差于另一组受试者。

托福阅读材料：心跳也能发电

电力是让我们生活得舒适所必须的能源，科学家一直都希望能找到一种更方便、环保和实惠的方式发电。下面的新托福考试阅读练习资料中科学家们就研究出了一种让人类自己发电的方式。

The human heartbeat could be used to power an ipod after scientists developed a tiny chip which uses the body's own movement to generate power.

如果科学家们能改进一种用人体自身活动发电的微型芯片，那么将来ipod就可以靠心跳来充电了。

Scientists hope that as the nanotechnology used in the chip evolves, it could lead to electronics which don't require batteries or mains power.

科学家们希望，随着在芯片内所运用的纳米技术不断进步，以后可以生产出不需要电池或系统供电的电子产品。

Hailed as a milestone, it can use tiny movements such as the pinch of a finger to generate power.

这被认为是里程碑式的进步，它将使诸如手指轻轻一捏这样的细小动作也能产生电能。

The team, presenting their findings at the National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society, have used it to power LCD displays and diodes, as well as to transmit a radio signal once its generated power has been stored.

研究这一项目的科学团队在美国化学会年会上展示了自己的研究成果，他们用芯片为液晶屏幕和两极真空管充电，并用充完电的机器传播广播信号。

The latest device is thousands of times more powerful than its predecessors, allowing scientists to take the technology out of the lab for the first time.

科学家们最新研究出的装置比以前的那些强大了数千倍，这使他们第一次可以将这项技术带出实验室。

The technology works by using zinc oxide nanowires, which generate electricity when strained or flexed.

它运用了氧化锌纳米线，氧化锌纳米线在被拉紧或收缩时都会发电。

This mean virtually any body movement - from walking to a heartbeat - can generate power.

这就意味着从步行到心跳，几乎任何一个身体动作都能产生能量。

Five nanogenerators working together produced about 1 micro ampere output current at 3 volts about the same voltage generated by two regular AA batteries.

5个纳米发电机同时工作可以产生1微安培3伏特的输出电流，与2节普通的5号电池所产生的电压差不多。

Dr Zhong Lin Wang, of Georgia Institute of Technology said: “While a few volts may not seem like much, it has grown by leaps and bounds over previous versions of the nanogenerator.

佐治亚理工学院的王中林教授说：“也许这么点电压看上去很不起眼，但是比起过去的纳米发电机已经有了飞跃。”

”Additional nanowires and more nanogenerators, stacked together, could produce enough energy for powering larger electronics, such as an ipod or charging a cell phone.“

“如果把更多的纳米线和纳米发电机放在一起，就足以为更大的电子产品提供电能，比如为一台ipod或一部手机充电。”

”Our nanogenerators are poised to change lives in the future. Their potential is only limited by one's imagination.\"

“纳米发电机将改变人类未来的生活，它们的潜力只有想不到，没有做不到。”

篇6：如何搞定托福阅读篇

托福阅读备考中，考生需要进行文章阅读练习，旨在熟悉托福阅读文章的一般写作思路，以及在练习中学会高效把握阅读重点、高效理解内容。那么，如何搞定托福阅读呢?

材料选择

考生在练习时，可以选择英语原版的资料，比如《福尔摩斯》、《暮光之城》等，也可以选择学术性强的资料，如《经济学人》、美国科学文摘等。为了能够把握托福阅读考试，建议考生把重点放在练习题阅读文章以及老托福阅读文章之上。考生在使用文章时，要从词、句、文章上从材料中获取相关信息。

练习重点

考生练习的目的在于学会理解文章，所以考生文章练习要把握好这一重点。理解文章分为四个层面，也就是词汇、句子、段落和文章，为了不在词汇理解上遇到障碍或者出现偏差。考生应该在阅读前应该通过构词法大量记忆词汇，在词汇达到一定水平时，对托福阅读中的学术词分类熟悉，对核心词进行整理巩固;在句子理解时，考生需要对语法知识进行补充，了解托福阅读长难句常见类型，学会分析长难句的方法;对于段落，考生要注意把握段落中的重点和次重点，把握段落结构;文章的整体把握建立在对词汇、句子和段落的把握之上，但是考生也要对文章的一般类型、特点进行熟悉。

练习方法

托福阅读文章练习方法主要有精读和略读两种。精读是指考生要读到文章中的所有内容，包括具体到词汇的细节，考生要理解文章中的每个句子，能够流畅地翻译全文甚至复述内容，在实际练习时，考生要分析每个词汇的含义，把握每个句子的含义，总结段落、文章的大意，精读是为了使考生在练习时有所收获，能够不断攻克不熟悉的知识点;略读和精读是相反的概念，考生的略读练习是为了在限定时间内抓住文章重点，所以考生阅读时，重点把握托福阅读段落关键句和段落间关系，略过例子、解释等细节。当然，考生也要学会精读和略读的方法结合，针对不同内容采用不同阅读方法。

文章帮你搞定4级词汇：AhistoryofChristmas

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