以下是小编为大家收集的确定最优做题顺序的程序,本文共10篇,欢迎参阅,希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。本文原稿由网友“自知平生只像风”提供。
篇1:如何确定最优做题顺序的程序
1.一般来说,整个行政能力测试的试卷中,常识和类比推理部分是公认难度较低的部分,因此,此部分一般应该优先考虑在短时间内快速做完。
2.做题的第二阶段,优先考虑难度中等、既包含简单数学计算的又含有大量严于阅读的题目,即同时参考分值的权重安排一下做题顺序:逻辑推理、定义判断、资料分析。
3.考虑到每个人的智力模式不同,有的.对数字逻辑特别敏感,有的则有很强语言能力天赋,
因此,考生要根据平时的训练,找出自己究竟擅长数量关系部分,还是擅长演与理解部分。对于擅长语言的考生,言语表达必须放在数量关系与图形推理前面完成。对于擅长数学、逻辑能力强的考生,则必须把数量关系和图形推理放在言语理解前面。
4.每个考生可以根据平时对每一部分做题的正确率和花费时间的多少重新校正以上的做题顺序,并充分照顾到自己平时的做题习惯。否则,在紧张慌乱的考场中,不按试卷试题排列顺序做题切违反了自己平时的做题习惯,很容易因为意外的负担造成适得其反结果。
篇2:确定最优做题顺序的程序
确定最优做题顺序的程序
一、确定最优做题顺序要考虑的原则
首先,在假定题目无法100%做完的情况下,必须优先做完自己平时训练时候正确率最高,相对最擅长的部分,
其次,在时间紧迫,且题目难度差异较大的情况下,必须优先用尽可能少的时间快速做完相对难度较小的题目,为以后相对的难的题目赢得时间。
再次,考虑评分的.权重,行政能力测试140道题目100分。一个比较合理的评分标准是根据每个部分题目难度的差异赋予不同权重。高难度的类型的题目赋予的分值高,难度较低的赋予较低的分值。
比较公认的是资料分析和演绎理解题目是含金量较高的题目,而常识判断、类比推理是含金量较低的题目。
二、确定最优做题顺序的程序
1.一般来说,整个行政能力测试的试卷中,常识和类比推理部分是公认难度较低的部分。因此,此部分一般应该优先考虑在短时间内快速做完,
2.做题的第二阶段,优先考虑难度中等、既包含简单数学计算的又含有大量严于阅读的题目,即同时参考分值的权重安排一下做题顺序:逻辑推理、定义判断、资料分析。
3.考虑到每个人的智力模式不同,有的对数字逻辑特别敏感,有的则有很强语言能力天赋。因此,考生要根据平时的训练,找出自己究竟擅长数量关系部分,还是擅长演与理解部分。对于擅长语言的考生,言语表达必须放在数量关系与图形推理前面完成。对于擅长数学、逻辑能力强的考生,则必须把数量关系和图形推理放在言语理解前面。
4.每个考生可以根据平时对每一部分做题的正确率和花费时间的多少重新校正以上的做题顺序,并充分照顾到自己平时的做题习惯。否则,在紧张慌乱的考场中,不按试卷试题排列顺序做题切违反了自己平时的做题习惯,很容易因为意外的负担造成适得其反结果。
篇3:确定最优做题顺序要考虑的原则
首先,在假定题目无法100%做完的情况下,必须优先做完自己平时训练时候正确率最高,相对最擅长的部分,
其次,在时间紧迫,且题目难度差异较大的情况下,必须优先用尽可能少的时间快速做完相对难度较小的`题目,为以后相对的难的题目赢得时间。
再次,考虑评分的权重,行政能力测试140道题目100分,
一个比较合理的评分标准是根据每个部分题目难度的差异赋予不同权重。高难度的类型的题目赋予的分值高,难度较低的赋予较低的分值。
比较公认的是资料分析和演绎理解题目是含金量较高的题目,而常识判断、类比推理是含金量较低的题目。
篇4:雅思阅读考试第一步--确定做题顺序
雅思阅读考试第一步--确定做题顺序
一、首先决定要以什么样的顺序做题。真正的雅思考试并不是想象中的由易到难,很有可能一开始的文章就很难。设想,如果用30分钟先解决一道难题,再用剩下的30分钟去完成两道简单的题目,效果注定不好!试举剑桥4中TEST 2 为例,三篇文章分别 “lost for words”, “alternative medicine in Australia”, “play is a serious business”.乍一看第三篇文章题目是最简单的,实际上它反而是最难的。
二、题型决定做题顺序,而不是题目。“lost for words”题型分别是:summary, 人名理论matching, yes/no/not given. “alternative medicine in Australia”题型分别是:multiple choices, yes/no/not given, 填空题. “play is a serious business”题型分别是:信息段落配对,多选多,人名理论配对。初步分析题型后还可以细化,理清做题思路。第一篇文章难度适中,summary 属主旨类型题建议先做,同时可以把人名全部找到以节省时间。
matching题中出现五对五配对还有NB。第二篇文章题目虽难但是引言部分交待很清楚,属简单的题目。填空题实属数字游戏,整篇文章完全按顺序出题。第三篇文章难度系数较大,信息段落配对难把握,之后的人名理论配对干扰选项过多,从一开始相当于八选一。这样分析下来,我们的做题顺序应该是“Passage 2/1/3”。
三、掌握技巧,灵活运用。题型没有绝对的难易之分,对其他考生难也许对你反而容易,要结合自己的实际情况。可以先做送分题“表格填空,图形题,完成句子”。在五大主流题型中,配对题比较费时,其中信息和段落配对最花时间,建议放在最后。而作为主旨的heading 和summary 可考虑先做,因为完成主旨题型后文章大致的内容和结构都可以掌握,对于细节题的定位会方便很多。
雅思考试像是一场战斗,应该灵活运用作战的策略和方法,后期更需要成套的阅读训练。如果能够运用这些提高效率节省时间的方法,有助于学生信心的塑造和雅思分数的提高。
雅思阅读模拟练习及答案
1. The failure of a high-profile cholesterol drug has thrown a spotlight on the complicated machinery that regulates cholesterol levels. But many researchers remain confident that drugs to boost levels of ’good’ cholesterol are still one of the most promising means to combat spiralling heart disease.
2. Drug company Pfizer announced on 2 December that it was cancelling all clinical trials of torcetrapib, a drug designed to raise heart-protective high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)。 In a trial of 15000 patients, a safety board found that more people died or suffered cardiovascular problems after taking the drug plus a cholesterol-lowering statin than those in a control group who took the statin alone.
3. The news came as a kick in the teeth to many cardiologists because earlier tests in animals and people suggested it would lower rates of cardiovascular disease. “There have been no red flags to my knowledge,” says John Chapman, a specialist in lipoproteins and atherosclerosis at the National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) in Paris who has also studied torcetrapib. “This cancellation came as a complete shock.”
4. Torcetrapib is one of the most advanced of a new breed of drugs designed to raise levels of HDLs, which ferry cholesterol out of artery-clogging plaques to the liver for removal from the body. Specifically, torcetrapib blocks a protein called cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), which normally transfers the cholesterol from high-density lipoproteins to low density, plaque-promoting ones. Statins, in contrast, mainly work by lowering the ’bad’ low-density lipoproteins.
Under pressure
5. Researchers are now trying to work out why and how the drug backfired, something that will not become clear until the clinical details are released by Pfizer. One hint lies in evidence from earlier trials that it slightly raises blood pressure in some patients. It was thought that this mild problem would be offset by the heart benefits of the drug. But it is possible that it actually proved fatal in some patients who already suffered high blood pressure. If blood pressure is the explanation, it would actually be good news for drug developers because it suggests that the problems are specific to this compound. Other prototype drugs that are being developed to block CETP work in a slightly different way and might not suffer the same downfall.
6. But it is also possible that the whole idea of blocking CETP is flawed, says Moti Kashyap, who directs atherosclerosis research at the VA Medical Center in Long Beach, California. When HDLs excrete cholesterol in the liver, they actually rely on LDLs for part of this process. So inhibiting CETP, which prevents the transfer of cholesterol from HDL to LDL, might actually cause an abnormal and irreversible accumulation of cholesterol in the body. “You’re blocking a physiologic mechanism to eliminate cholesterol and effectively constipating the pathway,” says Kashyap.
Going up
7. Most researchers remain confident that elevating high density lipoproteins levels by one means or another is one of the best routes for helping heart disease patients. But HDLs are complex and not entirely understood. One approved drug, called niacin, is known to both raise HDL and reduce cardiovascular risk but also causes an unpleasant sensation of heat and tingling. Researchers are exploring whether they can bypass this side effect and whether niacin can lower disease risk more than statins alone. Scientists are also working on several other means to bump up high-density lipoproteins by, for example, introducing synthetic HDLs. “The only thing we know is dead in the water is torcetrapib, not the whole idea of raising HDL,” says Michael Miller, director of preventive cardiology at the University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore.
Questions 1-7
This passage has 7 paragraphs 1-7.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number i-ix in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i. How does torcetrapib work?
ii. Contradictory result prior to the current trial
iii. One failure may possibly bring about future success
iv. The failure doesn’t lead to total loss of confidence
v. It is the right route to follow
vi. Why it’s stopped
vii. They may combine and theoretically produce ideal result
viii. What’s wrong with the drug
ix. It might be wrong at the first place
Questions 7-13
Match torcetrapib,HDLs,statin and CETP with their functions (Questions 8-13)。。
Write the correct letter A, B, C or D in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
7.It has been administered to over 10,000 subjects in a clinical trial.
8.It could help rid human body of cholesterol.
9.Researchers are yet to find more about it.
10. It was used to reduce the level of cholesterol.
11. According to Kashyap, it might lead to unwanted result if it’s blocked.
12. It produced contradictory results in different trials.
13. It could inhibit LDLs.
List of choices
A. Torcetrapic
B. HDLS
C. Statin
D. CETP
(by Zhou Hong)
Suggested Answers and Explanations
1. vi
2. ii
3. vii 本段介绍了torcetrapib和statin的治病原理,但是同时短语“in contrast”与之前第二段后半段的内容呼应,暗示了这两种药在理论上能相辅相成,是理想的搭配。第一个选项无法涵盖整段意义,故选择i是错误的。
4. iii 本段分析了可能导致torcetrapibl临床试验失败的原因,后半段指出如果以上推测正确,那么未来的药物可借鉴这个试验,设法避免torcetrapib的缺陷,研制出有效的药物。viii选项无法涵盖后半段的意思。
5. ix 见首句。
6. v
7. A 见第二段。题目中administer一词意为“用药”,subject一词为“实验对象”之意。
8. B 见第四段“… to raise levels of HDLs, which ferry cholesterol out of artery- clogging plaques to the liver for removal from the body.”即HDLs的作用最终是将 choleserol清除出人体:“… for removal from the body”。
9. B 见第四段“But HDLs are complex and not entirely understood.”
10. C 见第二段“… plus a cholesterol-lowering statin”,即statin是可以降低cholesterol的。
11. D 见第六段 “So inhibiting CETP, … might actually cause an abnormal and irreversible accumulation of cholesterol in the body.
12. A 见第三段。
13. C 见第四段“Statins, in contrast, mainly work by lowering the ’bad’ low-density lipoproteins
雅思阅读模拟练习及答案
Rogue theory of smell gets a boost
1. A controversial theory of how we smell, which claims that our fine sense of odour depends on quantum mechanics, has been given the thumbs up by a team of physicists.
2. Calculations by researchers at University College London (UCL) show that the idea that we smell odour molecules by sensing their molecular vibrations makes sense in terms of the physics involved.
3. That’s still some way from proving that the theory, proposed in the mid-1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin, is correct. But it should make other scientists take the idea more seriously.
4. “This is a big step forward,” says Turin, who has now set up his own perfume company Flexitral in Virginia. He says that since he published his theory, “it has been ignored rather than criticized.”
5. Most scientists have assumed that our sense of smell depends on receptors in the nose detecting the shape of incoming molecules, which triggers a signal to the brain. This molecular ’lock and key’ process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body’s detection systems: it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders, for example, and how the tongue recognizes some tastes.
6. But Turin argued that smell doesn’t seem to fit this picture very well. Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different — such as alcohols, which smell like spirits, and thiols, which smell like rotten eggs. And molecules with very different structures can smell similar. Most strikingly, some molecules can smell different — to animals, if not necessarily to humans — simply because they contain different isotopes (atoms that are chemically identical but have a different mass)。
7. Turin’s explanation for these smelly facts invokes the idea that the smell signal in olfactory receptor proteins is triggered not by an odour molecule’s shape, but by its vibrations, which can enourage an electron to jump between two parts of the receptor in a quantum-mechanical process called tunnelling. This electron movement could initiate the smell signal being sent to the brain.
8. This would explain why isotopes can smell different: their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier. Turin’s mechanism, says Marshall Stoneham of the UCL team, is more like swipe-card identification than a key fitting a lock.
9. Vibration-assisted electron tunnelling can undoubtedly occur — it is used in an experimental technique for measuring molecular vibrations. “The question is whether this is possible in the nose,” says Stoneham’s colleague, Andrew Horsfield.
10. Stoneham says that when he first heard about Turin’s idea, while Turin was himself based at UCL, “I didn’t believe it”。 But, he adds, “because it was an interesting idea, I thought I should prove it couldn’t work. I did some simple calculations, and only then began to feel Luca could be right.” Now Stoneham and his co-workers have done the job more thoroughly, in a paper soon to be published in Physical Review Letters.
11. The UCL team calculated the rates of electron hopping in a nose receptor that has an odorant molecule bound to it. This rate depends on various properties of the biomolecular system that are not known, but the researchers could estimate these parameters based on typical values for molecules of this sort.
12. The key issue is whether the hopping rate with the odorant in place is significantly greater than that without it. The calculations show that it is — which means that odour identification in this way seems theoretically possible.
13. But Horsfield stresses that that’s different from a proof of Turin’s idea. “So far things look plausible, but we need proper experimental verification. We’re beginning to think about what experiments could be performed.”
14. Meanwhile, Turin is pressing ahead with his hypothesis. “At Flexitral we have been designing odorants exclusively on the basis of their computed vibrations,” he says. “Our success rate at odorant discovery is two orders of magnitude better than the competition.” At the very least, he is putting his money where his nose is.
Questions 1-4
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the writer
FALSE if the statement does not agree with the writer
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage
1. The result of the study at UCL agrees with Turin’s theory.
2. The study at UCL could conclusively prove what Luca Turin has hypothesized.
3. Turin left his post at UCL and started his own business because his theory was ignored.
4. The molecules of alcohols and those of thiols look alike.
Questions 5-9
Complete the sentences below with words from the passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
5. The hypothesis that we smell by sensing the molecular vibration was made by ______.
6. Turin’s company is based in ______.
7. Most scientists believed that our nose works in the same way as our ______.
8. Different isotopes can smell different when ______ weigh differently.
9. According to Audrew Horsfield, it is still to be proved that ______ could really occur in human nose.
Question 10-12
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
10. What’s the name of the researcher who collaborated with Stoneham?
11. What is the next step of the UCL team’s study?
12. What is the theoretical basis in designing odorants in Turin’s company?
(by Zhou Hong)
Answer Keys and Explanations
1. T 见第一段。“give sth the thumbs up”为“接受“的意思。
2. F 见第三段。 “That’s still some way from proving that the theory, proposed in the mid- 1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin, is correct.”意即“现在尚无法证实生物物理学家Luca在九十年代中期提出的理论是否正确。”
3. NG
4. T 见第六段 “Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different — such as alcohols, which smell like spirits, and thiols, which smell like rotten eggs.”“identical” 一词是“完全相同”的意思。这句话是说alcohols和thiols的分子结构看起来一样,但是它们的味道却相去甚远。
5. Luca Turin 文章第二,三和七段均可看出Luca的理论即人类的鼻子是通过感觉气味分子的震动来分辨气味的。
6. Virginia 见第四段。
7. tongue 见第五段 “This molecular ’lock and key’ process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body’s detection systems: it is how some parts of the immune system recognise invaders, for example, and how the tongue recognizes some tastes.”
8. the atoms 见第八段 “This would explain why isotopes can smell different: their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier.”
9. vibration-assisted electron tunneling 见第九段 ““The question is whether this is possible in the nose,” says Stoneham’s colleague, Andrew Horsfield.” 句中的代词“this”指句首的“vibration-assisted electron tunneling”。
10. Andrew Horsfield 见第九段结尾。
11.proper experimental verification 见第十三段。
12.their computed vibrations 见第十四段
篇5:集体合同程序顺序
集体合同程序顺序模板
(1)关于集体合同的内容,不同时期、不同企业是存在一定的差异的。过去,国营企业和集体所有制企业的集体合同主要包括以下内容:
<1>企业的生产计划、财务计划与发展计划的各项指标;
<2>企业行政方面为实现各种计划所必须解决的问题以及为实现计划应当采取的技术组织措施;
<3>有关劳动竞赛中如何组织职工改进技术、提高技术的问题;
<4>有关贯彻按劳分配的工资制度和奖励制度的问题;
<5>有关加强劳动保护、改善安全卫生状况的问题,确定如何使用劳动保护安全生产基金以及劳动保护的具体措施与计划;
<6>有关巩固劳动纪律的`问题,制定本企业的厂规,确定对违反劳动纪律的职工给予制裁的措施和制度;
<7>有关职工技术培训的各种制度,举办技术培训班、技工学校等促进职工不断提高业务技术水平的措施;
<8>有关提高职工生活水平和举办集体福利事业的具体措施,以及实施劳动保险的办法。但就现阶段我国各企业实行的集体合同,特别是三资企业的集体合同,其内容是劳动报酬、工作时间长短、休息休假、劳动安全卫生、保险福利待遇等方面的规定。
(2)订立集体合同必须遵循以下原则:
<1>遵守国家法律、法规和政策的原则。订立集体合同,必须遵守国家的法律、法规和方针政策,在合同的内容、形式、订立程序方面都要符合国家法律、法规的规定;
<2>坚持平等自愿、协商一致的原则,只有这样,集体合同才能既得到国家法律的保护,以能得到双方当事人的切实履行。
<3>结合实际原则,订立集体合同必须结合本单位的实际情况,兼顾国家、企业、职工个人三方利益,只有这样,才能制定出切实可行的集体合同。
(3)为了使集体合同具有法律效力,订立集体合同应遵循以下程序:
<1>制度集体合同草案。集体合同应由工会代表职工与企业签订,没有建立工会的企业,由职工推举的代表与企业签订。一般情况下,各个企业应当成立集体合同起草委员会或者起草小组,主持起草集体合同。起草委员会或者起草小组由企业行政和工会各派代表若干人,推行工会和企业行政代表各一人为主席或组长和副主席或副组长。起草委员会或者起草小组应当深入进行调查研究,广泛征求各方面的意见和要求,提出集体合同的初步草案。
<2>组织全体职工认真讨论集体合同草案。集体合同草案制定出来以后,应组织企业行政和全体职工或在职工代表大会上对集体合同草案进行讨论、修改和补充,使集体合同充分反映企业行政和广大职工的意见和要求。
<1><2><3><4><5><6><7><8><1><2><3><1><2>
篇6:考研最后一个月冲刺巧把关 确定做题顺序
考研最后一个月冲刺巧把关 确定做题顺序
现阶段的数学复习应该是把重点放在记忆考点和理解考点上了,掌握做题的方法技巧,做些真题,我个人认为真题永远是最好的辅导资料,所以一定不要刚开始复习就草率地做完,一般而言,经过详细系统复习的人,大多做真题信心比较足。考研本身也是一个人综合素质的测定,一个系统工程。一定要耐得住性子,注重基础,着力于思维的锻炼,它对于成绩的提高是整体性的,也是最可靠的途经。
现在主要的是全面复习,把书读薄。猜题的复习方法对付考研是靠不住的,应该参照考试大纲,全面复习,不留任何遗漏。从历年试卷的内容分布上可以看出,凡是考试大纲中提及的内容,都可能考到,甚至某些不太重要的内容,在某一年可以在大题中出现,如数学一中,不但第三题是一道纯粹的解析几何题,而且还有两道题是与线性代数结合考了解析几何的内容。全面复习就是要抓住问题的实质和内容,运用方法及本质的联系,把记忆性的东西缩小到最小程度,(要努力使自已理解所学知识,多抓问题联系实际,少记一些死知识), 而且,不记则已,记住了就要牢靠,事实证明,有些记忆是终生不忘的,而其它的知识又可以在记住基本知识的基础上,运用它们的联系而得到。在考试大纲的要求中,对内容有理解,了解,知道三个层次的要求;对方法有掌握,会(能)两个层次的要求,一般地说,要求理解的内容,要求掌握的方法,是考试的重点.在历年考试中,这方面考题出现的概率较大;在同一份试卷中,这方面试题所占有的分数也较多.
另一方面是要突出重点,精益求精。突出重点,就是要在主要内容和方法上多下功夫,去寻找重点内容与次要内容间的联系,用重点内容担挈整个内容.主要内容理解透了,其它的内容和方法迎刃而解.即抓主要内容不是放弃次要内容而孤立主要内容,而是从分析各内容的联系,从比较中自然地突出主要内容.如微分中值定理,有罗尔定理,拉格朗日定理,柯西定理和泰勒公式.由于罗尔定理是拉格朗日定理的特殊情况,而柯西定理和泰勒公式又是拉格朗日定理的推广.比较这些关系,便自然得到拉格朗日定理是核心,这个定理搞深搞透,并从联系中掌握好其它几个定理,而在考试大纲中,罗尔定理与拉格朗日定理都是要求理解的内容,都是考试重点,我们更突出拉氏定理,可谓是精益求精.
我呢总结出了一些方法与技巧,希望对大家有帮助:
1.确定做题顺序。在做题顺序上可以采用填空、计算、选择、证明的顺序。因为选择题的分数要相对的少一些,但他们一般对基础知识要求较高,选项迷惑性大有时需要花好多时间去分析也难以取舍,而且有些选择题的计算量也是很大的,如果在开始做题时就感觉不顺手花的时间太长,这样会影响考试情绪。证明题考的是严密的逻辑推理,难度也比较大。我认为把这两道题放在最后做比较好,开始先做简单的。在考试时,先通观整个试题,明确哪些分数是必得的。哪些是可能得到的,哪些是根本得不到的,再采取不同的对应方式,才能镇定自如,进退有据,最终从总体上获胜。
2. 做选择题的时候,可以巧妙的运用图示法和赋值法。这两种方法很有效。平时用得人很多,考试时尽量不要留有空白,就算是不会的题也要写一些相关的内容得一点“步骤分”。
3. 要保持卷面的整洁和美观,以获得“印象分”。
4.考场要宝保持良好的`心态。不要把自己弄的特别的紧张,就把他当作是一次很平常的考试去对待。
5.临考前最好不要是天天抱着类似《考前冲刺》之类的书看,把以前的吃透掌握就行了。我就是在临考试时把以前看的例如陈文灯的书,黑博士的高分复习成功指南,龚冬保的考研数学典型题,还有《考研狙击手系列》等再粗略的翻了一遍,因为时间不允许。每本书都有自己的解题方法和思路,吃透几本就行了,多了反而不好。
6.考试时思想一定要放松,情绪要平静下来,尤其是当见到一些平时没有见到的题目时,千万要镇定,不要乱了方寸。把有把握的一定要作对,考试时做到“分分计较,每分必争”。
7.在考场上合理分配时间。按由难到易的程序,一般刚开始题都比较简单,后面的越来就越难了。自己可以根据自己的实际情况来定。
篇7:最优的土建工程量计算顺序
为了防止漏项、减少重复计算,在计算工程量时应该按照一定的顺序,有条不紊地进行计算,下面分别介绍土建工程中工程量计算通常采用的几种顺序。
1.按施工顺序计算
按施工先后顺序依次计算工程量,即按平整场地、挖地槽、基础垫层、砖石基础、回填土、砌墙、门窗、钢筋混凝土楼板安装、屋面防水、外墙抹灰、楼地面、内墙抹灰、粉刷、油漆等分项工程进行计算
2.按定额顺序计算
按当地定额中的分部分项编排顺序计算工程量,即从定额的第一分部第一项开始,对照施工图纸,凡遇定额所列项目,在施工图中有的,就按该分部工程量计算规则算出工程量。凡遇定额所列项目,在施工图中没有,就忽略,继续看下一个项目,若遇到有的项目,其计算数据与其它分部的项目数据有关,则先将项目列出,其工程量待有关项目工程量计算完成后,再进行计算。例如:计算墙体砌筑,该项目在定额的第四分部,而墙体砌筑工程量为:(墙身长度×高度 -门窗洞口面积)×墙厚-嵌入墙内混凝土及钢筋混凝土构件所占体积+垛、附墙烟道等体积。这时可先将墙体砌筑项目列出,工程量计算可暂放缓一步,待第五分部混凝土及钢筋混凝土工程及第六分部门窗工程等工程量计算完毕后,再利用该计算数据补算出墙体砌筑工程量。
这种按定额编排计算工程量顺序的方法,对初学者可以有效地防止漏算重算现象。
3.按图纸拟定一个有规律的顺序依次计算
( 1)按顺时针方向计算
从平面图左上角开始,按顺时针方向依次计算。如图 5.1所示,外墙从左上角开始,依箭头所指示的次序计算,绕一周后又回到左上角。此方法适用于外墙、外墙基础、外墙挖地槽、楼地面、天棚、室内装饰等工程量的计算。
图 5.1按顺时针方向计算 图5.2按先横后竖,先上后下,先左后右的顺序计算
( 2)按先横后竖,先上后下,先左后右的顺序计算
以平面图上的横竖方向分别从左到右或从上到下依次计算,如图 5.2所示。此方法适用于内墙、内墙挖地槽、内墙基础和内墙装饰等工程量的计算。
( 3)按照图纸上的构、配件编号顺序计算
在图纸上注明记号,按照各类不同的构、配件,如柱、梁、板等编号,顺序地按柱Z 1 、Z 2 、Z 3 、Z 4 …;梁L 1 、L 2 、L 3 …,板B 1 、B 2 、B 3 …等构件编号依次计算。如图5.3所示。
图5.3按构、配件编号顺序计算
( 4)根据平面图上的定位轴线编号顺序计算
对于复杂工程,计算墙体、柱子和内外粉刷时,仅按上述顺序计算还可能发生重复或遗漏,这时,可按图纸上的轴线顺序进行计算,并将其部位以轴线号表示出来。如位于 A轴线上的外墙,轴线长为①~②,可标记为A: ①~②。此方法适用于内外墙挖地槽、内外墙基础、内外墙砌体、内外墙装饰等工程量的计算。
建议按清单编号或定额编号顺序列项,这样可以避免漏项。
计算时可先看哪一部分可引用于其他部份,对其他引用最多的优先计算。
我之工程量计算小经验
图纸是有一定规律的,在做预算过程中,是以识图的过程为主线进行,也就是识一张图做一张图,做完一张图扔一张图,图扔完也就证明图识完了,预算也就做完了。因此,做预算必须会识图,并要掌握一定的识图的顺序。我把自己多年做预算的经验和想法说出来供大家讨论:
首先、识图做预算有几个原则:
1、一次只看一张图,一张图尽量不看第二次
2、控制大量,调小量,预算是控制总量的基础上,随着识图的深入修改调整完成的。
3、先独立,后整体,主要的意思是先算独立的,不相互扣减的,后算有复杂扣减关系的。
4、从识图的顺序上:
先地下、后地上;
先结构,后建筑;
先室内,后室外;
先主体,后屋面等等
其次,根据上述原则把图分成五部分:地下、主体结构、主体建筑、屋面和室外零星,对应每一部分确定计算什么,按定额分项和计算规则确定要什么就识什么,识图达到能够准确计算工程量为止,
其实不叫识图,而是边看图边计算工程量,工程量计算完后图也就识完了。
最后,根据计算规则要求的扣减关系进行汇总,并把整图全盘进行通读,查看有没有漏计算的,有没有重复计算的,有没有计算错误的等等。
安装最好按照系统从大头计算到小头,或者从小口径计算到大口径。同时,将对应相同口径的附属全部列计。
自己的工作实际谈一点这方面的体会和感受。
一、良好的识图能力
良好的识图能力要求能迅速建立起构件及建筑物的空间印象。能通过多张图纸迅速查找需要的数据,能发现图纸中的矛盾及错误,能在脑海中勾勒出每个细部的构造等等。
结构施工图的表示方法,从传统的分离式到华南地区的梁、柱表,再发展到现在的平法,表示方法多样,且设计院出图也有一些习惯的表示方法
二、充分掌握定额的工作程序、子目的包括内容。
在对各专业图纸研究过程中,应随时了解设计人员意图及图纸表达内容,对施工前已发生设计变更也应做到心中有数。充分掌握定额的工作程序、子目的包括内容。只有这样,才能准确做出预算编制分项和计算出相应工程量,合理地套用单价,防止出现漏计、重计、错套等错误。
三、统筹安排计算工程量
工程量的计算要有明确的思路,先算哪部分后算哪部分,统筹安排计算工程量,提高计算效率,可节省大量的时间和精力。比如以外墙中心线长度为基数,可计算与之有关的分项工程量。
四、深入理解工程量计算规则
工程量的计算有明确的计算规则,因而必须对计算规则有相当透彻的理解。而在实际各方核对工程量数据的过程中,常发生争议的现象,这大多是因为对计算规则的理解不同所致。
在理解计算规则的过程中,要结合对图纸、建筑工程的特点及对施工过程的了解。对计算规则上的规定需要反复推敲,比如单层建筑物终建筑面积,无论其高度如何,按建筑物外墙勒解以上的结构外围水平面积计算。但当设计中未设计勒角时,其建筑面积,按外墙外围水平面积计算。
五、耐心细致
工程量的计算必须耐心细致,不得半点马虎。而且出现错误以后,修改比较繁琐。比如计算基础垫层时,计算规则规定,基础垫层按实铺体积计算,在计算工方宽度不同时,其外墙中心线和内墙净长线将发生变化,与土方的不同。而有些造价工作者往往利用土方已算出的外墙中心线和内墙净长线数值来计算垫层工程量,导致基础垫层出现差错。
六、良好的工作习惯
如表达式的习惯表达方式、中间计算数据的表示方法、在图纸上的标注方法等等。因为计算数据需要和相关方进行校对,自己也需要校对和查看历史工程等等。
七、掌握先进的工具技术
当前,计算机的应用较为普及,计算机在合并汇总计算工作中起了很大的作用,它在减轻预算人员工作量的同时也减少了人为计算的错误。在计算操作过程中,要求我们努力提高对原始数据输入的准确性。比如求和公式范围的输入,倘若不慎漏计一个或几个分项是常有发生的。
程量时也采用土方的计算方法计算。即长度按外墙中心线和内墙净长线计算,宽度按图示尺寸计算。当垫层宽度与土工程量的计算顺序一般来说应该结合自己的经验和习惯来做,非定按别人的方法来做,关键是做到不漏项的同时可以提高计算速度为主。
本人的做法是先做基础部分的项目,包括土方、基础模板,砼、垫层模板、砼,有时基础部分的柱工程量也计算,接着算板,柱、梁,砌体,装饰、大样,这样每算好一个部位,就可以收起算好部分的图纸,算装饰时基本是结构图收起来了,只剩下建筑图,图纸就跟着少了,桌面也没这么乱了,感觉这份工程就快算完了,心情自然也就不一样.
篇8:雅思阅读高分做题顺序
雅思阅读的做题顺序
一、首先决定要以什么样的顺序做题。
真正的雅思阅读考试并不是想象中的由易到难,很有可能一开始的文章就很难。设想,如果用30分钟先解决一道难题,再用剩下的30分钟去完成两道简单的题目,效果注定不好!试举剑桥4中TEST 2 为例,三篇文章分别 “lost for words”, “alternative medicine in Australia”, “play is a serious business”.乍一看第三篇文章题目是最简单的,实际上它反而是最难的。
二、题型决定做题顺序,而不是题目。
“lost for words”题型分别是:summary, 人名理论matching, yes/no/not given. “alternative medicine in Australia”题型分别是:multiple choices, yes/no/not given, 填空题. “play is a serious business”题型分别是:信息段落配对,多选多,人名理论配对。初步分析题型后还可以细化,理清做题思路。第一篇文章难度适中,summary 属主旨类型题建议先做,同时可以把人名全部找到以节省时间。matching题中出现五对五配对还有NB。第二篇文章题目虽难但是引言部分交待很清楚,属简单的题目。填空题实属数字游戏,整篇文章完全按顺序出题。第三篇文章难度系数较大,信息段落配对难把握,之后的人名理论配对干扰选项过多,从一开始相当于八选一。这样分析下来,我们的做题顺序应该是“Passage 2/1/3”。
三、掌握雅思阅读技巧,灵活运用。
题型没有绝对的难易之分,对其他考生难也许对你反而容易,要结合自己的实际情况。可以先做送分题“表格填空,图形题,完成句子”。在五大主流题型中,配对题比较费时,其中信息和段落配对最花时间,建议放在最后。而作为主旨的heading 和summary 可考虑先做,因为完成主旨题型后文章大致的内容和结构都可以掌握,对于细节题的定位会方便很多。
雅思阅读材料:日本提供租赁演员参加婚礼服务
Japanese couples, too busy for a normal social life, are increasingly turning to actors to play their friends on the most important days of their lives.
如今,越来越多忙于工作而没时间进行正常社交的日本夫妇们常常在重要的日子租赁演员来假扮自己的朋友。
Several agencies have sprung up offering actors to attend weddings or even funerals. The first guest-for-hire company was established about nine years ago and around 10 now send out dozens of pretend friends to family events.
日本国内涌现出几家提供参加婚礼甚至葬礼的演员的公司。日本首家“租友”公司创办于约九年前,目前约有10家机构为家庭活动提供假朋友服务。
Agencies such as Hagemashi Tai - which means “I want to cheer you up” - charge around ?100 for each “guest”. Other services such as giving a speech in praise of a bride or the groom cost extra.
像Hagemashi Tai(意为“我想让你开心“)这样的公司每提供一位朋友收费100英镑。若要提供其它服务如致辞赞美新郎或新娘需额外收费。
The emergence of the small fake friends industry has been linked to social and economic changes in Japan. With lifetime employment a thing of the past, couples feel uncomfortable about inviting work colleagues to their wedding. Increasingly busy and put upon, many Japanese surround themselves with only a very small circle of friends.
小型“租友”行业的兴起与日本的社会经济变化密不可分。随着终身雇佣成为历史,人们越来越不情愿邀请同事来参加自己的婚礼。由于工作越来越忙,压力越来越大,很多日本人的朋友圈都很小。
When they marry, however, they are under pressure to match the number of their new partner's wedding guests.
但在结婚的时候,又不能让自己这边的宾客比对方少。
Office Agents, the largest provider of pretend friends, makes sure that its employees have done their homework and know all about the bride or groom before the wedding.
规模的租友公司“办公代理公司“要求其雇员在参加婚礼前做足功课,做到对新娘或新郎的情况了如指掌。
Hiroshi Mizutani, the company's founder, said the fake friends he provides must look happy, be well dressed and look like people with good jobs.
该公司的创建者弘水谷称,他的公司提供的假扮朋友看上去一定要开心,穿着得体,让人一看就是个工作体面的人。
雅思阅读材料:90后的基本特征
“After 90” of the statement
There are many similarities between people and machines, for example, the machine is a human production, who also; new machines easy to use labor saving, high efficiency, who is also the prime working fast. Product instructions before they look, according to the above instructions, all satisfactory. No manual blind crunching, it is estimated most people had to play smashed. After 90 you have in your house is not playing does not change the estimated 90 after the majority of parents have the same feeling: today's children how can you do it. No doubt, to see if he (she) had the instructions right.
1. Acquaintance before go on, before the silent stranger.
2. In order not to stay up late, as on the night.
3. There must be a hobby is sleeping.
4. Do not ask questions, just check [gm88nd] and Baidu.
5. Never think that other people can not understand ourselves.
6. Keen to study astrology fortune.
7. Of all things curious, in addition to textbooks and exercise books.
8. A soft spot on the animation, especially Japanese and Korean animation.
9. Texting speed and BMW Z4 You Yipin.
10. Sat down to the bottom front of the computer can smoke.
11. Like the personal well-developed plan, then does not perform.
12. Hate their parents to compare yourself to others.
13. Been raving out in front.
14. Regular breakfast, lunch and eat together.
15. Can not guarantee that brushing teeth twice a day.
16. Will use Martian.
17. Passing through a mirror reflection of the place, will look at his face.
18.'ll Never know where your money went to.
19. 51, 11 will not travel.
20. Casual. (Think anything can, everything okay, as long as convenient and simple, where there is so much time to waste?)
21.R & R, R & B, Hip_Hop, at least like one.
22. Can spell every word but not necessarily written.
23. Few phone calls, often with short hair. (Note: The hair is short, refers to text messaging. 90 after the words are green and conserve resources.)
24. Never satisfied with their hair.
25. After 80 disdain.
26. Like QQ do not like MSN.
27. Two minutes often this arrangement: the worship of one minute before, after a minute into defiance.
28. Always wanted to try new products ads.
29. Most of the fan Jay, this class refused to read the word rain. (Note: Rain, Korean Yoshio).
After reading this description, you have a re-post of 90 know about it? Strange behavior of their energy to understand it.
篇9:雅思阅读的做题顺序
雅思阅读的做题顺序
一、首先决定要以什么样的顺序做题。
真正的雅思阅读考试并不是想象中的由易到难,很有可能一开始的文章就很难。设想,如果用30分钟先解决一道难题,再用剩下的30分钟去完成两道简单的题目,效果注定不好!试举剑桥4中TEST 2 为例,三篇文章分别 “lost for words”, “alternative medicine in Australia”, “play is a serious business”.乍一看第三篇文章题目是最简单的,实际上它反而是最难的。
二、题型决定做题顺序,而不是题目。
“lost for words”题型分别是:summary, 人名理论matching, yes/no/not given. “alternative medicine in Australia”题型分别是:multiple choices, yes/no/not given, 填空题. “play is a serious business”题型分别是:信息段落配对,多选多,人名理论配对。初步分析题型后还可以细化,理清做题思路。第一篇文章难度适中,summary 属主旨类型题建议先做,同时可以把人名全部找到以节省时间。matching题中出现五对五配对还有NB。第二篇文章题目虽难但是引言部分交待很清楚,属简单的题目。填空题实属数字游戏,整篇文章完全按顺序出题。第三篇文章难度系数较大,信息段落配对难把握,之后的人名理论配对干扰选项过多,从一开始相当于八选一。这样分析下来,我们的做题顺序应该是“Passage 2/1/3”。
三、掌握雅思阅读技巧,灵活运用。
题型没有绝对的难易之分,对其他考生难也许对你反而容易,要结合自己的实际情况。可以先做送分题“表格填空,图形题,完成句子”。在五大主流题型中,配对题比较费时,其中信息和段落配对最花时间,建议放在最后。而作为主旨的heading 和summary 可考虑先做,因为完成主旨题型后文章大致的内容和结构都可以掌握,对于细节题的定位会方便很多。
雅思阅读材料:阿根廷三眼神鱼引热议
说实话,看到张图的时候下了我这一大跳,心想:这难道是《生化危机》的新作,还是愚人节的玩笑!可是又仔细看了一下,两者都不是,是discovery频道的新闻!由于核辐射造成的基因突变导致了原本两只眼睛的鱼生出了3只眼睛,这无疑印证了那句话——科技是一把双刃剑。人类不能停息的脚步,加速着对于赖以生存的自然资源的践踏,有三只眼睛的不只是鱼,还有跟二郎神一样的人类自身。
A three-eyed fish was caught in a reservoir in Argentina, reported Cadena 3, an Argentine news service。The fishing hole where the mutant fish was caught may be more of a fission hole. The reservoir, named “Chorro de Agua Caliente,” receives water from a nuclear plant in the province of Córdoba。
“Simpsons” fans will recall the same thing happened in Springfield. Bart caught Blinky, a three-eyed fish, in the pond fed by Monty Burn's nuclear power plant in the episode “Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish,” from the second season of the hit series。
Though no official examinations have been completed, the fishermen think the mutant's proximity to the nuclear plant is a little fishy。Like Burns in the “Simpsons” episode, the fishermen don't have the stomach for three-eyed fish. They plan to submit it for testing, then have it preserved。
雅思阅读材料:“我”不离口的人更易患抑郁症
德国卡塞尔大学的研究人员发现,说话时频繁使用人称单数代词“我”的人更容易受抑郁和焦虑症困扰,且不善人际交往。研究人员对15名男士和103名女士就其过去的经历、恋爱经验以及自我感知进行了访谈,他们中大部分人正在接受抑郁症的治疗。访谈结果发现,说话爱用“我”字的人抑郁更严重,且在人际交往中也有障碍;这些人更渴望别人的关注,且无法独处。与之相对的是,说话喜欢用“我们”的人在社交活动中更加能够把握分寸,拥有更加健康的社交生活。
People who say 'me', 'myself' and 'I' frequently are more likely to suffer with depression and anxiety, according to new research.
Scientists at the University of Kassel, Germany, found that people who use first-person singular pronouns the most are more likely to be depressed than those who tend to use plural pronouns, such as ‘we’.
The researchers, led by Dr Johannes Zimmerman, interviewed 15 men and 103 women, most of whom were being treated for conditions such as depression and anxiety disorder.
The interviewers asked the participants about their past, their relationships, and their self-perception, according to Medical Daily.
They found that people who say 'me' and 'I' 'tend to be more depressed, and that they also have more difficulties with interpersonal behavior such as interacting in a group of people.
For example, these people were more likely to attention-seek and to be unable to spend time alone.
By contrast, those who use words like ‘we’ a lot were better at maintaining appropriate social boundaries in their relationships while still having a healthy social life.
Dr Zimmerman told Medical Daily: ‘Using first-person singular pronouns highlights the self as a distinct entity whereas, using first-person plural pronouns emphasize [being part of] social relationships.’
As a result, Dr Zimmerman believes that people who use the singular pronouns tend to be needier.
篇10:考研数学 做题顺序很重要
2017考研数学 做题顺序很重要
首先是确定做题顺序,可以采用填空、计算、选择、证明的顺序。因为尽管选择题的分数相对要少一些,但它们一般对基础知识要求较高,选项迷惑性大,有时需要花很多时间去分析也难以取舍,而且有些选择题的计算量也是很大的,如果在做题的开始就感觉不顺而花太多时间的话,会影响考试的心理状态。证明题考查的是严密的逻辑推理,难度也比较大。因此,建议这两类题型可以放在后面做,而先做相对简单的。
一般来说,平时复习的时候要尽量从自己薄弱的方面“榨取”分数,而正式考试时,先通观整个试卷,迅速客观地评估自己的实力,明确哪些分数是必得的,哪些是可能得到的,哪些是根本得不到的,再采取不同的应对方式,才能镇定自若,进退有据,最终从整体上获胜。
同学们可以先解答填空题,一般讲填空题是基本概念,基本运算题,得分比较容易,当然试题中计算题或者证明题以平时看书或者参加辅导班老师所讲的例题类似的也可以先做;其次做计算题;最后解单项选择题,因为有些单项选择题概念性非常强,计算技巧也比较高,求解单项选择题一般有以下几种方法:(1)推演法:它适用于题干中给出的条件是解析式子。
(2)图示法:它适用于题干中给出的函数具有某种特性,例如奇偶性、周期性或者给出的事件是两个事件的情形,用图示法做就显得格外简单。
(3)举反例排除法:排除了三个,第四个就是正确的答案,这种方法适用于题干中给出的函数是抽象函数的情况。
(4)逆推法:所谓逆推法就是假定被选的四个答案中某一个正确,然后做逆推,如果得到的结果与题设条件或尽人皆知的正确结果矛盾,则否定这个备选答案。
(5)赋值法:将备选的一个答案用具体的数字代入,如果与假设条件或众所周知的事实发生矛盾则予以否定。
做选择题的时候,考生可以巧妙地运用图示法和赋值法。这两种方法很有效。同学们平时用得很多,但很多人进考场一紧张就忘了,而用一些常规方法去硬算,结果既浪费了时间又容易出错。
计算题的'题目结果一般不会特别复杂,一旦出现了很复杂的结果,就需要重点检查一下。如果遇到自己不会做和没有把握的题目,千万不要留空白,可以多写一些相关内容来得一些“步骤分”。
拿到试卷检查无误后先看一下有没有自己熟悉的题,先解决掉自己有把握的再说,省得最后没有时间了把自己会的忽略了。针对数学一,一般而言,考研数学第一道大题填空题基本上全是概念性的题目,计算量不大,考生只要复习过,没有遗漏知识点,基本全都可以很快做出来;第二道大题选择题,其中有三四道题是大家都会做的,还有几道偏难的选择题,一时拿不准可以先放一放,实在不会还可以猜一猜;而第三道、第四道大题,一般来说难度不大,可以先做。历年试题这两道主要是高等数学的基本问题,如极限、偏导数或定积分应用题。接下来的高等数学的题目可能有些难度,如果考生对线性代数和概率统计比较擅长,可以先各做一个大题,这样整个卷面分数就可以达到70分左右,分数线可以通过。
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