托福阅读对多少个分数对照表

下面是小编为大家推荐的托福阅读对多少个分数对照表，本文共3篇，欢迎大家分享。本文原稿由网友“勇敢的大猪”提供。

篇1：托福阅读对多少个分数对照表

托福阅读原文

The Development of Steam Power

【1】By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet it remained tremendously important. It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industries and as a basic raw material. Processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel that was mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The iron industry’s appetite for wood was enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating. Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much of which was exported to Britain. But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too, and in a few decades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.

【2】As this early energy crisis grew worse, Britain looked toward its abundant and widely scattered reserves of coal as an alternative to its vanishing wood. Coal was first used in Britain in the late Middle Ages as a source of heat. By 1640 most homes in London were heated with it, and it also provided heat for making beer, glass, soap, and other products. Coal was not used, however, to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. It was there that coal’s potential wad enormous.

【3】As more coal was produced, mines were dug deeper and deeper and were constantly filling with water. Mechanical pumps, usually powered by hundreds of horses waling in circles at the surface, had to be installed Such power was expensive and bothersome. In an attempt to overcome these disadvantages, Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 invented the first primitive steam engines. Both engines were extremely inefficient. Both burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump. However, by the early 1770s, many of the Savery engines and hundreds of the Newcomen engines were operating successfully, though inefficiently, in English and Scottish mines.

【4】In the early 1760s, a gifted young Scot named James Watt was drawn to a critical study of the steam engine. Watt was employed at the time by the University of Glasgow as a skilled crafts worker making scientific instruments. In 1763: Watt was called on to repair a Newcomen engine being used in a physics course. After a series of observations, Watt saw that the Newcomen’s waste of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser. This splendid invention, patented in 1769, greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine. The steam engine of Watt and his followers was the technological advance that gave people, at least for a while, unlimited power and allowed the invention and use of all kinds of power equipment.

【5】The steam engine was quickly put to use in several industries in Britain. It drained mines and made possible the production of ever more coal to feed steam engines elsewhere. The steam power plant began to replace waterpower in the cotton-spinning mills as well as other industries during the 1780s, contributing to a phenomenal rise in industrialization. The British iron industry was radically transformed. The use of powerful, steam-driven bellows in blast furnaces helped iron makers switch over rapidly from limited charcoal to unlimited coke (which is made from coal) in the smelting of pig iron (the process of refining impure iron) after 1770 in the 1780s, Henry Cort developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke. Cort also developed heavy-duty, steam-powered rolling mills, which were capable of producing finished iron in every shape and form.

【6】The economic consequence of these technical innovations in steam power was a great boom in the British iron industry. In 1740 annual British iron production was only 17:000 tons, but by 1844: with the spread of coke smelting and the impact of Cort’s inventions, it had increased to 3,000:000 tons. This was a truly amazing expansion. Once scarce and expensive, iron became cheap, basic, and indispensable to the economy.

篇2：托福阅读对多少个分数对照表

1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about Britain's short supply of wood in the eighteenth century?

A.Wood from Britain’s great forests was being exported to other countries for profit.

B.A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land for farming.

C.Larger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.

D.What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.

2.Select TWO answer choices that, according to paragraph 1, are true statements about Russia’s iron industry in the eighteenth century. To obtain credit, you must select TWO answer choices.

A.Russia reached its maximum production of iron at the same time as Britain.

B.Russia exported much of its iron production to Britain.

C.Russia’s appetite for iron increased rapidly after 1740.D.Russia’s energy resources eventually became insufficient and limited the growth of its iron industry.

3.The word “abundant” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.reliable

B.plentiful

C.well-preserved

D.existing

4.Why are “beer, glass, soap, and other products” mentioned in the discussion of Britain’s energy?

A.To help explain why the energy crisis was so severe

B.To show that despite the energy crisis and as early as 1640, London homes were advanced and well supplied

C.To emphasize that after 1640, British homes required energy for more than heat

D.To indicate that coal had been used for the production of certain products before the eighteenth century

5.According to paragraph 3, all of the following are ways in which the Savery and Newcomen engines were similar EXCEPT:

A.Both became relatively inexpensive after the 1770s.

B.Both produced steam by burning coal.

C.Both were used to operate pumps.

D.Both were very inefficient.

6.The word “gifted” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.independent

B.talented

C.famous

D.ambitious

7.According to paragraph 4, what was James Watt’s major achievement?

A. He was able to apply his understanding of physics to invent a variety of scientific instruments and tools for skilled crafts workers.

B.He taught university physics courses to outstanding students whose observations led to many patented inventions.

C.He improved the efficiency of Newcomen’s engine by preventing energy from being lost.

D.He redesigned Newcomen’s engine so that it no longer needed a separate condenser.

8.The word “splendid” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.original

B.necessary

C.magnificent

D.popular

9.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a development that greatly changed the production of iron?

A.The use of coke in the smelting of pig iron

B.The invention of a furnace that used coke to refine iron

C.The discovery of a method for increasing the production of charcoal

D.The invention of powerful machinery that could shape, form, and finish iron

10.In paragraph 6, why does the author compare British iron production in 1740 with that of 1844?

A.To contrast the amounts of iron needed in Britain in two different centuries

B.To illustrate how easy it was to make money using Cort’s invention

C.To demonstrate the tremendous growth of the iron industry in Britain

D.To demonstrate how inexpensive coal had become

11.The word “indispensable” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.advantageous

B.essential

C.less costly

D.highly stimulating

12.According to the passage, which of the following is true about the development of steam power?

A.The steam engine’s basic technology can be traced back to medieval Britain when steam-powered machinery was being tried in farming activities.

B.Although Russia and Britain developed steam-power technology simultaneously, Britain was first to try it in a large-scale industry due to a greater need for iron.

C.Steam-power technology was largely the result of improvements developed to increase the supply of coal as a primary source of energy.

D.Adaptations to steam engines required for their use in cotton-spinning mills led to radical developments in machinery used in the iron industry.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Energy had not been a problem for Britain in the past because it relied on a rich source of energy: its vast forests.

By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. ■【A】 Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. ■【B】Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet it remained tremendously important. ■【C】It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industries and as a basic raw material. ■【D】Processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel that was mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The iron industry’s appetite for wood was enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating. Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much of which was exported to Britain. But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too, and in a few decades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.

By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy.

A.The development of blast furnaces for the manufacture of pig iron made the Britain less dependent on wood.

B.After the medieval period, both Russia and Britain began to look for alternative sources of energy, such as steam power, in order to maintain the growth of their iron industries.

C.Two inventors designed the first steam engines in order to overcome the disadvantages of relying on horses to power the pumps used in mining coal.

D.James Watt was able to improve upon the efficiency of the steam engine and make it useful to several industries.

E.The puddling furnace increased the availability of charcoal to a variety of industries from cotton to iron production.

F.Steam power increased coal production, which in turn allowed extraordinary growth of the iron industry and the British economy.

篇3：新托福阅读分数对照表以及答题技巧

新托福阅读分数对照表以及答题技巧

托福阅读总共有3篇文章如遇到加试，则随机3篇文章算分，另1篇文章不算分。每篇文章700个字，对应14道题目。其中，13道题是基础信息和推断题，每道题1分。最后一道题是小结题，俗称大题，满分2分。大题一般情况下是6选3，3个选项错一个扣一分，扣完为止，即在答题中错2或3个选项，这个题目不得分。因此，每篇文章对应14个题目，共15分。

为了让大家了解iBT考试的思路和方法，以及题型的设计。学习啦总结出了一些新托福阅读出题的基本思路，和10种基本题型，以及应对10种题型的技巧。

要点：

an academic environment---越来越偏向于学术的讨论，越来越像IELTS的Academic类考试

reading---a variety of different subjects

passages---3 different categories based on author purpose:

1. Exposition

2. Argumentation

3. Historical

你需要了解general organization of the passage

_classification

_comparison/contrast

_cause/effect

_problem/solution

每篇阅读的平均字数是700， 当然根据考试的实际情况，可多可少

iBT的阅读有10种题型，下面我们一种一种的来回顾：

经验：

第1、5种题型，占的分量最多，难度也不大，要保证一个也不错

第9种和第10种题目，难度最大，想取得高分，必须要多做综合练习

剩下的题型也很重要，想取得高分，一个都不能少

1. Factual Information Questions

这样的题目，一般来说mentioned only in part of the passage. 答题的信息就在段落的1，2句话中。

技巧：你不可能在第一遍阅读的时候，就找到正确答案，需要看题目以后，回头再找;排出那些本身就很矛盾的选项;千万不要因为你看这某个单词或者句子在段落中出现过，就选择那个选项，一定要回答问题。

2. Negative Factual Information Questions

做这样的题目，你首先需要对定位：locate the relevant info. in the passage

注意：这种问题你要选择的正确答案， 是那个不正确的，问题里面会明确的指出：which one is NOT true

技巧：选项里面的答案，可能叙述了一段的意思，也可能叙述了好几段

正确的那个答案，要么是直接和文章的意思矛盾，要么是文章里面没有提到的。

3. Inference Questions

注意的字眼，是infer, imply, inferred

技巧: 正确的答案,必须是从文章已给内容推出的,特别注意

4. Rhetorical Purpose Questions

Rhetorical is the art of speaking or writing effectively.

他不关心作者说了什么,关心的是作者为什么要这样说

技巧: 注意字眼definintion, example, to illustrate, to explain, to contrast, to refute, to note, to criticize, function of

这样的题目尤其会侧重句子还有段落之间的逻辑联系

5. Vocabulary Questions

大家不要太在意这个单词在字典里面什么意思，最重要的是，这个单词在文章里面的意思：in the reading passage, only one of the meanings of a work is relevant

技巧：问题是问你单词在文章里面的意思，再次强调

6. Reference Questions

这样的问题，主要是问你代词指代的内容是什么[根据我观察的经验，代词指代的东西，一般来说就在你这个代词的前面，或者隔了1个短语，不会太远：...AAAAA, BBB, CCC, _X...一般来说， _X不是指代C就是指代B，不会跑太远。

技巧：代词， pronoun, 在选择以后，检查答案的时候，一定要注意一致性：the same number: singular or plural; case: first person, second person, third person

当你选择了答案以后，你的选择会不会违反语法原则，并且会不会有意义

7. Sentence Simplification Questions

并不是每一篇文章都有这样的题目，如果有，一篇文章最多只有1个

8. Insert Text Questions

不是每篇阅读都有这样的题目，如果有，一篇文章最多只有1个

技巧：从文章结构下手， structure; 从逻辑下手， logic

尤其注意逻辑的链接单词和语句， 例子：on the other hand, for example, on the contrary, similiary, in contrast, further or furthermore, therefore, in other words, as a resule, finally一定要注意，你插入的语句，一定要承上启下，即对前面的语句负责，又对后面的语句负责。

新托福，总要有他新的地方，阅读方面，第9， 第10种类型的题目，就是他新颖的地方，也是比较难的2种题目。

9. Prose Summary Questions

正确的答案， will synthesize major ideas in the passage

你将会碰到6选3的情况， 最低得分0分，最高得分2分：选择0正确答案，或者1个正确答案，0分;选择2个正确答案，1分;选择3个所有的正确答案，2分。

做这种归纳的题目，最重要的是，你要通篇的阅读，不能偷懒。

根据我的经验， 技巧有2点：1.区别例子和主旨， 例子是用来说明主旨的，例子不是主旨; 2. 局限性的答案一定是错误的， 主旨是让你找到major oint, 千万不要让minor给迷惑了。

10. Fill in a Table Questions

这种题目，就是题目给了你几个空，让你把正确的答案拖到相应的位置，需要通篇阅读，不简单。

关键是你要明白几种关系：cause-effect relationships, compare-contrast relationships, arguements, and the like.

也可以称作文章的组织关系,types of organization: compare/contrast, problem/solution, cause/effect, alternative arguements(such as theories, hypotheses), and the like

在真实考试的时候：drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. to view the passage, click on View Text.

知道这10个题目的类型，剩下的就是方法论，methodoly的问题，我们怎样针对这10种题型，在平时的学习和阅读当中，可以的训练自己：

主旨：最好的培养阅读的方法，就是多去阅读，而且要阅读各种不同题材的文章，科学的，社科类的， 艺术的，商务的，等等。还有一点需要特别强调的，就是阅读的那些文章，需要是学术的文章，不能是乱七八糟的随笔。

托福阅读的常用句型

一

1. Wearing masks and costumes， they often impersonated other people， animals， or supernatural beings， and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle， the coming rain， the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.

戴着面具身着盛装的人们，经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵，并且作为一个扮演者所能做的，就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临，阳光的重现的结果。

二

2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题，就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。

三

3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century， including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it， the perfection of a metal frame， and steel wire of the finest quality， finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound， from a liquid， singing tone to a ship， percussive brilliance.

十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步，包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量，最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调——从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效果——的乐器。

四

4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”， the film has never been， in the full sense of the word， silent.

虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的，但用一句完全感性的话来说，电影从来就不是没有声音的。

五

5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra， and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.

多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中，通常拥有这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而更多的是因为拥有大量的个人音乐素材库。

六

6.Rather， they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric， consisting of smooth， compact yarn from long wool fibers， dyed dark blue， green， or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material， either natural or a shade of yellow.

更进一步，他们是由一个顶层是毛纺或光滑的精纺羊毛织物制作，包含光滑，紧凑的纱线来自长羊毛的纤维染成兰黑色、绿色、或褐色底层含有粗糙天然的和暗黄色的毛纺材料。

七

7.For good measure， during the spring and summer drought， heat， hail， grasshoppers， and other frustrations might await the weary growers.

在春季和夏季，要精确量度干旱、热量、冰雹、蝗虫和其他损失可能是一件疲劳的事情。

八

8.What we today call America folk art was， indeed， art of， by， and for ordinary， everyday “folks” who， with increasing prosperity and leisure， created a market for art of all kinds， and especially for portraits.

我们今天所谓的美国民间艺术，实际上是普通老百姓的艺术、被普通老百姓创造的艺术和为普通老百姓和日常提到的“民间人士”的艺术，是一个他们在社会日渐繁荣和休闲情况下创建的一个包含各种各样尤其是肖像画种类的艺术的市场。

九

9.The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut,and other varieties of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods.

他们没有农业，但是经过几千年，已经发展了探索自身环境的技术和设备。他们是基于大量出现鲑鱼、大比目鱼和其他多种鱼类的自身流域和水岸捕鱼的经济;基于从落基山水岸聚集了鲍鱼、蚌类、蛤和其他贝壳动物的经济;基于捕猎地域和海洋哺乳动物的经济;以及基于收集野生植物的食物的经济。

托福阅读提速的方法总结

方法一：快速泛读(fastextensivereading)

这里讲的泛读是指广泛阅读大量涉及不同领域的文章，要求读得快，理解和掌握文中的主要内容就可以。要确定一个明确的阅读定额，定额要结合自己的实际，可多可少，例如每天读20页。

方法二：计时阅读(timedreading)

计时阅读每次进行5～10分钟即可，不宜太长。因为计时快速阅读，精力高度集中，时间一长，容易疲劳，精力分散反而乏味。

方法三：寻读(Scanning)

寻读又称查读，同略读一样，寻读也是一种快速阅读技巧。

寻读是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息，如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等，而对其它无关部分略去不读的快速阅读方法。

寻读与略读不同，略读时，读者事先对材料一无所知，而寻读则是在读者对材料有所了解的情况下进行的。具体地说，寻读带有明确的目的性，有针对性地选择问题的答案。

方法四：略读(skimming)

略读又称跳读(readingandskipping)或浏览(glancing)，是一种专门的，非常实用的快速阅读技能。

(1)、略读有下列几个特点：

A.以极快的速度阅读文章，寻找字面上或事实上的主要信息和少量的阐述信息。

B.可以跳过某个部分或某些部分不读。

C.理解水平可以稍低一些，但也不能太低。

(2)、略读可以运用下列技巧：

A.要利用印刷细节(typo鄄graphicaldetails)，如文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等，对文章进行预测略读(previewskim鄄ming)。预测略读要了解作者的思路、文章方式(模式)，以便把握大意，有关的细节及其相互关系。

B.以一般阅读速度(200～250wpm)阅读文章开头的一、二段，力求抓住文章大意，背景情况，作者的文章风格，口吻或语气等。

C.阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句就掌握了段落大意，然后略去细节不读，以求得略读速度。

D.注意转折词和序列词。转折词如however，moreover，inaddition等;序列词如firstly，secondly等。

托福阅读备考的基本技能

Academic Reading Skills

The Reading section measures test takers’ ability to understand university-level academic texts and passages. In English-speaking academic environments students are expected to read and understand information from textbooks and other types of academic material. Below are three possible purposes for academic reading.

Reading purposes include

1. Reading to find information, which involves

effectively scanning text for key facts and important information

increasing reading fluency and rate

2. Basic comprehension, which requires the reader to

understand the general topic or main idea, major points, important facts and details, vocabulary in context, and pronoun references.

make inferences about what is implied in a passage

3. Reading to learn, which depends on the ability to

recognize the organization and purpose of a passage

understand relationships between ideas (for example, compare-and-contrast, cause-and-effect, agree-disagree, or steps in a process)

organize information into a category chart or a summary in order to recall major points and important details

infer how ideas throughout the passage connect

The TOEFL iBT test includes three basic categories of academic texts. The categories are based on the author’s objectives:

Exposition

Argumentation

Historical biographical/event narrative

Test takers do not need any special background knowledge to correctly answer the questions in the Reading section; all the information needed to answer the questions is contained in the passages.

Test takers must read through or scroll to the end of each passage before receiving questions on that passage. Once the questions appear, the passage is located on the right side of the computer screen, and the questions are on the left.

托福口语分数总是很低怎么办

金文汉字对照表

家庭消防安全对照表

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托福阅读分数换算表及阅读常考题型总结

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