下面是小编帮大家整理的托福阅读训练方法及素材推荐,本文共7篇,欢迎阅读,希望大家能够喜欢。本文原稿由网友“番薯”提供。
篇1:托福阅读训练方法及素材推荐
托福考试中,托福阅读部分主要是考察同学们理解大学水平的学术课文与文章的能力。这点主要包括基本的托福词汇识别及使用能力、句子理解能力、梳理逻辑关系的能力。本文将带来托福阅读训练方法及素材推荐的内容,希望能够帮助到正在备考托福的同学们!
托福阅读训练方法及素材推荐
托福阅读练习形式:训练句子结构分析、训练文章内在逻辑梳理、梳理文章结构
托福阅读推荐素材:官方真题Official
托福备考计划:
1.以一周为单位阅读一份英语报纸, 每次整理笔记。
2.每天保证一个小时的背单词时间, 但是背单词会很枯燥, 所以建议同学们参考有趣的方法来背单词, 或者不妨尝试下“拓词”背单词APP哦~
3.建议大家可以做一个单词表,一天背多少个单词,必须完成,而且要学会“温故而知新”,滚动记忆的方式去温习之前看过的词。
4.对于托福阅读中出现的高频词汇,需要整理成小册子,必须熟记。
托福阅读技巧:托福阅读为何题材广泛
有的同学说“我怎么会知道美国西部和东北的松鼠由于松子硬度不同,最后个头大小有什么区别?”曾经在考完托福后在网上咆哮。这是对托福阅读学科涉猎范围的质疑,ETS到底为什么要将整个考试听说读写四个部门的话题范围扩展得这么广,这么专业呢?为什么不能像国内的四六级或者高考英语那样,随便找一篇记叙文作为题目呢?
我们要考虑,考托福是为了什么。除了少数自虐族纯粹要通过靠托福提高英语水平外,其他考托福的同学们都是奔着同一个目标:出国读大学或者读研。所以在做托福训练时需要心中有数,以后阅读学术文章或者自己写论文大概都是这样的语言和论证。
在这样的要求下,如果托福考试使用简单的记叙文,就不符合大学对于国际学生的要求,所以,各种专业论文就成为了ETS的宠儿。大多数阅读、口语第五题和第六题还有听力Lecture都是一些非常浅显的专业学术论文的改编,只是看上去专业性很强,其实并不难理解,大概也就是科普文章的水平,无需太担心。
那么,托福阅读背景知识为什么要涉猎如此多学科呢?答案很简单:公平。如果你是生物专业,ETS选用的文章只有生物学,这样对很多其他专业的考生就不公平。如果只选用美国素材,那对其他国家的考生不公平。所以,目前这个文理科兼备,哪个国家的情况都有的选材范围就形成了。以上就是对托福阅读涉猎广泛原因分析的讲解,希望同学们通过阅读,对托福成绩提升有一定的帮助。
托福阅读技巧:托福阅读速度提升分4步
只读文章段落中的第一句,你就可以对作者的思路有一个大致的把握。这样可以帮你节约时间,而将更多的时间花在回答问题上。
提高托福阅读答题速度4步法
前面我们告诉你如何处理阅读理解文章的6个策略和阅读理解的3种题型,现在我们告诉你在做阅读题时该如何运用这些策略和技巧:
1。解剖文章的第1段;
2。在脑子里面形成一个作者思路图;
3。停下来,总结一下文章大意;
4。开始答题。
解剖文章第1段
积极主动地解读文章的第1段,时尽量记住作者提出的问题(现象或观点),和一些与文章内容相关的概念和词汇,如这篇文章讲的是印第安人风俗,光电子显像镜还是讽刺文学。文章的论题是什么,作者想说什么?
在脑子里面形成一个作者思路图
在脑子里或者在草稿纸上画一个文章的结构思路题。各个段落的目的是什么,主题又是什么?再次提醒,TOEFL考察的是你的答题能力而非阅读能力。你不必完全掌握整篇文章,了解文章中的每一个细节。(其实,你也没有那么多时间)。相反,你应该只读文章段落的第1句,而快速浏览其余部分。当你“读”完这篇文章时,你就能对文章的结构思路有总体的把握。
总结文章大意
在回答问题前,花几秒钟总结一下文章的思路和主题。
开始答题
根据你对文章的整体思路来答题。将问题(或选项)定位到文章中具体的某个段落甚至具体的句子。这里,你可以比第2个步骤更仔细。
所以要装上马达提升托福阅读答题速度,提高了速度,你的托福阅读高分离你也就不远了。
托福阅读技巧:托福阅读通读有用么
在《孙子兵法》上有一句话总是被世人朗朗上口的传颂着:知己知彼,百战不殆。那么就我们学术来讲就是要在任何问题上抱着知其然,知其所以然的态度。所以,首先,我们要明白出题人(ETS)的出题意图。
一、考试界面的设置。
参加过考试的或是用模考软件做过练习的“托儿”们都清晰的记得:当一篇托福阅读文章问题出现的之前,一定是先以整篇文章的形式出现的,左边并没有显示题目,只有将文章右边的滚动轴拉至最低端,界面才会自动转换为我们做题的界面,即左边是问题,右边是对应的文章。那么,我们就分析一下为什么ETS有这样的设置?ETS有什么样的意图?ETS想让考生怎么做?这样的设置显而易见ETS是希望考生们可以在做题前将文章大致整体看一遍。就ETS出题的严谨性和科学性而言,这样的设置毋庸置疑是帮助考生提高其做题的速度和正确率的。
我们已经分析完出题人的意图,那么接下来就是要解答界面设置导致的整体阅读有哪些好处,如何帮助考生们答题,如何提高做题速度和正确率的。
二、整体阅读对summary questions的帮助
对于阅读速度不高,英语水平中等或中等以下的“托儿”们普遍反映的一个问题就是:没有时间做最后的summary questions,或是做summary questions的时候不知道到哪里找答案或是正确率低。
我们先来分析一下summary questions,大家都知道这个题型出现在阅读文章的最后一道题,而且是对全文观点的总结。那么,既然是对于全篇文章观点的总结,那么它考察的内容是文章的分论点,即一段或是几段的主要内容。如果是时间不够,考生要直接选,很容易选错,为什么?因为前面的12道题考察的基本上是文章的细节内容。我们都知道细节信息是summary questions的禁忌;所以,凭做题印象直接解题,那么就受前面解题思路的影响,很容易被误导。但如果这时你在做题之前对整篇文章有了一个整体的阅读,并在演草纸上做了大致的笔记,那么summary questions就可以轻而易举的攻破。
为什么?怎么做?
首先,整体阅读不是逐字逐句,是scan文章,了解文章框架。
其次,在演草纸上简单快速的写下文章的主论点,若干个分论点(一段或是几段的主要内容),即大纲。(没必要是完整的句子,可以参照听力记笔记的方法,符合,中英文结合的方法。)
这样,整体阅读的步骤结束后,在演草纸上就能出来一片文章的框架,并且这个框架大纲可以在最短时间能基本解决summary questions中80%。而且可以帮助考生轻松排除summary questions中的错误选项。
综上所述,做题前的整体阅读是极其必要的。并希望这篇文章对大家解决托福阅读问题上有所帮助。
篇2:托福阅读素材
托福阅读素材整理
明确了自己的复习要点和重点以后,来跟老师一起看一下,你需要用什么资料来复习。关于托福阅读考试,老师强烈推荐三个东西。第一个就是TPO,TPO一定要仔细去分析。毫不夸张地说,如果你真把TPO揉碎了,把里边所有的词,所有的句子,所有的背景知识、题型、出题思路,或者是干扰项的设置方法,全部都弄懂了,你就会发现真实考试就是TPO的排列组合,一点都不夸张。
第二部分就是词汇书的问题,建议大家从基础的词汇开始准备,很多同学刚开始上来,就不自量力地去买了一本红宝书,打开一看,第一页好像一个词都不认识,第二页还是一个词都不认识,终于在第三页找到一个认识的词,好开心,然后你在家也非常开心地背,终于在背了一年之后把第一页搞定了。时间也都浪费了。
老师更建议你从基础的词汇开始,你甚至可以先从高中3500开始过,过完以后去过四级词汇,当你的高中3500和四级词汇都背完以后,再去背诵红宝书,这时候你的背诵压力就会更小一些,而且基础词汇也掌握得非常牢固了。
关于词汇的背诵方法,也是大家最喜欢问的问题,我个人认为背单词的诀窍只有两个字:重复。或者有同学教给我另外两个字,叫硬背,也就是死磕。
最后一个问题就是OG。建议大家做了一定量的TPO文章以后,发现自己如果总是错某一种题型的题,或者根本找不到做题的思路,这个时候你就应该把OG拿出来,它相当于一个说明手册,你去查一查关于这部分OG是怎么说的,它讲的要点是什么,这个要点你到底会不会。
托福阅读节省时间有方:不出声阅读
我们对一个句子的理解,有很多种解释。通常人们看到一个句子,会首先确定单词。这个时间很快,快到我们反映不过来,不过语言学家们已经证实有这个过程。确定单词后,大脑会反应单词的意思。最先反应的是经常用到的意思。比如The old manthe boat. 这里,眼睛定位单词后,大脑迅速把old man认为是一个名词组。当我们接着看,感觉不对,才会回头去分析这个句子。
这个理论告诉我们,你大脑中的高频词,直接影响你对句子的理解。应用到托福阅读考试中,各位需要把各个学科的高频词多看一下,比如生物的光合作用、新陈代谢,地理的地壳、_X岩石之类的。 对各种名词片语、动词片语进行修饰的形容词,副词。说起来很多,其实各位有坚持做老托真题和新托的黄金23篇,可以发现这些词语重复率很高。
另外,人对句子的理解是线性的。语言能力越差的(比如小孩子),只能理解句子的越前面,造成理解错误。(此理论仅限英语。中文不行,其他各种语言本人水平有限,不知道)从小孩子的实验来看,3到5岁的小孩理解句子只能记住前面部分。比如:Put the frog on the red paper in the box.小孩子会把青蛙放到红纸上。这里可以看到,他们阅读的时候把句子意思理解错了,没有看完。但是,非常有趣的现象是,这句话我们说给小孩子听的时候,100%的小孩子都做出了正确的选择 - 即把红纸上的青蛙装到了盒子里。
语言学给出了我们解释,影响人们认知句子的,还有语音。根据这个实验,再结合平时我自己的情况,我推出了一个有理论依据的猜测: 阅读时候习惯读出声来的,会让你对句子的理解偏靠语音!从而让你对直接托福阅读句子的能力下降!很多人肯定喜欢边阅读边读,感觉这样可以加深理解。我同意,但是,如果你花了30分钟在阅和读上,那至少再花30分钟在阅上!不能让读的时间超过你看的时间。
就像我以前一样,喜欢边看边读,结果习惯了,看文章的时候,眼睛已经定位一个比较长的词语,很熟悉很熟悉,但是语音还没读到那个单词上,我的思维就卡住了,直到我读出了那个单词,我才知道这个单词的意思。 这里可以看到,我已经对语音很依赖了!这个现象非常危险。
朗读的速度太慢了,浪费时间。而且ETS给出的文章中有大量故意制造的难句,就像刚才的例子:The old man the boat,肯定要导致你回头重读。你的时间是不够的。
所以,在考试中进行托福阅读审题的时候,千万不要边看边读,或边看边读的时间超过了阅读时间。考生要学会自己合适控制阅读时间。
从托福阅读文章中读出更多资源
一篇托福阅读文章,哪些方面是我们值得分析的呢?本文中,我们以一篇托福阅读文章为例,提取它的难词,难句,复杂的文章结构,说明我们应该从阅读文章中获得些什么资源。提炼一个文章的哪些“语言要素”除了有助于我们在阅读中游刃有余,也有助于托福写作能力的提高。
原文:
Geologists have long known that the Earth's mantle is heterogeneous, but its spatial arrangement remains unresolved—is the mantle essentially layered or irregularly heterogeneous? The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in “incompatible elements” (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids' pathways. We believe, perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.
一、难词
spatial: a.1.空间的,太空的;2.存在(或者发生)于宇宙空间的
plume: n.1.羽状物2.柱,地柱
xenolith:俘虏岩
percolate:v.1.渗透2.扩散到,弥漫于
portions: n.一部分
二、难句
1.the best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands,islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system, whose source,most geologists contend,is the upper mantle.
对于地幔分层论点来说,最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实,即在那些海洋岛屿——这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流(mantle plume)——上发现的火山岩石,是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的,而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因,大多数地质学家论辩道,为上部地幔。
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语
解释:本句前面的主干并不算难,即the evidence is the fact that,难就难在fact之后说明fact 的同位语从句。此从句中既有大段插入语,又有从句,较为难读。同位语从句的主语是volcanic rocks,主语后面的found on oceanic islands是分词修饰volcanic rocks的;islands后面又有一个说明islands的同位语islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位语实际起到一个分隔主谓的同位语的作用。其后是谓语动词are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。
句中有一些专有词汇。如果抛开文章不说,单看这一个句子,则句首的layered mantle thesis就难以理解。但是如果读者能够读懂句子的大致意思,看到layered mantle thesisr最有力证据就是其材料fundamentally different from… the upper mantle,这应该可以推测出,既然不同于上层地幔,则这个理论一定是在说地幔有不同的层面。
2. some geologists,however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered,but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in “incompatible elements” (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state)percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly,according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways. (4+)
但是,某些地质学家,以对地幔捕虏岩体(xenolith)所作的观察为依据,指出地幔并非是分层排列的,相反,地幔的异质性是由那些富含“不相容成分”的流质构成的,这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态,自下而上渗透扩散,并依照这些流质流向的任意性,不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语
解释:本句的主句中有一个长插入语however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主谓,但句子的主要难度还是在that引导的宾语从句中,从句中有由but 所连接的两个句子,一起延续到句末。首选是rich in incompatible elements修饰fluids;后面又有一个同位语和一个分词结构,都是修饰incompatible elements的,最后还有一个状语来修饰那个分词结构,层层修饰,比较复杂。
三、文章结构
Ts是文章的第一句,因此这一篇短文章是结论解释型。文章开始说出了地幔是heterogeneous,然后又指出了他的spatial arrangement remains unresolved,然后提出了两种理论,一是layyered-mantle thesis,另外一个是irregularly heterogeneous.然后分别对这两种理论进行describe.最后作者指出,We believe,perhaps unimaginatively, that this debate can be resolved through further study, and that the underexplored midocean ridge system is the key.
托福阅读备考过程中,若要取得胜人一筹的高分,我们就需要在应试技巧的基础上,从难词、难句、文章结构等方面做分析吃透,才能真正充实英语能力,提高各方面的水准。
篇3:详解托福阅读的解题技巧和训练方法
详解托福阅读的解题技巧和训练方法
1.每一篇文章第一次做时,尽量按照考试速度要求做。
2.做完后,接下来就要认真把文章读一遍,划出把文章里不懂的单词和长难句,查出单词意思,(借助语法知识)认真分析长难句,同时还要把错题(包括碰巧猜对的题目)认真分析,特别是OG和汉客笔记的题目(还有北极星最后几套ETS出的题目),一定要把题目涉及的文章内容仔细看,甚至在文章中划出涉及考题的内容,培养对易出题的考点的感觉,甚至揣摩ETS的出题思路。等到这些工作都做完,这篇文章也就基本吃透了,这时再重新把文章读一遍,最好多读两遍。这个过程其实就是精读了。只要时间允许,做过一次的阅读文章最好都尽量精读,吃透它。光作对题只是一个浅显的要求,就像只顾吃饭,对材料认真分析、精读才是真正消化吸收。
3.等过了三五天,或者两三周以后,有空的话再把这篇文章看(做)一遍,作为巩固,复习,而且有时还会温故知新。
P.S 如果时间不足,OG的文章是一定要精读的,而且题目也要仔细研究,这是出题思路和考试最为接近的资料。这些原则在新托福阅读其实也是同样适用的,只要文章中出现如下内容,都要引起注意:举例证明,罗列式例举,转折(否定),因果,下定义,比较级(最高级),同位语(插入语),数字年代,特殊标点(引号,破折号等)。
阅读具体的做题顺序
阅读最基本的做题顺序有两种:先读(全篇)文章再做题;先读题目再读文章(相应部分)然后做题
它们又能衍生变化出两种做题顺序:读一段文章,做相应的题目,然后再读一段,再做相应的题目;读文章各段首句,然后看题目,再找文章内相应部分做题
对于广大非牛来说,可能“读文章各段首句,然后看题目,再找文章内相应部分做题”会比较合适,读各段首句可以粗略掌握文章大意和结构,做题再看内容再做能大大降低“工作量”,但是这种做法不利于对全文的消化吸收,从而不利于做总结题,也可能会遗漏文章内的一些细节而导致做错细节题。而新托福目前反馈大都是顺序出题的,所以建议练习时就尽量往“读一段做相应题目,再读一段再做相应题目”这一顺序去靠拢,可以对文章有全面的把握,虽然总量上还是要读完全文,但是对大脑的短期记忆的负担要比通读全文再做题目小很多。
托福阅读题型破解
阅读一般来说是中国人的强项了,也是拿分的主力。如果你口语不牛,作文一般,还想考到100分,那么阅读应该保证在28分以上。(我认为对于多数人来说,要达到一百分,28,26,22,24这个结构是比较容易达到的。)
在IBT阅读中,甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中,如果要用一个词来概括的话,那就是paraphrase,意译。无论是题干还是正确选项,大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过同义词来完成的。即题干中多用近义词来对原文中的句子进行替换,来达到提出问题或者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译,是多数题目中准确在原文中定位信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个,都有着重要的作用。在后面的文章里我会结合实例解释这一点。
关于先看题目还是先看文章的问题。也就是做题时间安排的问题。在此问题上我与有的朋友也有过争执。我个人习惯是先用5—7分钟的时间通读全文,然后平均每个问题有1分钟的时间来回答。由于对问题的回答建立在了熟悉全文的基础上,每个问题又有足够的时间返回全文,每个选项都一一进行斟酌。我认为这样准确率比较高。但有的朋友本着居家过日子的心,认为1000多字的文章只出十几个题,必然有一些信息是没用的。这样通读全文就会浪费掉一些时间,不如先看题再回去找来的痛快。对此我不好妄加评论。每个人都应该通过考前大量的练习来制定出最为适合自己的方法。
关于复习的时间安排。我认为,弄完词汇以后,就应该着手突击一下阅读了。如今各种各样的模拟题犹如英语辅导班一样大量涌现。不会出现我们早期考生有题舍不得做的情况了。但也不能太急功近利,单词没弄好就硬上阅读,有时候会适得其反。用1周的时间大量的突击,也是对单词的一个巩固。找到感觉以后就可以开始下面的复习了。复习听力口语作文的日子里,每天一定要最少做3篇文章的题量,按照考试的时间要求,千万不可放松。做得多了,就可以把阅读当作一种放松了。ETS的阅读文章能教给我们各种学科的基础知识。(这与GRE有区别。托福的专业性文章还都处于一个启蒙的专业水平上,不像G那么变)阅读还可以教给我们一些老美的思路,老美看待问题的方式。阅读不会像你想象的那样痛苦的。
无论是OG还是Delta,都把阅读的题目分成十类,即:Understanding Facts and Details, IdentifyingNegative Facts, Locating Referents, Understanding Vocabulary in Context, Making Inferences,Determining Purposes, Recognizing Paraphrases (Simplifying sentences), Recognizing Coherence(Sentence inserting), Summarizing Important Ideas and Organizing information. 我将按顺序一一解释。
还有很重要的一点,做题的时候,无论考试还是练习,不光要分析对的选项为什么对,更要分析错的选项为什么错。有时候分析错误的原因更为重要。有助于你把握出题的思路,培养感觉。这是非常有用的。
托福阅读词汇实践出高分
有些人在复习托福阅读一开始就抱着词汇书背,我认为那样做背起来特别容易忘,而且还到实际中还不知道怎么用。其实不妨这样做,那一开始就做真题,就像摸考一样,然后在对答案的时候,遇到的不懂得单词,再看那些跟着每一套阅读真题的单词(有一些书就是跟着每套题的单词,全篇翻译都有的),这时候再背单词,做一套,背一套,大概这样做上4、5套题,你的感觉就是,大体主要的单词也就是这些了,那你就提高到一个境界了。
而且复习托福阅读真题让你对真题书而有熟,是一举几得的事。我就是这么做的,是清华的一个家伙介绍给我的,真是不错,现在大概复习有1个多月了,错题数能控制在2个以内。当然另外,还要注意一点,那就是一个阅读的方法问题,我也想说一下,希望对大家有用。
托福阅读备考的方法
其实快速阅读的技巧在掌握文章的思路,使整篇文章的段落层次,清晰在大脑中展现。
在读第一段时,特别是第一句,往往给我们一个大致的思路,文章的论题是什么,作者想说什么?然后第二段的第一句,然后在想一想作者下面又想讲什么,这一段里有没有什么重要的细节。然后第三段,又讲了什么,这里面的重要细节又是什么。
几段下来,每次读的时候都要来个小小的总结。各个段落的目的是什么,主题又是什么?这样,在脑子里面形成一个作者思路图 ,在脑子里或者在草稿纸上画一个文章的结构思路题。
在回答问题前,花几秒钟总结一下文章大意,它的思路和主题。
再次提醒,TOEFL考察的是你的答题能力而非阅读能力。你不必完全掌握整篇文章,了解文章中的每一个细节。(其实,你也没有那么多时间)。相反,你应该只读文章段落的第1句,而快速浏览其余部分。当你“读”完这篇文章时,你就能对文章的结构思路有总体的把握。
答题。根据你对文章的整体思路来答题。将问题(或选项)定位到文章中具体的某个段落甚至具体的句子。因为你这样做完,你会觉得每一段的思路、脉络都会非常清晰,做题的时候,就可以很快找到出题点,而且对于偏离主题的题一眼就能看出,主题词就会显得格外明显。而实际中每一次的小结只需要几秒钟的一个停顿就可以,大家不妨试试,就会明白了。
需要注意的是,复习的时候,一定要看原文章,将文章通读,遇到忘了的单词,在重新回来查书上的解释,然后再背。这样背过的单词就不再是一个个孤立的单 词,而且也省去了枯燥背单词的时间,更主要的是,这样背过的单词,你会对这个词的用法很熟悉,不容易忘,或者就像有些人所说的,明明在单词表里觉得挺熟的 词,到了真正的阅读中,又会觉得很生疏,或者不能立刻反映出它的意思了。
托福阅读备考时大家要在做托福阅读真题的同时理解背诵单词,这样才能进一步加强托福阅读学习的质量,希望对大家有帮助。
托福阅读真题1
Glass fibers have a long history. The Egyptians made coarse fibers by 1600 B.C., and fibers survive as decorations on Egyptian pottery dating back to 1375 B.C. During the Renaissance (fifteenth and sixteenth centuries A.D.), glassmakers from Venice used glass fibers to decorate the surfaces of plain glass vessels. However, glassmakers guarded their secrets so carefully that no one wrote about glass fiber production until the early seventeenth century.
The eighteenth century brought the invention of spun glass fibers. R é ne-Antoine de R é a French scientist, tried to make artificial feathers from glass. He made fibers by rotating a wheel through a pool of molten glass, pulling threads of glass where the hot thick liquid stuck to the wheel. His fibers were short and fragile, but he predicted that spun glass fibers as thin as spider silk would be flexible and could be woven into fabric.
By the start of the nineteenth century, glassmakers learned how to make longer, stronger fibers by pulling them from molten glass with a hot glass tube. Inventors wound the cooling end of the thread around a yarn reel, then turned the reel rapidly to pull more fiber from the molten glass. Wandering tradespeople began to spin glass fibers at fairs, making decorations and ornaments as novelties for collectors, but this material was of little practical use; the fibers were brittle, ragged, and no longer than ten feet, the circumference of the largest reels. By the mid-1870's, however, the best glass fibers were finer than silk and could be woven into fabrics or assembled into imitation ostrich feathers to decorate hats. Cloth of white spun glass resembled silver; fibers drawn from yellow-orange glass looked golden.
Glass fibers were little more than a novelty until the 1930's, when their thermal and electrical insulating properties were appreciated and methods for producing continuous filaments were developed. In the modern manufacturing process, liquid glass is fed directly from a glass-melting furnace into a bushing, a receptacle pierced with hundreds of fine nozzles, from which the liquid issues in fine streams. As they solidify, the streams of glass are gathered into a single strand and wound onto a reel.
1. Which of the following aspects of glass fiber does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The major developments in its production
(B) Its relationship with pottery making
(C) Important inventors in its long history
(D) The variety of its uses in modern industry
2. The word coarse in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) decorative
(B) natural
(C) crude
(D) weak
3. Why was there nothing written about the making of Renaissance glass fibers until the seventeenth century?
(A) Glassmakers were unhappy with the quality of the fibers they could make.
(B) Glassmakers did not want to reveal the methods they used.
(C) Few people were interested in the Renaissance style of glass fibers.
(D) Production methods had been well known for a long time.
4. According to the passage , using a hot glass tube rather than a wheel to pull fibers from molten
glass made the fibers
(A) quicker to cool
(B) harder to bend
(C) shorter and more easily broken
(D) longer and more durable
5. The phrase this material in line 16 refers to
(A) glass fibers
(B) decorations
(C) ornaments
(D) novelties for collectors
6. The word brittle in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) easily broken
(B) roughly made
(C) hairy
(D) shiny
7. The production of glass fibers was improved in the nineteenth century by which of the
following
(A) Adding silver to the molten glass
(B) Increasing the circumference of the glass tubes
(C) Putting silk thread in the center of the fibers
(D) Using yarn reels
8. The word appreciated in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) experienced
(B) recognized
(C) explored
(D) increased
9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) invention (line 7)
(B) circumference (line 17)
(C) manufacturing process (line 24)
(D) bushing (line 25)
PASSAGE 53 ACBDA ADBD
托福阅读真题2
Composers today use a wider variety of sounds than ever before, including many that were once considered undesirable noises. Composer Edgard Varèse(1 883-1965) called thus the liberation of sound...the right to make music with any and all sounds. Electronic music, for example — made with the aid of computers, synthesizers, and electronic instruments — may include sounds that in the past would not have been considered musical. Environmental sounds, such as thunder, and electronically generated hisses and blips can be recorded, manipulated, and then incorporated into a musical composition. But composers also draw novel sounds from voices and nonelectronic instruments. Singers may be asked to scream, laugh, groan, sneeze, or to sing phonetic sounds rather than words. Wind and string players may lap or scrape their instruments. A brass or woodwind player may hum while playing, to produce two pitches at once; a pianist may reach inside the piano to pluck a string and then run a metal blade along it. In the music of the Western world, the greatest expansion and experimentation have involved percussion instruments, which outnumber strings and winds in many recent compositions. Traditional percussion instruments are struck with new types of beaters; and instruments that used to be couriered unconventional in Western music — tom-toms, bongos, slapsticks, maracas—are widely used.
In the search for novel sounds, increased use has been made in Western music of microtones. Non-western music typically divides and interval between two pitches more finely than western music does, thereby producing a greater number of distinct tones, or microtones, within the same interval. Composers such as Krzysztof Penderecki create sound that borders on electronic noise through tone clusters — closely spaced tones played together and heard as a mass, block, or band of sound. The directional aspect of sound has taken on new importance as well. Loudspeakers or groups of instruments may be placed at opposite ends of the stage, in the balcony, or at the back and sides of the auditorium.
Because standard music notation makes no provision for many of these innovations, recent music scores may contain graphlike diagrams, new note shapes and symbols, and novel ways of arranging notation on the page.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The use of nontraditional sounds in contemporary music
(B) How sounds are produced electronically
(C) How standard musical notation has been adapted for nontraditional sounds
(D) Several composers who have experimented with the electronic production of sound
2. The word wider in one 1 is closest in meaning to more impressive
(A) more distinctive
(B) more controversial
(C) more extensive
(D) more impressive
3. The passage suggests that Edgard Var è se is an example of a composer who
(A) criticized electronic music as too noiselike
(B) modified sonic of the electronic instruments he used in his music
(C) believed that any sound could be used in music
(D) wrote music with environmental themes
4. The word it in line 12 refers to
(A) piano
(B) string
(C) blade
(D) music
5. According to the passage , which of the following types of instruments has played a role in
much of the innovation in western music?
(A) string
(B) percussion
(C) woodwind
(D) brass
6. The word thereby in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) in return for
(B) in spite of
(C) by the way
(D) by that means
7. According to the passage , Krzysztof Penderecki is known for which of the following practices?
(A) Using tones that are clumped together
(B) Combining traditional and nontradinonal instruments
(C) Seating musicians in unusual areas of an auditorium
(D) Playing Western music for non-Western audiences
8. According to the passage , which of the following would be considered traditional elements of
Western music?
(A) microtones
(B) tom-toms and bongos
(C) pianos
(D) hisses
9. In paragraph 3, the author mentions diagrams as an example of a new way to
(A) chart the history of innovation in musical notation
(B) explain the logic of standard musical notation
(C) design and develop electronic instruments
(D) indicate how particular sounds should be produced
PASSAGE 54 ACCBB DACD
篇4:托福阅读3个训练方法提升应对理解能力
托福阅读文章句子看不懂?3个训练方法提升应对理解能力
托福阅读为什么会出现看不懂的情况?
要解决这一问题,首先我们先来看看阅读中到底是什么样的句子限制了我们对文章的理解,一起来看实例:
With the advent of projection,the viewer’s relationship with the image was no longer private,as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope,which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photograghic cards instead of on strips of celluloid.
When he grew older,William Smith taught himself surveying from books he brought with his small savings and at the age of ighteen he was apprenticed a surveyor of the local parish.
But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites.
从上面句子可以看出来,这些句子都包含多重修饰成分,或者说句式比较复杂,这也是大家看不懂阅读句子文章的主要原因所在。而那对于修饰成分过多的句子,在此我们给出三种方案,也是希望大家能够达到的三大目标。
训练一遍读懂句子的能力
这就需要大家能够快速抓取句子主干,摒弃之前养成的回视的习惯。以第一个句子为例,我们应能得到这样的信息:
With……,the relationship was no longer private,it ……,which…..
这样我们就知道了整个句子其实就是在叙述伴随着投影机的出现,电影不再是属于个别人的消费品,而后面的两种机器的例子,只是在举例说明这个一个观点。
训练以意群(word group)为单位进行阅读的能力
所谓意群,就是在句中按照意思和结构划分出的各个成分,每一个成分都称为一个意群。我们把第二个句子划分意群如下:
(When he grew older,)(William Smith taught himself surveying)( from books)( he brought with his small savings)( and at the age of eighteen )(he was apprenticed)( a surveyor of the local parish.)
划分过后,句子的含义就比较明了了,主要分为两部分:当他年龄稍长时,他用自己微薄的积蓄买书开始自学测量学;18岁时,就已经成为了当地教区的一名测量员学徒。
训练对语言逻辑词的敏感
a.并列关系:并列,递进,条件,因果(分号,冒号,破折号)
并列:and,also,or,similarly,in the same way
递进:even,furthermore,moreover,in addition,then,what is more
因果:derive from,lead to,due to,because,cause,since,for,therefore,hence,so…that,as a result ,result from
b.让步,转折关系:even though,although,while,but,yet,however,nevertheless,despite,in spite of
c.对比关系,比较级。
时间对比:when,while,after,before,since,until
比较级:more than,less than,most,above all
弄明白了这些词,我们再来看第三个句子,主干结构实际上就是一个and连接的并列句:
The myths……may continue as……and may even come to ……
这时再填充细节进去就容易的多了。
托福阅读长难句实战向分析演练:The amount of air...
托福阅读长难句实例
The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM, it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing.
句子分析
本句的主句是The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM,在主句之后是because引导的原因状语从句:because it is also more irregular。而在这个原因状语中,插入了although引导的让步状语从句,造成一定的阅读困扰,可以先跳过。本句最后with的介词短语则是作为伴随状语。
词汇总结
REM是rapid eye movement的缩写,指的是睡眠中眼球快速运动阶段,也叫浅度睡眠阶段;NREM是non-rapid eye movement的缩写,指的是睡眠中无快速眼球运动阶段,也叫深度睡眠阶段。
irregular作形容词,表示“不规则的;无规律的;不定期的”,比如:His heartbeat sounded irregular. 他的心跳听起来不均匀。Jason’s attendance at school has been somewhat irregular. 杰森一直有点不按时上学。
brief作形容词,表示“短暂的;简洁的”,比如:Could I have a brief word with you, Mr Thomas? 托马斯,我能和你说几句话吗?a brief note of thanks 简短的感谢信。brief作名词,还有“摘要”的意思,比如:He drew up a brief for his speech. 他起草了一份讲话的摘要。
episode作名词,表示“(一系列事件中的)一个事件;(单独的)一段时间;插曲”,比如:It is one of the saddest episodes in the history of the army. 这是军队历史上最令人伤心的事件之一。episode是托福阅读词汇题中所考查过的单词,与“occurrence”意思接近。
shallow作形容词,表示“浅的;肤浅的”,比如:serve the noodles in a shallow bowl 用浅碗盛面条。He seemed to have only a shallow understanding of his subject. 他对他所修的科目似乎只是一知半解。
句子翻译
在REM中,空气交换量要比在NREM时更低,因为尽管在REM中呼吸更加急促,但呼吸也更加没有规律,会伴随一些短暂的浅呼吸或者呼吸暂停。
托福阅读长难句实战向分析演练:Scientists have no direct...
托福阅读长难句实例
Scientists have no direct evidence for recent or ongoing eruptions, but if these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago (an estimate of the time of last eruption based on the extent of impact cratering on their slopes), some of them may still be at least intermittently active.
句子分析
本句是由but表示转折引起的两个句子所组成,这两个句子的谓语动词分别是have和may be。在but后的第二个句子中,有if引导的条件状语从句,其主句是some of them may still be at least intermittently active,句中的括号内容是对于前面100 million years ago的解释补充,可以先跳过不读。
词汇总结
eruption作名词,表示“(火山)爆发”。
impact作名词,表示“撞击;影响”,比如:The impact pushed the engine backwards and crushed my legs. 冲击力把发动机向后推,挤伤了我的双腿。Warnings about the dangers of smoking seem to have little impact on this age group. 吸烟有害的警告对于这个年龄段的人似乎没有多大作用。
crater作名词,表示“(尤指炸弹爆炸、天体坠落等在地上造成的)坑”,crater也可作为动词,其意思是“在地上形成坑”。
slope作名词,表示“斜坡,坡地”。
intermittent作形容词,表示“间歇的,断断续续的”,比如:The weather forecast is for sun, with intermittent showers. 天气预报为晴,有间歇阵雨。intermittent是托福阅读词汇题所考查过的单词,与“sporadic”意思相近。
句子翻译
科学家们并没有火山近期已经喷发或者正在喷发的直接证据,但是如果这些火山与最近的1亿年前火山一样活跃(1亿年前是人们根据斜坡上碰撞坑的程度所估计得出的最近一次火山喷发的时间),那么这些火山中的部分可能至少会间歇性活跃。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析:In order for the structure...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet itspurpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them——evenwhile building materials have changed dramatically.
结构划分:
(In order for the structure) (to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose), architecture employs methods of support that, (because they are based on physical laws), have changed little since people first discovered them—— (even while building materials have changed dramatically. )
深度分析:
修饰一:(In order for the structure),介词短语
修饰二:(to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose),非谓语做形容词性修饰structure
修饰三:(because they are based on physical laws),插入语,插入语记得先跳过去,断句别出问题,that和have changed是在一起的。
修饰四:(that have changed little sincepeople first discovered them.从句修饰support
修饰五:(even while building materials have changed dramatically. ),从句
括号外面的是主干:architectureemploys methods of support,注意support这里是名词。
参考翻译:
为了使结构达到必要的大小和强度去满足它的目的,建筑学上使用了一些支撑的方法,因为这些方法都是基于物理定律,所以尽管建筑材料已经发生了巨大变化,这些方法却自人们发现它们以来就没有什么变化。
篇5:托福双语阅读素材:Theoilindustrystrugglestoenterthedigitalage
想要提高托福阅读能力,我们一定要在日常生活中有意识地增加英语阅读量,提升语感和熟练度,这其中比较常用也比较方便地一个方式就是利用各类英文报刊杂志文章进行精读与泛读练习。下面我们来看一篇经济学人文章:石油工业迈向数字时代。
托福双语阅读素材:The oil industry struggles to enter the digital age
Oil and technology
Data drilling
The oil industry struggles to enter the digital age
石油与科技
数字钻探
石油工业艰难迈向数字时代
IT SOUNDS like a spectacular feat of engineering. Employees of Royal Dutch Shell located in Calgary, Canada, recently drilled a well 6,200 miles (10,000km) away in Vaca Muerta, Argentina. In fact, the engineers of the Anglo-Dutch oil major were using computers to perform what they call “virtual drilling”, based on their knowledge of Fox Creek, a shale bed in Alberta, which has similar geological features to Argentina’s biggest shale deposit. They used real-time data sent from a rig in Vaca Muerta to design the well and control the speed and pressure of the drilling. On their second try, they completed the well for $5.4m, down from $15m a few years ago. “It’s the cheapest well we’ve drilled in Argentina,” says Ben van Beurden, Shell’s chief executive.
这听上去是一个令人叹为观止的工程壮举(第N次…别老achievement)——身在加拿大卡尔加里(Calgary)的荷兰皇家壳牌公司员工最近在10,000公里之外的阿根廷瓦卡姆尔塔(Vaca Muerta)油田远程钻探了一口油井。实际上,这家英荷合资石油巨头的工程师是使用计算机完成了这次“虚拟钻井”。他们的操作是基于对加拿大阿尔伯塔省页岩矿区福克斯溪(Fox Creek)的了解,该矿区与瓦卡姆尔塔这个阿根廷最大的页岩沉积区具有相似的地质特征。他们运用瓦卡姆尔塔的一个钻井平台传送的实时数据来设计油井并控制钻探的速度和压力。在第二次尝试时,他们以540万美元的成本完成了钻井,低于几年前的1500万美元。“这是我们在阿根廷成本最低的钻井。”壳牌首席执行官本·范伯登(Ben van Beurden)表示。
Shell is not alone in deploying computer wizards alongside geologists in an attempt to lower costs in an era of moderate oil prices. The industry as a whole is waking up to the fact that digitisation and automation have transformed other industries, such as commerce and manufacturing, and that they have been left behind. Technology firms and consultancies are knocking on their doors peddlingalluring concepts like the “digital oil rig” and the “oilfield of the future”. Some argue that the embrace of digital technologies could be the next big thing after the shale revolution that started to transform oil and gas production in America a decade ago. But this is an industry that embraces new technologies only in fits and starts.
在油价不高的时代,部署计算机能手来配合地质学专家工作以降低成本的不只壳牌一家。整个石油业如梦初醒,意识到(写作句型)数字化和自动化已彻底改变了商业和制造业等其他行业,而自己却已然落后。科技公司和咨询公司正在敲石油业的大门,推销“数字化石油钻井平台”和“未来油田”等诱人的概念。有人认为,继十年前开始改变美国油气生产的页岩革命后,积极运用数字科技可能成为又一件大事。但石油业在接受新技术上总是断断续续。
Once, Big Oil was at the forefront of digitisation, pioneering the use of 3-D seismic data and supercomputers to help find resources. But priorities changed, especially during the past decade when oil prices rose above $100 a barrel and the primary goal was to find more of it, whatever the cost. Whizzy new technology took second place. Ulrich Spiesshofer, chief executive of ABB, a Swedish-Swiss automation-technology company, says the oil industry puts to use in exploration activities barely 5% of the seismic data it has collected. During production of oil, less than 1% of data from an oil rig reaches the people making decisions, reckons McKinsey, a consultancy.
石油巨头集团曾一度处于数字化前沿,开创使用三维地震数据和超级计算机来辅助资源勘探。但后来首要任务发生了改变,尤其是在过去十年。当时油价升至每桶超过100美元,不惜一切代价寻找更多石油成为了主要目标,高新技术则退居次席。瑞典瑞士合资自动化技术公司ABB的首席执行官乌利齐·史毕福(Ulrich Spiesshofer)表示,石油业收集的地震数据中只有不到5%被用于勘探活动中。咨询公司麦肯锡认为,在石油开采过程中,石油钻井平台收集的数据只有不足1%为决策层所知悉。
It is the process of extracting oil and gas that is considered most ripe成熟 for digitisation and automation. Drilling often takes place miles below the surface in rock formations where drill bits and pipes can be broken or snagged, which halts activity for long periods. Baker Hughes, an oil-services firm, has recently developed what it calls the first automated drill bit, capable of self-adjusting depending on the nature of the rock. McKinsey says undersea robots are also being deployed to fix problems.
如今,油气开采的过程被认为最适合应用数字化和自动化。钻探通常在岩层表面下方几英里处进行,钻头和钻杆可能会破损或卡住,这会导致钻探作业长期停顿。油田服务公司贝克休斯(Baker Hughes)最近开发出了号称全球首创的自动化钻头,能根据岩石的性质(别老character)自我调节。麦肯锡表示,海底机器人也正用于解决问题。
Above the surface, efforts are under way to reduce the amount of people and plant on oil rigs, helping improve safety in a dangerous industry. James Aday, a veteran oil driller now at Wood Mackenzie, a consultancy, says that on the drilling platform itself, automation is not new. Others say that more rigs are being controlled semi-remotely; in the Gulf of Mexico, engineers in Houston use real-time data from oil rigs to make decisions, reducing the cost of shuttling them by helicopter to rigs. “The aim is to bring the data to the expert, not the expert to the data,” says Peter Zornio of Emerson, an automation firm. “There’s a huge incentive to get the people and the choppers off the platform.”
在地面上,人们正努力减少石油钻井平台上的工作人员和机械数量,以助提高这一高危行业的安全性。资深钻探人员詹姆斯·阿代(James Aday)现任职咨询公司伍德麦肯兹(Wood Mackenzie),他表示,就钻井平台而言,自动化并非新鲜事。其他人也表示,更多钻井平台已转为半远程操控。在墨西哥湾,身在休斯敦的工程师们使用石油钻机的实时数据做决策,从而减少了用直升机运送他们往返钻井平台的成本。“这么做的目的是把数据传送给专家,而不是把专家送到数据发生地,”自动化公司艾默生电气的彼特·左尼欧(Peter Zornio)说道,“石油企业有着巨大的动力去减少派往钻井平台的人员和直升机。”
Wider use of data, sensors and automation will produce new challenges for the industry. It will have to learn about cyber-security—oil rigs are critical infrastructure—and invest in ways to prevent theft of data. But digitisation may also attract millennials to replace an ageing workforce, where mass retirement is a looming threat.
数据、传感器和自动化更广泛的应用将为该行业带来新挑战。业界将不得不去了解网络安全(石油钻井平台是至关重要的基础设施)并在数据防盗技术上投资。而数字化也可能吸引到千禧一代的加入,取代老化的劳动队伍。后者大规模退休的威胁正逐渐逼近。
As to whether the workforce could shrink across the industry in the digital age, ultimately geologists and engineers believe technology will not put them out of a job, because producing oil is art as well as science. Nor will tech startups be likely to overcome the barriers to entry—such as high capital requirements—that protect incumbents. But they add to a sense, born out of the shale revolution, that innovation will make oil and gas more accessible and that the days when oil was considered a scarce resource are long gone.
至于在数字化时代整个石油业的劳动力队伍会否缩小的问题,地质学家和工程师们还是相信科技并不会让他们失业,因为石油开采既是科学也是艺术。科技创业公司也不大可能跨越保护既有企业的进入门槛,例如高资本要求。但这些改变深化了源于页岩革命的一种认知——创新技术将使石油和天然气开采变得更容易,石油被视作稀缺资源的时代早已过去。
托福阅读技巧:如何把握托福阅读脉络
掌握托福阅读思维之一不断地练习
TOEFL的阅读量非常大,一般的中国考生根本无法把文章全部读完,所谓的“扫读法”、“跳读法”和“略读法”也只能适用于少数类型的文章,根本不能解决本质问题。那么,文章到底应该怎么读法呢?一句话,主动地阅读文章的关键部位。所谓主动是指不能象一般的阅读那样完全被动地接受信息,而应该不断的进行思考和预测;所谓关键部位,主要是每一段的开头和结尾部分。由于TOEFL的阅读理解文章全部选自于正式出版物,文章的逻辑结构非常完整和严谨,而且出现的逻辑模式也是屈指可数。经过系统的训练,考生的预测可以做到非常准确的程度。这样,通过阅读文章的几处关键部位,就能很快地把握整个文章的结构和内在的逻辑关系,也就解决了问题的70%。
掌握托福阅读思维之二解题训练
排除法恐怕是一直以来大多数学生在解阅读理题目时使用最多的方法。事实上,这种方法具有致命的缺点:干扰大、费时间。更有效和迅速的办法是读完题干之后,就在脑子反映出一个模糊的或者是不完整的答案,然后直接在选项中寻找接近的答案进行判断。这种能力必须在平时的训练和讲解中逐渐养成和加强,决非什么技巧之类的东西可以替代。
掌握托福阅读思维之三词汇
从某种意义上来讲,词汇量的大小是TOEFL阅读理解高分的基础和关键。如果词汇量没有达到基本要求(五千以上),也只有掌握了词汇,所谓的阅读技巧才能够真正的发挥其作用。
托福阅读技巧:托福阅读答题四大准则
第一、托福阅读答题技巧—否定关系
no, not, never, nor, none neither 显而易见的,fail to, refuse, remove, reject就是稍微隐蔽一点的,另外还有a-, ab-前缀等。
第二、托福阅读答题技巧—对比转折关系
while, whereas, on the other hand,but, although, despite等这次词汇大家都应该熟记于心。掌握这些转折词对考试非常有帮助。
第三、托福阅读答题技巧—因果关系
提起因果关系,大家能够很快的想到because, because of, for, as以及对应的so, so that, therefore等,但因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外,隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
例子: The increased presures of expanding population have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and tow are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees.
在这段话中,有lead to,表示了导致的意思,即结果;而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果,所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。
另外还有其他的一些常见的词汇,比如result from,reflect, present, demotrate,rely on, depend on等,这些词汇都需要考生在被考时就需要多加留意和注意。
第四、托福阅读答题技巧—比较关系
比较关系主要分为同级比较、比较级、变化及差异四种,主要有ahellias, -er than,change, alter,different, distinguish等。
托福阅读技巧:托福阅读题目需要检查时间么
打完托福阅读之后再检查的效率在托福真题实战中是不太科学的。这样说的原因有这么几个。
托福阅读的时间是按篇来给的,也就是每篇托福阅读文章只给你20分钟的时间完成,提早完成了第一篇,并不会给你下一篇留有更充足的时间。所以,即使你能提前做完一篇也只能检查刚刚做完的这一篇,而一般情况下,这样短的时间是检查不出来什么错误的,因为你的思维还是停留在写答案的时候。
所以在托福阅读实战中,我们应该尽量争取一次做对,阅读时候速度可以比平时放慢一些,耐心读取题目的中心句……另外可以在考试过程中对一些提问关键信息作下笔记,帮助你更迅速定位题目,因为文章本身是会高亮标明一些问题中涉及的句子和要求解释的单词,所以有的时候连笔记都可以省掉。
另外大家要注意的就是时间来不及的情况。这就要求大家平时训练时候,还是坚持一次性原则为好,尽量把答完一篇文章的时间控制在16分钟内,这是一个参考标准,如果达不到这个阅读速度,面临真题时候就会遭遇很大的难度,根本来不及检查。
综上所述,在托福阅读实战中,不提倡大家留检查的时间。这样也可以促使大家在做题的时候比以前更加集中注意力,正确率也就会有所增加。
托福双语阅读素材:The oil industry struggles to enter the digital age
篇6:托福阅读这些训练方法一样能提升词汇量
托福阅读备考背单词不爱看词汇书?这些训练方法一样能提升词汇量
托福背单词刷词汇书并非唯一选择
托福词汇量的提升不能只依赖背单词书这样死板的方法,考生平时的积累也很重要。这种积累的途径涵盖了我们从最初学习英语到现在读过的英语文章、做过的阅读和听力,以及各种杂志、报刊、电影电视剧等方式接触到的单词。这部分词汇有日常生活类、政经类、影视娱乐类等等,当然也包括托福考试最需要的一些自然、社会、科技等学术类词汇。
需要我们牢记于心的一点是,英语的学习,尤其是词汇,是一个持续的过程,不会因为某一次考试而突然开始或者结束。那么如何有效地积累词汇呢?
1. 首先要选自己感兴趣的词汇资料
主动学习比被动学习更能提高效率且印象更深,这一点相信大家都深有体会。可供选择的学习材料包括英文视频、有声读物和各类文本。
1.1 视频可以是纪录片、电影、演讲等形式,尤其是纪录片,涉及的题材十分广泛,能够补充大量学科词汇,对托福的学习有很大帮助。
1.2 有声读物则非常考验一个人的听力水平和综合能力,如果听不懂,就不用谈积累词汇了。所以这种方法并不适合初学者。初学者如果觉得难,应结合文本听材料,不能囫囵吞枣。
1.3 前两种学习材料如果合理使用,最终还是要“文本”的形态,除此之外,文本还包括各类外刊、杂志、名著、翻译作品等,在选择上根据各人的兴趣,也是因人而异的。
2. 背单词除了动嘴更要动笔
有些同学会习惯性地把手头的材料看过一次就搁置一边,这样貌似学到了新知识,但事实上如果不做记录和整理,很快就会遗忘的。所以养成随时记录、定期整理的习惯也是十分重要的。最简单的方法是准备一本可随身携带的小本子,或者电脑常在手边的话也可以直接建立专门的excel文档,总之能随时找得到即可。
3. 托福背单词需要联想记忆
我们要积累的词汇不一定全都是以前没见过的生词。托福阅读词汇题中常考的就有一词多义单词的某一个释义,所以我们要积累的,也可能是你知道了意思但却不知道它具象/抽象用法的词汇,因而有必要再着重记忆一下。
比如,undermine这个词,我们知道它有“削弱”(weaken sth./sb. gradually or insidiously)和破坏的意思,也常会在文本中见到这种意思之下的例句,如:But we must recognize that an escalating nuclear arms race in this region would undermine decades of growth and prosperity.但是有一天我们看到了这样一句句子:Badgers had undermined the foundations of the church.这时我们可能就会恍然大悟——原来undermine原本的意思是“挖洞”(make a hollow or tunnel beneath sth.),那么这个时候,我们就可以着重积累一下undermine的这一含义。
托福阅读长难句:植物抗旱适应性
They possess drought-resisting adaptations: loss of water through the leaves is reduced by means of dense hairs covering waxy leaf surfaces, by the closure of pores during the hottest times to reduce water loss, and by the rolling up or shedding of leaves at the beginning of the dry season. (TPO26, 50)
waxy /'wæksɪ/ adj. 蜡色的,蜡状的
pore /pɔː/ n. 气孔,毛孔
shed /ʃed/ vt. 使(某物)脱落﹑ 剥落;使(某物)流出
They possess drought-resisting adaptations: loss of water (through the leaves) is reduced (by means of dense hairs)(covering waxy leaf surfaces), (by the closure of pores)(duringthe hottest times) (to reduce water loss), and (by the rolling up or shedding of leaves) (at the beginning of the dry season). (TPO26, 50)
分析:
这个句子的主干部分就是:
They possess drought-resisting adaptations: loss of wateris reduced
注意后面并列了3个介词结构:by means of…, by the closure of .., and bythe rolling up…
修饰一:(through the leaves),介词,修饰loss of water
中文:经过叶子
修饰二:(by means of dense hairs),介词
中文:通过的浓密的绒毛
修饰三:(covering waxy leaf surfaces),非谓语动词,修饰haris
中文:覆盖在蜡质叶子表面
修饰四:(by the closure of pores),介词短语
中文:关闭气孔
修饰五:(during the hottest times),介词短语
中文:在最热的时间
修饰六:(to reduce water loss),非谓语动词
中文:减低水分散失
修饰七:(by the rolling up or shedding of leaves),介词短语
中文:通过卷起或脱落叶子
修饰八:(at the beginning of the dry season),介词短语
中文:在干旱季初期
参考翻译:
他们拥有抵抗干旱的适应性:覆盖在蜡质叶子表面的浓密的绒毛、在温度最高时关闭气孔以减少水分流失以及在干旱季初期通过卷起或脱落叶子,都可以减少经过叶片的水分的流失。
托福阅读长难句:兽群驯化
Whatever the source of the original tamed herds might have been, it seems entirely likely that much the same process of juxtaposition (living side by side) and control occurred in both southwest Asia and northern Africa, and even inEurope, among peoples who had an intimate knowledge of the behavior of wild cattle. (TPO28, 53)
tame /teɪm/ v. 使(某 物)驯服或顺从
intimate /'ɪntɪmət/ adj. 亲密的,亲切的;私人的,个人的;精通的,详尽的
(Whatever the source of the original tamed herds might have been), it seems entirely likely (that much the same process of juxtaposition(living side by side) and control occurred) (in both southwest Asia and northernAfrica, and even in Europe), (among peoples) (who had an intimate knowledge of the behavior of wild cattle).(TPO28, 53)
分析:
这个句子的主干就是:
it seems entirely likely,it指代后面的从句that
修饰一: (Whatever the source of the original tamed herds might have been) ,从句
中文:无论最初驯化的兽群起源于何处
修饰二:(that much the same process of juxtaposition (living side byside) and control occurred) ,从句
中文:和兽群毗邻而居并且控制它们的过程发生了
修饰三: (in both southwest Asia and northern Africa, and even in Europe) ,介词短语
中文:在南亚、北非甚至在欧洲
修饰四:(among peoples) ,介词短语
中文:在人民中
修饰五:(who had an intimate knowledge ofthe behavior of wild cattle).,从句
中文:对野生牛群行为了如指掌
参考翻译:
无论最初驯化的兽群起源于何处,在南亚、北非甚至在欧洲,那些对野生牛群行为了如指掌的人民当中,和兽群毗邻而居并且控制它们这样的过程极有可能发生了。
篇7:托福阅读这些训练方法一样能提升词汇量
托福阅读备考背单词不爱看词汇书?这些训练方法一样能提升词汇量
托福背单词刷词汇书并非唯一选择
托福词汇量的提升不能只依赖背单词书这样死板的方法,考生平时的积累也很重要。这种积累的途径涵盖了我们从最初学习英语到现在读过的英语文章、做过的阅读和听力,以及各种杂志、报刊、电影电视剧等方式接触到的单词。这部分词汇有日常生活类、政经类、影视娱乐类等等,当然也包括托福考试最需要的一些自然、社会、科技等学术类词汇。
需要我们牢记于心的一点是,英语的学习,尤其是词汇,是一个持续的过程,不会因为某一次考试而突然开始或者结束。那么如何有效地积累词汇呢?
1. 首先要选自己感兴趣的词汇资料
主动学习比被动学习更能提高效率且印象更深,这一点相信大家都深有体会。可供选择的学习材料包括英文视频、有声读物和各类文本。
1.1 视频可以是纪录片、电影、演讲等形式,尤其是纪录片,涉及的题材十分广泛,能够补充大量学科词汇,对托福的学习有很大帮助。
1.2 有声读物则非常考验一个人的听力水平和综合能力,如果听不懂,就不用谈积累词汇了。所以这种方法并不适合初学者。初学者如果觉得难,应结合文本听材料,不能囫囵吞枣。
1.3 前两种学习材料如果合理使用,最终还是要“文本”的形态,除此之外,文本还包括各类外刊、杂志、名著、翻译作品等,在选择上根据各人的兴趣,也是因人而异的。
2. 背单词除了动嘴更要动笔
有些同学会习惯性地把手头的材料看过一次就搁置一边,这样貌似学到了新知识,但事实上如果不做记录和整理,很快就会遗忘的。所以养成随时记录、定期整理的习惯也是十分重要的。最简单的方法是准备一本可随身携带的小本子,或者电脑常在手边的话也可以直接建立专门的excel文档,总之能随时找得到即可。
3. 托福背单词需要联想记忆
我们要积累的词汇不一定全都是以前没见过的生词。托福阅读词汇题中常考的就有一词多义单词的某一个释义,所以我们要积累的,也可能是你知道了意思但却不知道它具象/抽象用法的词汇,因而有必要再着重记忆一下。
比如,undermine这个词,我们知道它有“削弱”(weaken sth./sb. gradually or insidiously)和破坏的意思,也常会在文本中见到这种意思之下的例句,如:But we must recognize that an escalating nuclear arms race in this region would undermine decades of growth and prosperity.但是有一天我们看到了这样一句句子:Badgers had undermined the foundations of the church.这时我们可能就会恍然大悟——原来undermine原本的意思是“挖洞”(make a hollow or tunnel beneath sth.),那么这个时候,我们就可以着重积累一下undermine的这一含义。
托福阅读真题原题+题目
The term art deco has come to encompass three distinct but related design trends of the 1920's and 1930's. The first was what is frequently referred to as zigzag moderne — the exotically ornamental style of such skyscrapers as the Chrysler Building in New York City and related structures such as the Paramount Theater in Oakland, California. The word zigzag alludes to the geometric and stylized ornamentation of zigzags, angular patterns, abstracted plant and animal motifs, sunbursts, astrological imagery, formalized fountains, and related themes that were applied in mosaic relief, and mural form to the exterior and interior of the buildings. Many of these buildings were shaped in the ziggurat form, a design resembling an ancient Mesopotamian temple tower that recedes in progressively smaller stages to the summit, creating a staircase-like effect. The second manifestation of art deco was the 1930's streamlined moderne style — a Futuristic-looking aerodynamic style of rounded corners and horizontal bands known as speed stripes. In architecture, these elements were frequently accompanied by round windows, extensive use of glass block, and flat rooftops.
The third style, referred to as either international stripped classicism, or simply classical moderne, also came to the forefront during the Depression, a period of severe economic difficult in the 1930's. This was a more conservative style, blending a simplified modernistic style with a more austere form of geometric and stylized relief sculpture and other ornament, including interior murals. Many buildings in this style were erected nationwide through government programs during the Depression.
Although art deco in its many forms was largely perceived as thoroughly modern, it was strongly influenced by the decorative arts movements that immediately preceded it. For example, like art nouveau (1890-1910), art deco also used plant motifs, but regularized the forms into abstracted repetitive patterns rather than presenting them as flowing, asymmetrical foliage, like the Viennese craftspeople of the Wiener Werkstatte, art deco designers worked with exotic materials, geometricized shapes, and colorfully ornate patterns. Furthermore, like the artisans of the Arts and Crafts Movement in England and the United States, art deco practitioners considered it their mission to transform the domestic environment through well-designed furniture and household accessories.
1. What aspect of art deco does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The influence of art deco on the design of furniture and household accessories
(B) Ways in which government programs encouraged the development of art deco
(C) Architectural manifestations of art deco during the 1920's and 1930's
(D) Reasons for the popularity of art deco in New York and California
2. The word encompass in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) separate
(B) include
(C) replace
(D) enhance
3. The phrase The first in line 2 refers to
(A) the term art deco
(B) design trends
(C) the 1920's and 1930's
(D) skyscrapers
4. In line 9, the author mentions an ancient Mesopotamian temple tower in order to
(A) describe the exterior shape of certain art deco buildings
(B) explain the differences between ancient and modern architectural steles
(C) emphasize the extent of architectural advances
(D) argue for a return to more traditional architectural design
5. The streamlined moderne style is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
(A) animal motifs
(B) flat roofs
(C) round windows
(D) speed stripes
6. The phrase came to the forefront in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) grew in complexity
(B) went through a process
(C) changed its approach
(D) became important
7. According to the passage , which of the following statements most accurately describes the
relationship between art deco and art nouveau?
(A) They were art forms that competed with each other for government support during the
Depression era.
(B) They were essentially the same art form.
(C) Art nouveau preceded art deco and influenced it.
(D) Art deco became important in the United States while art nouveau became popular in
England.
8. According to the passage , a building having an especially ornate appearance would most
probably have been designed in the style of
(A) zigzag moderne
(B) streamlined moderne
(C) classical moderne
(D) the Arts and Crafts Movement
9. According to the passage , which of the following design trends is known by more than one
name?
(A) Zigzag moderne
(B) Streamlined moderne
(C) International stripped classicism
(D) Arts and Crafts Movement
10. The passage is primarily developed as
(A) the historical chronology of a movement
(B) a description of specific buildings that became famous for their unusual beauty
(C) an analysis of various trends within an artistic movement
(D) an argument of the advantages of one artistic form over another
PASSAGE 91 CBBAA DCACC
托福阅读这些训练方法一样能提升词汇量