今天小编就给大家整理了GRE阅读机经到底有没有用，本文共5篇，希望对大家的工作和学习有所帮助，欢迎阅读!本文原稿由网友“njufinancer”提供。
篇1：GRE阅读机经到底有没有用
GRE阅读机经到底有没有用?
GRE阅读机经如果使用得当，可以对于GRE考试成绩有一定程度的提高。如果是一个水平不高的GRE考试者，利用机经则有可能使你的成绩轻松提高数十分，即使是高手也能有稳定情绪节约时间的效果。GRE阅读机经是通过对机经的回忆而整合出来的资料库性质的复习材料。既然是机经回忆，研究GRE阅读机经肯定会对熟悉考试内容有所帮助。
但是，GRE阅读机经毕竟是靠回忆得来的资料，难免会存在一些误差和失真，比如题目的不完整，答案也因人而异，值得商榷和斟酌。由于GRE题库中题目的会重复出现，所以在考场上看到阅读机经的几率是大大存在的。
GRE阅读机经正确使用方法介绍
小编需要特别提醒大家的是，不建议考生完全依赖于GRE机经备考，更不能只靠死背记住机经答案就觉得考试万无一失了。考生还是应该以理解题目、熟悉出题思路和解答方法作为主要突破口进行机经的学习和研究。具体来说，考生看阅读机经，主要还是了解一下文章所讲的内容，对于题目会考到的一些细节留意其原文所在位置，还有主旨题态度题等涉及到的相关内容也要留下一定影响。但大家千万不要花功夫去把具体每道题目选哪个选项都背下来，因为考试中即使遭遇到也很少会原样照搬。如果只是死记硬背下了答案，考试题目稍稍做些改动就可能会让你反受其害，所谓机经反噬正是如此。
不要把机经当成投机取巧救命稻草
虽然GRE阅读机经会为你的备考带来一定的便利，但正如很多GRE老师和考生都总结过的，GRE机经可以帮你，但救不了你。GRE考试说到底还是考察考生的综合实力，如果底子打不好，基础不扎实，想要靠着机经投机取巧搞定考试是不现实的。同学们还应该以平时的备考练习为主，脚踏实地的积累实力，为考试做好充分的准备，在这个基础上学习参考GRE阅读机经，才能让其发挥出最大的价值。
关于GRE阅读机经的价值小编就为大家分析到这里，希望大家能有比较全面的认识和了解，并在此基础上正确使用，为备考带来一些帮助。
攻破新GRE逻辑阅读
Dance critic from Europe: The improved quality of ballet in the United States is the result of more Europeans' teaching ballet in the United States than ever before. I know the proportion of teachers who were born and trained in Europe has gone up among ballet teachers in the United States, because last year, on my trip to New York, more of the ballet teachers I met were from Europe-born and trained there -than ever before.
Which of the following identifies a questionable assumption made by the dance critic's reasoning?
(A) The argument overlooks the possibility that some ballet teachers in the United States could have been born in Europe but trained in the United States.
(B) The argument assumes that the ballet teachers whom the critic met last year on the critic's trip to New York were a generally typical group of such teachers.
(C) The argument assumes that the teaching of ballet in the United States is superior to the teaching of ballet in Europe
(D) Other possible reasons for the improved mental attitudes of United States dancers are not examined.
(E) The argument assumes that dancers born and trained in Europe are typically more talented than dancers born and trained in the United States.
对于新GRE逻辑阅读，考生除了采取题海战术，其实更应该做的就是总结。如果能从平日的练习中找到解新GRE逻辑阅读题的思路，那么，要比采取题海战术更好。
攻破新GRE逻辑阅读
The painter Peter Brandon never dated his works, and their chronology is only now beginning to take shape in the critical literature. A recent dating of a Brandon self-portrait to 1930 is surely wrong. Brandon was 63 years old in 1930, yet the painting shows a young, dark-haired man-obviously Brandon, but clearly not a man of 63.
Which of the following, if justifiably assumed, allows the conclusion to be properly drawn?
(A) There is no securely dated self-portrait of Brandon that he painted when he was significantly younger than 63.
(B) In refraining from dating his works, Brandon intended to steer critical discussion of them away from considerations of chronology.
(C) Until recently, there was very little critical literature on the works of Brandon.
(D) Brandon at age 63 would not have portrayed himself in a painting as he had looked when he was a young man.
(E) Brandon painted several self-portraits that showed him as a man past the age of 60.
对于新GRE逻辑阅读，考生除了采取题海战术，其实更应该做的就是总结。如果能从平日的练习中找到解新GRE逻辑阅读题的思路，那么，要比采取题海战术更好。
攻破新GRE逻辑阅读
A person who agrees to serve as mediator between two warring factions at the request of both abandons by so agreeing the right to take sides later. To take sides at a later point would be to suggest that the earlier presumptive impartiality was a sham.
The passage above emphasizes which of the following points about mediators?
(A) They should try to form no opinions of their own about any issue that is related to the dispute.
(B) They should not agree to serve unless they are committed to maintaining a stance of impartiality.
(C) They should not agree to serve unless they are equally acceptable to all parties to a dispute.
(D) They should feel free to take sides in the dispute right from the start, provided that they make their biases publicly known.
(E) They should reserve the right to abandon their impartiality so as not to be open to the charge of having been deceitful.
Explanation
By pointing out the consequences of abandoning impartiality, the paragraph points out the importance for mediators of maintaining impartiality at all times. This is the point made in Choice B, which is therefore the correct answer. Choice A is incorrect, because it goes further than anything asserted in the passage. The passage does not rule out the possibility that one can have an opinion about issues related to a dispute without taking sides in the actual dispute. Choice C is incorrect because it is a presupposition on which the passage is based rather than the point of the passage; that is, the fact that the mediator is acceptable to both parties is a given, since they both ask the mediator to serve. Choices D and E are both inconsistent with the main point of the passage, the importance of impartiality at all times, so both are incorrect.
对于新GRE逻辑阅读，考生除了采取题海战术，其实更应该做的就是总结。如果能从平日的练习中找到解新GRE逻辑阅读题的思路，那么，要比采取题海战术更好。
攻破新GRE逻辑阅读
To protect beachfront buildings from ocean storms, ocean resorts have built massive seawalls between beaches and the buildings. Not only do the seawalls block off some buildings' ocean view, but the beaches themselves become ever narrower, because sand can no longer creep inland as storms erode it at the water's edge.
If the information is correct, which of the following conclusions is most strongly supported on the basis of it?
(A) Since the ferocity of ocean storms is increasing, increasingly high seawalls must be built between beaches and beachfront property.
(B) Even when beaches are heavily used by people, they are necessary to the survival of the many wild species that use them.
(C) Seawalls constructed to protect beachfront buildings will not themselves eventually be damaged by storms and will not require, if they are to protect the buildings, expensive repair or replacement.
(D) The conservation of beaches for future generations should be the overriding goal of shore management at ocean coasts.
(E) Trying to protect beachfront buildings by constructing seawalls is counterproductive in the long run for an oceanfront community wishing to maintain itself as a beach resort.
对于新GRE逻辑阅读，考生除了采取题海战术，其实更应该做的就是总结。如果能从平日的练习中找到解新GRE逻辑阅读题的思路，那要比采取题海战术更好。
篇2：雅思阅读机经无用论
雅思阅读机经无用论?提高分数前你需要提高能力
有些烤鸭本来觉得阅读机经一定要做完，可有些同学没做多少分数也达标了;另一些烤鸭花了大工夫把机经做完，分数照样没有考上7分……那么机经，到底有没有作用呢?
小编认为，这个问题应该从两方面来看待。首先说这种“没刷机经也能得高分”类型的烤鸭，他们的成功背后其实离不开类似的努力：也许他们把时间留给了读懂句子的长难句训练，也许他们把时间花在了提高定位关键词的技巧上，也许他们用了更长时间理解单词的多种含义。所以说机经对他们而言确实只是锦上添花，而不是必须的条件。
再说那些“刷了机经也没高分”的烤鸭们，大多数都是因为基础没能完全打好，就急于希望通过积累经验去做题。
通过给机经里的文章归纳大义，通过把握囫囵的文章脉络，或者只掌握了几个技巧规律，他们就觉得机经刷好了，其实离看懂文章还差了很多很多。
做对只是读懂的必要非充分条件，仅仅靠机经来了解题型和出题规律肯定是不够的。
因此，大家不应该太看重这两个观点中的任何一个，而是要从雅思本身的考试形态出发，从自己的英文水平出发，找到最适合自己的方式才行。
因为雅思考试的题目中对细节、主旨的考察总是有限的，有时候只要答案定位到了就能做对，这样刷的机经再多对文章可能也不够理解，更不要说适应了。
在机经之外，坚持看一些推荐英语软文的软件app，给自己其他领域的信息冲击和难度挑战，补充那些真题里没有的英文用法也是不错的。
另外，大家在做雅思机经时应该保持好正向反馈，告诉自己这些文章做完之后肯定能带来自我的提升，避免为一两次的失利而否定自己的努力。总之，既不要成为“无用论”的沮丧派，也不要成为盲目刷题的愣头青。
雅思考试阅读模拟试题精选
How a Frenchman is reviving McDonald‘s in Europe
A. When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of McDonald’s in January ， the world‘s biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia， but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining. One exception was France， where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group’s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots. His task was to replicate this success in all 41 of the European countries where anti-globalisers‘ favourite enemy operates.
B.So far Mr Hennequin is doing well. Last year European sales increased by 5.8% and the number of customers by 3.4%， the best annual results in nearly 15 years. Europe accounted for 36% of the group’s profits and for 28% of its sales. December was an especially good month as customers took to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain， and to a promotion in Germany based on the game of Monopoly.
C.Mr Hennequin‘s recipe for revival is to be more open about his company’s operations， to be “locally relevant”， and to improve the experience of visiting his 6，400 restaurants. McDonald‘s is blamed for making people fat， exploiting workers， treating animals cruelly， polluting the environment and simply for being American. Mr Hennequin says he wants to engage in a dialogue with the public to address these concerns.
D.He introduced “open door” visitor days in each country which became hugely popular. In Poland alone some 50，000 visitors came to McDonald’s through the visitors‘ programme last year. The Nutrition Information Initiative， launched last year， put detailed labels on McDonald’s packaging with data on calories， protein， fat， carbohydrates and salt content. The details are also printed on tray-liners.
E.Mr Hennequin also wants people to know that “McJobs”， the low-paid menial jobs at McDonald‘s restaurants， are much better than people think. But some of his efforts have backfired： last year he sparked a controversy with the introduction of a “McPassport” that allows McDonald’s employees to work anywhere in the European Union. Politicians accused the firm of a ploy to make cheap labour from eastern Europe more easily available to McDonald‘s managers across the continent.
F.To stay in touch with local needs and preferences， McDonald’s employs local bosses as much as possible. A Russian is running McDonald‘s in Russia， though a Serb is in charge of Germany. The group buys mainly from local suppliers. Four-fifths of its supplies in France come from local farmers， for example. (Some of the French farmers who campaigned against the company in the late 1990s subsequently discovered that it was， in fact， buying their produce.) And it hires celebrities such as Heidi Klum， a German model， as local brand ambassadors.
G.In his previous job Mr Hennequin established a “design studio” in France to spruce up his company’s drab restaurants and adapt the interior to local tastes. The studio is now masterminding improvements everywhere in Europe. He also set up a “food studio”， where cooks devise new recipes in response to local trends.
H.Given France‘s reputation as the most anti-American country in Europe， it seems odd that McDonald’s revival in Europe is being led by a Frenchman， using ideas cooked up in the French market. But France is in fact the company‘s most profitable market after America. The market where McDonald’s is weakest in Europe is not France， but Britain.
I.“Fixing Britain should be his priority，” says David Palmer， a restaurant analyst at UBS. Almost two-thirds of the 1，214 McDonald‘s restaurants in Britain are company-owned， compared with 40% in Europe and 15% in America. The company suffers from the volatility of sales at its own restaurants， but can rely on steady income from franchisees. So it should sell as many underperforming outlets as possible， says Mr Palmer.
J.M.Mark Wiltamuth， an analyst at Morgan Stanley， estimates that European company-owned restaurants’ margins will increase slightly to 16.4% in . This is still less than in the late 1990s and below America‘s 18-19% today. But it is much better than before Mr Hennequin’s reign. He is already being tipped as the first European candidate for the group‘s top job in Illinois. Nobody would call that a McJob.
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
TRUE if the statement reflects the claims of the writer
FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1.McDonald was showing the sign of recovery in all European countries except France after Denis Hennequin took office as the boss of Euro-markets.
2.Starting from last year， detailed labels are put on McDonald’s packaging and detailed information is also printed on tray-liners.
3.France is said to be the most anti-American country in Europe， but the ideas of the “open door” visiting days and “McPassport” are invented in the French market.
4.Britain possesses the weakest McDonald market among European countries and approximately 1214 McDonald’s restaurants are company-owned.
5.According to David Palmer， a restaurant analyst at UBS， David Hennequin should treat the problem about McDonald in Britain as the most important thing.
6.David Palmer suggested that the management of McDonalod in Italy should sell as many its outlets which lose money in business as possible for revival.
Questions 7-10
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-10 on your answe sheet.
7.The word “sterling” in line 3 of Paragraph A means__________.
A.difficult
B.menial
C.terrible
D.excellent
8.Which of the following statements on the accusation of MacDonald is NOT TRUE?
A.It tends to make people fat.
B.Its operations are very vague.
C.It tends to exploit workers.
D.It tends to treat animals cruelly.
9.Which of the following measures taken by Denis Hennequin produced undesired result?
A.“Food Studio” scheme.
B.“Open Door” visitor days.
C.The “McPassport” scheme.
D.The Nutrition Information Initiative.
10.What did Denis Hennequin do so as to respond to local trends?
A.set up a “Food Studio” .
B.established a “Design Studio”.
C.hired celebrities as local brand ambassadors.
D.employed local bosses as much as possible.
Questions 11-14
Complete each of the following statements (Questions 11-14) with words or number taken from Reading Passage 1.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.
11.After January 2004， McDonald was making improvement following a period of slump in America and Australia， but sales in Europe were ………………………….
12.Business of McDonald in France and Britain was particularly good in December since customers took to ……………………………..
13.Compared with other countries， France is McDonald’s ……………………….next to America.
14.…………………….of McDonald’s restaurants in America are companied–owned and the figure is much lower than that in Britain.
Part II
Notes to Reading Passage 1
1.sterling高质量的
e.g.He has many sterling qualities.他身上有许多优秀的品质。
2.menial 不体面的， 乏味的(工作、职业)
3.spruce up打扮整齐、漂亮、装饰
4.mastermind指挥、谋划(一个计划或活动)
e.g.The police know who masterminded the robbery.警察知道是谁策划了那次抢劫。
5.underperform表现不佳表现出低于标准的工作水平、企业出现亏本
Part III
Keys and explanations to the Questions 1-14
1.FALSE
See the second sentence in Paragraph A “One exception was France， where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group’s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots.His task was to replicate this success in all 41 of the European countries…”.
2.TRUE
See the last sentence in Paragraph D “The Nutrition Information Initiative， launched last year， put detailed labels on McDonald‘s packaging with data on calories， protein， fat， carbohydrates and salt content.The details are also printed on tray-liners.”
3.NOT GIVEN
See Paragraph D， E and H “Given France’s reputation as the most anti-American country in Europe， it seems odd that McDonald‘s revival in Europe is being led by a Frenchman， using ideas cooked up in the French market.”.
4.FALSE
See the last sentence of Paragraph H and first sentence of Paragraph L “The market where McDonald’s is weakest in Europe is not France， but Britain…Almost two-thirds of the 1，214 McDonald‘s restaurants in Britain are company-owned…”
5.TRUE
See the first sentence of Paragraph I “Fixing Britain should be his priority，” says David Palmer， a restaurant analyst at UBS”.
6.NOT GIVEN
See the last sentence of Paragraph I “So it should sell as many underperforming outlets as possible， says Mr Palmer”.
7.D
See the first sentence of Paragraph A “One exception was France， where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group’s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots”.
8.B
See the second sentence of Paragraph D “McDonald‘s is blamed for making people fat， exploiting workers， treating animals cruelly， polluting the environment”
9.C
See the second sentence of Paragraph E “But some of his efforts have backfired： last year he sparked a controversy with the introduction of a “McPassport” that allows McDonald’s employees to work anywhere in the European Union..”
10.A
See the last sentence of Paragraph G “He also set up a “food studio”， where cooks devise new recipes in response to local trends”.
11.sluggish or declining
See the first sentence of Paragraph A “When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of McDonald‘s in January 2004， the world’s biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia， but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining.”
12.seasonal menu offerings
See the last sentence of Paragraph B “December was an especially good month as customers took to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain， and to a promotion in Germany based on the game of Monopoly”.
13.most profitable market
See the second sentence of Paragraph H “But France is in fact the company‘s most profitable market after America”.
14.15%
See the second sentence of Paragraph I “Almost two-thirds of the 1，214 McDonald’s restaurants in Britain are company-owned， compared with 40% in Europe and 15% in America”.
篇3：托福阅读机经有用吗
托福阅读机经有用吗
在这个星球上做所有的事情都不易——尤其是那些能让自己真正感到自豪的事情。如今跟托福结下孽缘的国人大多从上个世纪就开始痛下决心同英语死磕到底，结果不尽如人意、考后怨声载道哀鸿遍野的场面早已是常态。我们有时太容易放弃，一遍遍履行“破罐子破摔”的谶语。这样不好。一种普遍的心态是：还有十天就上考场，再临阵磨枪夫复何用哉。
于是大家看到了点题班，仿佛看到了最后一棵救命稻草。
没错，我就想谈谈这临阵磨枪的“何用哉”部分，而且是谈一个曾经一度被认为不可能被点题的科目：阅读。
点题无非是寄希望于某一次考过的题目在即将来临的考试中再次出现，于是前人们含着悲愤眼泪回忆出来的东西便显得至关重要，这个东西叫“机经”。我们有能力通过一定的规律来将下一次考试的范围缩小到一定程度，那么到这一步，能够呈献给大家只有一本写得乱七八糟前言不搭后语的机经组合。现在问题出现了：几乎没有人能做到将阅读原文八九不离十地回忆出来，也几乎不会有人去刻意记忆那些错综复杂的阅读题型——实际上，机经的回忆者甚至不能保证自己在紧张激烈的阅读考试中是否真正读懂了文本与题目。那么在机经上体现出来的就是一群杂乱无章的絮语。那么通过阅读这些破碎而并不准确的汉语信息几乎解决不了实际问题。我们需要的比这多。那么我来告诉大家这阅读点题是如何剑走偏锋，达到某种“实用”之极致的。
那我就先介绍一个新的概念：叫做“关键词映射”。阅读不会涉及校园生活，而是三篇最残暴的学术类文章。每一篇文章都对应一个范围相对狭窄的话题，而每一个话题，实际都是由一个词或词组承载实意的。这些词能够映射到其他相关联的、表示诠释或细化的词，到这里大家应该能意识到，它们就是文章的“关键词”。不管机经回忆者的记忆有多么模糊，能够确定的一点就是，这些同我们生活并无太大关联的学术型关键词是几乎不可能被生造出来的——它们是机经里唯一值得我们信赖的东西。
这时候，我用一个例子来问大家。
当提到“牛顿勋爵”(Sir Issac Newton)你会想到什么?答案会多种多样，我列举一下：苹果;微积分;莱布尼茨;物理学;剑桥;英国人;_徒;煮熟的怀表;终生未婚;怪异?? (Apple, Leibniz, Calculus, Physics, Cambridge, British, Christian, Cooked Pocket Watch, Not Married and…Weirdness…)
那么这是一个相当大的话题，每个人想到的可能都会是一个很具体的方面。但是如果我现在要是把关键词的范围扩大到两个呢?比如说：当提到”牛顿勋爵“和”苹果“时你会想到什么?相必绝大多数人直接想到一个很确定的答案：”牛顿第一定律“(First Law of Motion)。大家会发现，当关键词数量不断增多的情况下，反映到我们意识中的概念就会越来越清晰具体。那么，同样的道理，如果机经的回忆者只要能给出超过三个准确的关键词，这三个词所能界定的范围就会非常狭窄。
那这又有什么用呢?我们假设现在有一百位研究牛顿的专家共同写一篇介绍性的、内涵不必特别深入的托福阅读式文章，其话题就是”牛顿勋爵“与”苹果“——几乎可以确定的是，他们写作的内容会惊人的相似。的确，不同点是存在的，那就是——讨论同一话题的不同作者只有语言组织的不同，而话题本身不会改变。也就是说我们只要读到其中一个人写作成的文本，那么其他人写作的文本在阅读时就会直接预测到其实质内容。
那么这就是托福阅读点题的实质：不记题也不背机经，直接命中该话题的具体内容——还原原文。
在整理点题班讲义文本的时候，我逐渐发现绝大多数阅读原文都是根据某一个领域的学术研究成果简化而成。在还原的过程中，有时甚至能将该文所引用的原始资料”挖掘”出来。这也就意味着，一旦点题命中，那么考试文本将是讲义文本文意的子集。虽然点题文本不可避免地会大大超越托福考试文本难度，但若能将这些原始资料读懂，何惧托福焉!
那最后一个触动大家神经的问题出现了：预测有风险，不中怎么办?我只想说一个词来回答这个问题：开卷有益。我想借这个话题给大家说明一个道理：试想一下当你翻开一本沉甸甸的阅读讲义，用几天时间静静地读完，那些有趣的话题将会组织成一张知识与语言的网络。语言本身是如流水般变化多端而非顽石一块亘古不变。文字永远是知识与智识的载体，而在我们这个僵化千年的帝国体系下，人们太容易直视一件事物的某一个侧面而从未试图去看清全貌，殊不知一个看似迥然不同的话题实际是一个大图景的另一个视角。一种绣花般的葵花宝典式的学习法必然同自然正常的语言养成背道而驰;我们更需要一种独孤九剑般的无招胜有招。一个睿智的阅读者不一定是极具语言天赋的人，但他一定耐得住孤独与寂寞，知道如何去用心感悟这个世界，知道如何去享受寂寥的世事与美丽的智慧。他就是这个时代的英雄。
无须多言，望与诸君相遇。不说教，只唯实。共勉矣!
托福阅读：猜词的学问
1、根据同义、反义关系猜词
Today‘ s teenagers seem to be more liberal in their ideas than their _______ grandparents.
A. freethinking B. traditional C. old D. happy
traditional与liberal意思相反，故选B。
2、根据句意或段落文章的上、下文猜测词义
Klebold and Harris felt _______ and wanted to revenge against those who disliked playing
together with them or laughed at them.
A. discouraged B. ashamed C. tired D. separated
根据下文的disliked playing together with them判断此处应为“感到孤立”，故选D。
专家解读托福阅读揣摩生词法二：利用构词法猜测词义(利用前、后缀及合成词猜词义)
1、用前、后缀猜测词义
英语中的前缀、后缀构词颇多，且特定的缀往往表示特定的含义，把握住这一点，可起到以不变应万变的效果。
1)He had been overworking and fell ill at last.
overwork是由前缀over-加动词构成，over有“超过、过于”之意，overwork意思是“工作过多，劳累过度”。再如，overburden负担过重，overcharge要价过高，overdo做得过分。
前缀还有：
mis-错，误：misfortune不幸;mislead误导;mismanage处理不当
mid-中央：midnight半夜;midway半路
under-低于：underdone半生不熟的;underestimate低估
anti-反对：antibody抗体;anticyclone反气旋;antifreeze防冻剂
下面划线单词为常见后缀派生词：
1)You must stop dreaming and face reality.(-ty为名词的标志)
2)The country is trying to popularize education. (-ize为及物动词的标志，再如realize， modernize)
2、利用合成词猜测词义。
Family members take turns choosing a special activity for the evening， and everyone partakes in for fun.
根据短语构成及上下文意思看，此处partakes in相当于takes part in。再如break out-outbreak(名词爆发)，set out-outset(名词起始)，come in-income(名词收入) 。
托福阅读：文章内容及特点综合分析
一、托福阅读文章出处以及选材范围
作为一项语言能力测试，托福考试是考查考生能否具备足够的语言交流能力，以期在北美完成正常的学习任务和研究工作。因此，其阅读文章原型大都选自美国大学本科生使用的教材，以达到最佳的模拟测试效果。文章的选材范围极其广泛，涉及有自然科学包括：天文学、地质学、生物学、气象学等;人文科学包括：艺术美学、考古学、语言学、文学等;社会科学包括：政治学、经济学、教育学、人类学等交叉学科。
从选材范围可见：托福阅读的文章内容对考生知识存储量的广度有一定的要求，但同时考虑到考生来自于不同的专业，对于其他学科往往不具备专业素质，因此为了遵守考试公平性原则，文章均不对其所述及的学科做过多深入的探讨。
二、托福阅读文章类型及 篇章段落结构
根据托福阅读文章的出处及选材范围，我们可以将这些文章归为三类：说明文、议论文、史实文。三者合一统称为：学术性文章。这种类型的文章，必须具备说理性特质，即行文逻辑大都遵循着相对固定的结构模式。
一句话：托福文章的 篇章结构有规律可寻，段落组成有原则可守：
1. 学术性文章的 篇章结构：
在学术性文章中，一般需要具备三个组成部分：
(1)Topic 话题：即文章的主角是什么。比如讲解某个科学理论、研究某种社会现象，探讨某个历史事件;
在托福文章中，这种导入性信息往往出现在篇首位置。考生可以根据篇首段信息对整篇文章所要讨论的核心内容有所了解;
(2)Aspects 方面：即将篇首的话题延伸拓展为若干个方面进行阐述说明。若话题为某个科学论点，则方面可能分为若干个支持论据;若话题为某种自然现象，则方面可能分为若干个内外成因;若话题为某个历史事件，则方面为几段发展时期;
在托福文章中，往往依照各个方面之间的层次关系，将各个方面拆分为若干个独立的自然段落，共同组成行文主体;
(3)Attitude态度：即文章的作者对于所讨论话题持怎样的态度。或是积极肯定，或是消极否定，或是保持中立。
在托福文章中，态度往往是被较多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。
Topic话题 + Aspects方面 + Attitude态度，这三要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“T+A+A 篇章结构”。托福文章大都遵循这种结构，考生通过篇首段落信息来把控整个文章话题及大致讨论方向，再抓住文章的各个段落主旨，便可洞悉整个文章脉络和逻辑结构。来源：北京新航道托福培训
2. 学术性文章的段落结构
学术性文章的自然段落，一般需要具备两个组成部分：
(1) Topic Sentence 主旨句：表达段落的主旨，即本段想要表达的核心内容是什么;
(2) Detail 细节：为了详细说明段落中心含义，所罗列的相关支持内容，即本段通过哪些例证来阐明主旨句。
Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail细节，这两个要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“TS+D段落结构”。托福文章段落大都遵循这种结构，考生通过段落主旨句就可以把握该段的中心含义。
总结：当考生们了解了这种TAA 篇章结构和TS+D段落结构的行文规律后，对文章框架的把握就会做到心里有数，更有利于提高阅读速度和定位有效信息的准确度。
三、托福阅读考试的量化指标
新托福阅读考试分为无阅读加试和有阅读加试两种。
无阅读加试的情况下，共有3篇文章，分为两个部分，第一部分为独立的1篇文章，考试时间为20分钟;第二部分为两篇文章，考试时间为40分钟，期间这两篇文章的考试时间可以自由分配。总体考试时间为两部分之和，即60分钟。
有阅读加试的情况下，在已有的3篇文章及60分钟答题时间的基础上，再加两篇文章，并作为一个部分，共计40分钟，加试期间的两篇文章的考试时间依然可以自由分配。总体考试时间为三部分之和，即100分钟。
关于托福阅读文章的考察内容和特点的综合分析，大家已经都了解了吧。针对上文所说的希望大家赶紧制定备考复习计划，争取在考试的时候充分发挥，加油!
托福阅读：六大背景知识总结
一、印第安题材
1.白令海峡移民理论
2.印第安文化
3.印第安宗教观
4.印第安建筑业：大、先进。
5.印第安手工业：好。
6.社会组织结构：严密、分工细、凝聚力强。
7.农业先进：A. irrigation; B. maize, squash, bean, pea。
二、动植物题材(必考)
1.植物学题材(不多见)
a. 地衣、苔 、真菌、蘑菇最常见。
b. 树冠上方生物。
c. 植物在生态平衡中的作用。
2.动物学题材(90%以上)
a. 考普通动物为多。最近常考鸟类、蚂蚁、动物智能与灭绝(联系天文学与冰河理论)。
b. 考动物进化(evolution)。
c. 考动物的分类(classification)。
phyla(单数phylum) —门 class—纲 order—目 family—科 genus—属 species—种 carnivore/predator—食肉动物 herbivore—食草动物 omnivore—杂食动物
d. 动物的生活习性最为多见。
群居(social animal)动物的习性
a) 蚂蚁：社会组织结构—等级制(caste)：交流方式—信息素—气味;生活来源;外来物种的有害性。
b) 蜜蜂：群居个性; “8”字舞;蜜蜂智能;防御;天敌—大黄蜂。
c) 大猩猩：智能：猩际关系
k) 迁徙 (migration )
野鸭、大雁：日照长短;辨别方向。
伪装 (camouflage)、花拟态(mimicry )
三、考古学(archaeology)题材
1.文化(cultural ) 考古学
形态(physical)考古学(多见)
2.化石(fossil )
j 化石构成。化石比原物更沉重 (矿物质环境)
k 化石形成原因。 坚硬物质，迅速掩埋。
l 化石与动物的进化关系。
3.人的左右手
j 使用工具。 证据：敲击的划痕;手柄的形状。
k 牙齿上的划痕。
l 大脑左右半球的大小差别;趾骨的粗细差别。
m 作画时人像的方向
4.古代陶瓷的考古。
Clay, model, wheel (转盘 )， glaze, kiln
5.古代文字的考古。
四、美国历史题材
1.美国发展线索
j 发现美洲阶段
哥伦布(意)，为黄金、茶叶、香料
West/East Indian
影响：世界观变化;国家形势变化;(爱尔兰——土豆饥荒 )
k 英国定居阶段(English settlement )
1607第一个定居点Captain John Smith影响清教徒
1620五月花号
l 殖民时期(colonial era )
m 独立战争(American Revolution )
n 新的国家(new nation)：南北不均衡
o 南北战争(Civil War )
p 战后重建。 持续近1。
q 西进运动 (Westward movement )
r 工业化大增长
s world war I & II
End ：1960
2.“大熔炉”：地理位置;民族融合1960’s;文化融合。
3.邮政。j 小马快递;k 铁路邮政。
五、地理学题材
1.地理现象、土壤构成、降雪降雨。
2.冰川(glacier)、形成(foundation) à移动冰川(surge glacier )à危险
3.地球构成：地心构成
M计划、DSDP(deep sea drill project )计划、地震波探测à 超高温高压
地壳 (crust)
地幔(mantle ) upper mantle; lower mantle
地核 (core)
4.板块构成学说
converge 碰撞; spread 张裂
mantle plume 地粒 、热点; a dive into b ; slide past each other
六、天文学题材
多考木星、太阳，近期多考彗星、小行星。
1.宇宙 (universe、cosmos) à 星系(galaxy )，星云(nebulae) à 恒星 (star、sun ) à 行星 (planet)à卫星 (satellite、moon )à 小行星(asteroid à 彗星(comet ) à陨星 (meteorite)
2.八大行星
Mercury —水星，Venus—金星，earth—地球， Mars—火星，Jupiter —木星，Saturn —土星，Uranus —天王星，Neptune — 海王星(第九大行星Pluto —-冥王星已被天文学界逐出行星之列)
3.物质粒子
molecule —分子，particle —粒子，proton—质子，electron —电子， neutron —中子，photon —光子，ion —离子
7.文学、艺术题材
1.文学
j 文学流派;k 作家、作品; l 文学体裁; m 作家生平。
2.艺术
j 流派， 主考画派、雕塑
k 发展：19世界以前美国落后，之后改善原因：经济发达。
l 改善方法：向欧洲， 尤其是英法学习。
m 艺术品向英法进口：当地没有; 生产技术水平落后。
篇4：托福阅读机经使用方法和注意事项指点
托福阅读机经能够在考前阶段帮助考生进行冲刺提分的准备，但考生能否用好阅读机经才是决定机经价值和学习效果的关键问题。在使用托福阅读机经时，考生需要注意这几个问题：
1. 托福阅读机经的文章怎么看?
首先，托福阅读机经的文章部分是考生需要看的重点。有的同学可能会觉得文章无所谓，看题目和答案才是首要目标，其实这种认识是错误的。托福阅读考试的特点决定了其文章可能不会变，但题目可能会有很大变化，毕竟只要有文章在，题目换个出题角度其实难度并不高。也就是说，托福阅读考试是以文章为根本的。所以考生刷阅读机经，重点首先要放在文章上。
那么文章到底要怎么看呢?小编认为大家对机经中文章的观看，关注点应该放在理解文章大意和结构框架上，文章里各个段落的一些细节内容大家没有必要去花太多心思理解甚至背诵，能够从整体上看懂文章在讲什么，段落和段落之间是以怎样的逻辑结构来关联起来的，了解了文章的整体脉络，大家才能更全面完整地理解这篇文章，之后无论托福怎样出题，考生都能在此基础上更为顺利的答题。哪怕在考试中只是遇到了相同的文章而题目完全不同，考生应该也是能够较为轻松的应对的。
2. 托福阅读机经的题目怎么学?
看完文章后，接下来大家要看的就是阅读的题目了。虽然前面也说了题目的重要性不如文章，但小编还是建议大家能够仔细观察每道题目的出题方式，学习其中的出题思路。时间精力允许的话最好自己动手把题目做一遍，无论对错都能积累一定的实战经验。另外，看题目时切忌背诵答案。哪道题目应该选哪个答案这种的信息其实完全不用去背，能够遇到完全一模一样的题目机会不大，如果题目改动过你还是按照原来背的顺序去选答案反而更容易出错扣分，本来凭自己实力能够做对的题目因为机经干扰反而做错了，岂不是非常可惜?
3. 托福阅读机经还要看什么?
除了题目和答案外，托福阅读机经小编还希望大家在刷题过程中能够汇总收集一下其中的词汇，特别是各类生词。这些词汇既然能够出现在阅读当中，就说明其具有一定的价值，作为高频或是热门词汇重复出现的可能性不低。在刷题过程中收集整理并集中记忆这些词汇，将会给大家之后的考试带来更多的把握，考生因为看不懂词汇导致无法解题的问题也会得到解决。
关于托福阅读机经的使用方法注意事项小编就为大家讲解到这里。托福考生在考前阶段刷机经是很有效的冲刺提分方式，而掌握了托福阅读机经的正确用法，也将让机经发挥出更多的价值，为考生获取高分提供更多的帮助。
托福写作解析:Arts or environment
Topic：Arts or environment?
A company is going to give some money either to support the arts or to protect the environment. Which do you think the company should choose? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
参考分析：
选择哪一个都可以。只要列举出两三个sound reasons。并且要在作文中提及另外一个选择的好处，以显示“考虑周全”。
需要考虑的至少有两点：
企业花钱，当然要考虑input-output ratio。投入哪一个活动中，公众效应更加明显?
社会作为受体，哪一个活动将对社会有更多的实际好处?
参考范文：
将钱投入在保护环境上
(1)保护环境，有利于人民的健康
(2)保护环境，能够更好地促进商业发展。
(3)公司将钱投入到环境上，能够提高自己的名声，更好的获得利益
Frankly speaking, both arts and environment are important to human being. However, if I were the CEO of a company, I would rather give the money to protect the environment than to support the arts. Because environment protection is quite urgent and matters the future of our globe, while arts is a continuous process to improve the quality of life.
First of all, environment protection is very urgent. Global warming is becoming more and more serious. Many spices are dying, the ice in South Pole is melting, and many rivers are being contaminated. Now it is time for us to do something to save our earth and our own future.
Secondly, environment protection is very important for all, including human being, plants, animals and the Earth. When I was a little boy, I often played in the river that is located beside my village. The water was so clean that we could just drink it directly. There were also many kinds of fishes in the river. It was such a beautiful place that I often played for a whole day. Now things are totally different, the water became brown in color due to pollution from factories, very few fishes can live there. Those small children can never enjoy the fun that I once did.
Thirdly, the art is a continuous process to improve the quality of life, which is not as urgent as environment protection. In addition, there are many ways by which funds can be raised for arts, such as exhibitions and auctions of artistic works. Environment protection needs money more urgently than arts do.
Although both arts and the environment are important, I prefer to give the money to support environment protection, due to the three reasons mentioned above.
托福写作解析:Dangerous sport
托福写作题目：
Topic：Dangerous sport
Why do you think some people are attracted to dangerous sports or other dangerous activities? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
参考分析：罗列出三个理由，比如：金钱、快乐、无知
参考范文：
人们喜欢危险运动的原因在于：
(1)现在的生活压力很大，生活枯燥，危险运动能够放松自己，给自己一些刺激。
(2)危险运动能够带来巨大的金钱收益。
(3)危险运动能够展示自己。
Have you experienced the fear of bungee jumping? Have you ever enjoyed the excitement of car racing? Nowadays, more and more people are attracted to such dangerous activities, especially the young people. Wondering why? After thinking about the lifestyle of those people, the reason goes as follows.
While the world is becoming more and more competitive, the tasks on each person's shoulders become heavier and heavier. People's everyday activities are very intense. The best way to relax and get relieved is to go in for dangerous activities, because while you are doing something dangerous, you have to concentrate on it, and you cannot think about anything else. Hence you relieved all the unhappiness and the troubles you had in the daily work.
In addition, to take risks and try out new things is one of human being's basic instincts. People always like to do something new, especially when something is popular as well. According to some statistics, the dangerous activities are becoming extremely popular among young people. If you do not try some dangerous activities, people will think that you are a coward and you are afraid of doing it. So it is reasonable enough for them to do dangerous sports to show their braveness.
However, I do not like dangerous activities and I believe the phenomenon that people are attracted to dangerous activities is just a whim. After realizing countless disadvantages of them, people will reconsider about them. Some safer activities to help people to get relieved will be developed afterwards.
托福写作解析:An important skill
托福写作题目：
Topic：An important skill
What is a very important skill a person should learn in order to be successful in the world today? Choose one skill and use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.
参考范文：
计算机技能是最重要的：
(1)计算机是工作中必须的。不会计算机软件的话，无法进行工作和学习。
(2)计算机已经成为人们互相交流的重要方面，如电子邮件等等。
(3)计算机技能能够大量的节省时间。一个成功的人必须把精力抽出来放在最重要的事情上。
Success has been an issue broadly discussed and defined by different approaches. Some say that being successful means being wealthy. Others associate success with popularity and power. A third approach would relate success with social and emotional well-being. So we come to the questions: “When can be someone considered successful?” and “What skills make success easier to achieve?“
In order to answer the second question, we should have a point of view about what success is. I consider that someone is really successful when that person is able to handle and enjoy social relationships. A leader can be powerful and recognized, but if he is unable to enjoy his leadership and feels lonely because he cannot establish a deep friendship, can we really say such leader is successful? On the other hand, a wealthy person may have all the possessions money can buy, but again, what if he cannot manage a marriage or a friendship? This person is likely to feel lonely and unsatisfied.
Developing social abilities may be a very helpful skill for a person to learn, in order to be successful in the social emotional side of his or her life. One ability to develop could be effective and assertive communication. Many misunderstandings and conflicts can be prevented if we express our ideas clearly and respectfully, and if we learn to ask for clarification when we feel threatened or offended by something someone told us. Another ability could be learning to handle teamwork. We need to learn to work with others at work, at home, at school, in our community. Getting into an agreement with our parents, children, coworkers and friends is a situation that can become hard to handle sometimes. Dealing with teamwork can be really helpful. Finally we could add the ability to deal with conflicts with others and conflicts with our own wishes or decisions. We will always find obstacles in our paths; it can be quite useful to know how to overcome them.
In my opinion, I would define success as being able to enjoy what you have, what you do and who you deal with everyday. And to achieve success, you should have skills that help you handle relationships with your peers. We are social creatures; we need each other to succeed, and to enjoy our success.
篇5：托福阅读机经使用中有哪些注意事项
托福阅读机经使用中有哪些注意事项?
一.托福阅读机经不要背答案
实上回忆托福阅读机经的考生的水平参差不齐，答案本身的正确率并不能确定。即便是答案全对的情况下，在时间相当紧张的情况下，也难免出现漏题或抄错题等等的笔误。然而，最严重的问题就是我们发现每次考试即便文章还是旧的文章，每次考试的题目并不是完全一样的。
也就是说，ETS的托福阅读题库中，对于每一篇文章并不是只有12-14道固定的题目。因为每名考生在2次考试中遇到同一篇考试的概率不大，所以大家会觉得文章都是重复的。但其实每次的考题并不完全一样。比较容易改变的是词汇题、插入句子题、简化句子题。对于细节题和要点总结题，选项也是可以很容易改变的。在这种形式下，记忆答案对大家来说是有百害而无一例的。
二.托福阅读机经正确用法
那么托福阅读机经对于大家来说，到底有什么用途呢?首先，我们如果熟悉托福阅读常考的文章和背景，在读文章的时候就可能比较容易预测出文章到底会说些什么。第二，我们可以根据阅读考试机经的文章，自己到微软大百科、维基百科或是大英百科全书中去做一些相关的英文背景阅读，这些也是题库资源所在，背景阅读可以帮助大家熟悉各个领域中的常见背景词汇，为大家的阅读考试扫清障碍。
托福阅读中要重视问句出现的地方
在做托福阅读时，我们会经常发现托福阅读文章中会出现好多带问号的疑问句，要知道很多时候托福阅读试题都是从这种问句中提炼出来的，那么后面的说明部分就显得很重要了，下面来看一看。
我们知道一般提出问题后，紧接着后面的句子是问题的回答或者答案，但是托福阅读文章中也有好多句子不是那种自问自答式，而是反而对问题的进一步解释从而加强疑问，在解题中如果能分清句子是在回答问题还是加强疑问，便可迅速提高做托福阅读试题效率和准确率。
1 自问自答式也就是提出问题，后面句子给予回答，这个很简单，一般都不会出错。在这里就不一一列举了。
2 加强疑问
Example 1 TPO5-3 The Cambrian Explosion
Paragraph 2: Scientists have asked important questions about this explosion for more than a century. Why did it occur so late in the history of Earth? The origin of multicellular forms of life seems a relatively simple step compared to the origin of life itself.
译文：科学家提出的一些问题。为什么Cambrian Explosion在地球历史这么晚的时候才发生?相比生命的起源，多细胞动物的起源应该是很简单的一步才对。
很显然，这问号问句后面的句子不是在回答为什么出现晚的问题，反而是进一步在追问和强调问题，既然多细胞动物的起源相比生命起源更简单，为什么还那么晚出现呢?进一步质疑。
Example 2 TPO8-2 Extinction of the Dinosaurs
Paragraph 3: If true, though, why did cold-blooded animals such as snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles survive the freezing winters and torrid summers? These animals are at the mercy of the climate to maintain a livable body temperature. It’s hard to understand why they would not be affected, whereas dinosaurs were left too crippled to cope, especially if, as some scientists believe, dinosaurs were warm-blooded.
译文：如果真是这样(极端温度变化导致了恐龙的灭绝)，那么为什么冷血动物，比如蛇类、蜥蜴、乌龟和鳄鱼却能够幸免于寒冬和酷夏呢?这些动物都是依赖于气温以使其身体保持适合生存的温度。很难理解它们为什么毫不受影响，然而恐龙却如此的无能以至于无法适应，尤其是有些科学家认为恐龙是热血动物。
理解了句子含义，解题便很简单了，如下所示Q3。
Q3. Why does the author mention the survival of “snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles” in paragraph 3?
○To argue that dinosaurs may have become extinct because they were not cold-blooded animals
l To question the adequacy of the hypothesis that climatic change related to sea levels caused the extinction of the dinosaurs
○To present examples of animals that could maintain a livable body temperature more easily than dinosaurs
○To support a hypothesis that these animals were not as sensitive to climate changes in the Cretaceous period as they are today
托福阅读解析：题目问问为什么作者要提及蛇，蜥蜴，海龟和鳄鱼的幸存。先通过snakes, lizards, turtles and crocodiles定位到段首句，这句说如果是对的，那么为什么这些动物可以在寒冬炎夏幸存呢。If true，说的是之前的内容，也就是上一段说的极端气候变化引起恐龙灭绝的理论如果是对的，though表示转折，所以通过这个问句，可以看出来，如果理论是对的，那么这些动物也该灭绝了，既然它们幸存了，那说明是理论有问题，所以这句提出的问题就是在质疑前文观点的可靠性，答案选B。
A选项恐龙不是冷血动物所以才灭绝了，错误，原文表达的是冷血动物对气候更敏感，更不容易活，既然它们都活下来了，那理论就有问题了。
C说冷血动物比恐龙更容易保持身体温度，错误，应该是更难才对。
D选项说冷血动物对气候变化不如恐龙敏感，错误，应该是更敏感才对。
通过上面对于托福阅读文章中带问号的句子的解析可以看出大家从这种句子的后面经常能总结出很多有助于解答托福阅读试题的信息，希望大家能利用好这个方法攻克托福阅读。
如何判断托福阅读中作者的态度
1. 标新立异：对于旧观点，传统观点，大多数人的观点，文章一般不赞同
负面词汇：most people, many...(以此开篇预示了文章态度eg.38)
2. 喜新厌旧：对于有创新意义的新观点，新想法，一般会持较正面的态度。
负面词汇：Traditionally, Common belief, Old, Many years ago, Creed
正面词汇：new, recently(recent), novel, reconstruction, reevaluation, new creed.
3. 对达尔文持否定态度
例如文章中出现了：生物进化论，环境适应性，环境选择性等，及类似观点，作者持有一定的负面态度。
4. 对女人，黑人，印第安人持正面态度
倾向于弱势群体。比如，维护女人，黑人，印第安人的权利。特别的，他们一定是女权主义者，而且总会认定妇女的解放运动还不够彻底，力度还不够大，女权主义者应做到更好。
5. ETS反对用政治观点评定文学价值
对于用政治倾向来评价文学作者的观点，作者一贯是反对的，或者说一贯以来是不对的。
托福阅读的最佳做题顺序
托福阅读最基本的做题顺序又能衍生变化出两种做题顺序：读一段文章，做相应的题目，然后再读一段，再做相应的题目;读文章各段首句，然后看题目，再找文章内相应部分做题。
对于多数人来说，可能“读文章各段首句，然后看题目，再找文章内相应部分做题”的托福阅读做题顺序会比较合适，读各段首句可以粗略掌握文章大意和结构，做题再看内容再做能大大降低“工作量”，但是这种做法不利于对全文的消化吸收，从而不利于做总结题，也可能会遗漏文章内的一些细节而导致做错细节题。而新托福目前反馈大都是顺序出题的，所以建议练习时就尽量往“读一段做相应题目，再读一段再做相应题目”这一顺序去靠拢，可以对文章有全面的把握，虽然总量上还是要读完全文，但是对大脑的短期记忆的负担要比通读全文再做题目小很多。
在IBT阅读中，甚至可以扩展到ETS所有考试的阅读题目中，如果要用一个词来概括的话，那就是paraphrase，意译。无论是题干还是正确选项，大都能在原文中找出一句话来与之相对应。即题目是原文的意译。这种意译是通过同义词来完成的。即题干中多用近义词来对原文中的句子进行替换，来达到提出问题或者提出正确答案的意思。准确把握意译，是多数题目中准确在原文中定位信息、或者在迷惑选项中选出正确的那个，都有着重要的作用。
关于先看题目还是先看文章的问题。也就是做题时间安排的问题。由于对问题的回答建立在了熟悉全文的基础上，每个问题又有足够的时间返回全文，每个选项都一一进行斟酌。
托福阅读文段一般都依照老美的思路来成文，首段、尾段、首句、尾句以及过渡段(句)很重要，只要是依据美国人的阅读思路来安排托福阅读做题顺序，那托福阅读就不会像你想象的那样难以拿分。
托福阅读中常见的十大题型
一：细节题(Factual Information)
解法：提取题干中关键词(key words)定位原文段落中所在关键词的所有句子。然后阅读定位句理解。对照四个选项，正确选项是正确定位句的同义转述或者同义改写。
正确选项特征：正确选项是原文正确定位句的同义改写或同义转述，简述。必须在意思上和语言逻辑结构上完全无条件的符合定位句。但是很多正确选项通常体现出概括，抽象，表达含蓄等等特点;或者从另一个逻辑层面对此问题进行描述。
错误选项的特征：如果说正确选项是那么的多变不定，那么错误选项比起正确选项来说可真是有章可循多了。细节的题的错误选项主要有以下几种：1：该选项的全部或者局部出现了该段落根本就没有涉及的信息，概念，特有名词等等。2：原文定位句没有出现比较级，最高级一类的语言现象，但是选项中出现了这种无端的比较。3：选项中出现了定位句范围以外的信息，尽管这些信息在本段落中的确被完全提及。4：选项中有某些形容词或者副词起到了加重语气从而使选项的叙述程度甚至方向发生了改变脱离原文语言风格叙述。
Tip: 细节题是10大题型中最基本的题型。细节题的核心解题方法是用关键词定位原文找定位句，然后再理解句子。所以做细节题必须定位做题。切忌凭自己阅读后的总体感觉不定位某句话而做题。很多人做细节题喜欢通读段落然后做题。这时候很多人在读文章时，看到该话题对于自己来说有一定的背景知识来帮助理解，于是就一边读一边和自己的背景知识进行横向，纵向的联系。以原文一部分信息和自己背景知识结合去做题。这样很容易就掉入到出题人设置的迷惑选项中(出题人是站在考生的角度来设置错误答案的，所以你最先想到的也是他最先想到的东西)，从而把题目做错。你之所把题目做错就是因为没有完全的100%的基于原文信息进行分析做题。出题人正是利用不同考生思维上的这种偏好和习性来设置这些个那些个的错误选项的。因为这些思维上的”小聪明“都不是一个人真实的语言能力的展现。 ETS的IBT考试作为一个语言考试，那么就一定要把这种由于考试带来的不可避免的缺陷程度降低到最低。这个道理在以后的那篇关于听力备考帖中我还会进一步阐述。
二：推论题(Inference)
解法： 提取题干中的关键词回文定位所有出现关键词的句子。然后综合各句提取结论性的信息。而该类信息通常不会被原文直接以字面意思表达出来，通常是言外之意(Connotation)
正确选项特征：含蓄，抽象，概括。
错误选项的特征：与细节题的错误选项特征基本相同。一般对于推论题来说，更保险的方法是用排除法做题。如果能排除3个错误选项，即使正确选项找不到定位点，不知道其”编码(encode)“的方式，也可以把题目做出来。但是使用排除法前提是必须阅读理解到足够多的信息，信息量能支持你用排除法做题。这就要求阅读能力相对来说高些。如果你在每一句话阅读上都花费大量的时间，这种方法对你来说只能成为时间上的累赘。这就是为什么我在前面强调练习一遍阅读理解难句的重要性。
三：指代题(Reference)
解法：1. 把四个选项代入原文阅读翻译，翻译不同的就是错误答案。
2. 代词的传递规则--同一个事物可以在后面的数句话中用不同代词或同一个进行同一个概念上的表达。做题时按照顺序从后往前”追溯本源\"。
正确选项特征：代词的就近原则--优先考虑距离代词最近的名词概念。最保险的方法是阅读翻译句子。
错误选项特征：代词的使用限制：代词不能隔句指代。对于完整的句子来说，代词只能相邻句子指代。但主从句间可以指代。
四：修辞题(Rhetoric)
解法：题干标出的关键词回文定位。首先阅读定位词所在的句子，然后阅读其下面的句子。如果发现后面在叙述中出现了两个事物，或者多个事物之间的比较，类比(similarity or difference)关系。则关键词所起的作用就是为了说明这种比较关系。正确答案是这种比较关系的结果，效果或所要说明的问题的现象本质。如果定位词后没有这种关系的比较，只是单独作为一个例子在叙述，在讲故事。则本题出题点不再后面而在前面。定位到定位词前面的句子。如果前面出现比较，类比信息则如法炮制。如果也没有的话，那就直接定位到例子前面的论点处。一般来说是本段落的TS(主题句)或者是分论点所在的句子。主题句出现的情况占的比例居多。正确答案是主题句或者分论点所在的句子的同义转述或者同义改写，简述。
正确选项特征：看情况而定
错误选项特征：原文没有出现的信息出现在了选项，该选项必错。如果两个选项同时都是该段落内某两句话的同义转述，则在定位句范围内的那个选项为正确选项。
五：句子简化题(Sentence Simplification)
解法：首先看原文标出的句子逻辑结构，并列，因果，让步转折，条件状语等等。正确选项必须符合这种逻辑结果所表达信息的完整性和逻辑性。如果有多个句子同时符合，则将这些选项中的主从句结构分别和原文标出的句子进行比较，不符合的排除。如果此时还有选项不能排除，则再通过阅读理解句子意思进行最后的选择。
正确选项特征：待定5
错误选项特征：原文没有出现的信息出现在了选项，该选项必错。逻辑结构不一致的必错。
六：插入句子题(Sentence Insertion)
解法：首先观察插入句的结构和句前有无指示代词。如有指示代词，则上一句话必须有这个代词所指代的正确对象出现。其次看插入句的结构。能不能承接下文。
正确选项特征：待定1
错误选项特征：段落的首句为正确选项的几率极低。插入空后如出现代词，则该空成为正确选项的几率极低(代词原则，插入句可能改变后面代词指代对象从而改变句意，违反插入句子题的出题原则)
七：词汇题(Vocabulary)
词汇题没有固定解法，词汇题的主旨就是考察应试者的词汇量。对于这类题只能通过背单词提升自己的正确率。但是需要强调的是，词汇题近来考察熟词辟意的趋势明显加大。例如：milk这个单词，通常不会考dairy product这个意思，而是会考它的动词意思:extract。所以大家在背单词的时候，一定要有意识的积累和总结这种熟词辟意的词汇，并且要重点记忆这些辟意。因为他们在真正考试中考到的几率是很大的。
八：事实否定题(NOT&&EXCEPT)
解法：定位题干关键词回原文，阅读其上下相关的所有内容，然后做题。此类题难度是除文章总结题和图表题外最大的题型。因为它要求我们阅读的信息量超越了其他题目数倍。
正确选项特征：1. 原文未提及的为正确选项;2. 与原文叙述矛盾的为正确选项;3. 当选项中同时出现看似未提及和明显矛盾的选项时，优先选择明显矛盾的选项。
错误选项特征：在其他类型题目能作为正确选项的在这种题型中均是错误答案。
九：文章总结题(Prose Summary)
解法：1. 阅读文章每段TS，比对选项进行选择。2. 排除明显的细节信息选项，然后剩下的就是正确选项。
正确选项特征：1. 正确选项必须与本题的引导句信息相关;2. 正确选项必须是文章中的重要信息--通常是段落的TS主题句改写;3. 正确选项必须是原文中处于被其他论据或细节支持的信息。
错误选项特征：1. 原文中的细节信息一旦出现该选项必错。2. 出现了原文没有提及过的信息，该选项必错。3. 与原文叙述矛盾的选项必错。
十：图表信息题(Fill In A Table)
解法：分别把选项中的信息定位回原文然后按照原文顺序进行分类入选。
正确选项特征：必须是原文提及的主要核心信息。
错误选项特征：1. 原文中的细节信息一旦出现该选项必错。2. 出现了原文没有提及过的信息，该选项必错。3. 与原文叙述矛盾的选项必错。
