下面就是小编给大家带来的初中英语语法助动词，本文共6篇，希望能帮助到大家!本文原稿由网友“SAK402”提供。
篇1：初中英语语法助动词
1.协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。
助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。例如：
He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。
doesn't是助动词，无词义。like是主要动词?有词义
2.助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用?可以用来
a. 表示时态;例如：
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已结婚。
b. 表示语态;例如：
He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句;例如：
Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗
Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗?
d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句。例如：I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气。例如：Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3.最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
拓展阅读：情态动词should“应该”
should作为情态动词用?常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等?有“竟会”的意思例如：：How should I know? 我怎么知道?
Why should you be so late today?
你今天为什么来得这么晚?
should有时表示应当做或发生的事?例如：
We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。
我们在使用时要注意以下几点
1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如：
You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。
2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如：
You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服?你最好去看医生。
3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如：
We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。
She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。
篇2：高中英语语法助动词知识点展示
高中英语语法助动词知识点展示
助动词
一.概念:
助动词是帮助主要动词构成各种时态,语态,语气以及否定或疑问结构的动词.助动词分为时态助动词和结构助动词两种.
二.相关知识点精讲:
1. 助动词be的用法
1) be +现在分词，构成进行时态。例如：
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2) be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。例如：
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
3) be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如：
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the freshmen. 我们要教新生。
说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令。例如：
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
c. 征求意见。例如：
How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他?
Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢?
d. 表示相约、商定。例如：
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
2. 助动词have的.用法
1)have +过去分词，构成完成时态。例如：
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。
2)have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：
I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。
3)have +been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：
English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。
3.助动词do 的用法
1)构成一般疑问句。例如：
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗?
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗?
篇3：英语语法之助动词考点梳理
5.2 什么是助动词 1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。 助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如： He doesn t like English.他不喜欢英语
5.2 什么是助动词
1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的`动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。
助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如：
He doesn't like English.他不喜欢英语。
（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义)
2） 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：
a. 表示时态，例如：
He is singing.他在唱歌。
He has got married.他已结婚。
b. 表示语态，例如：
He was sent to England.他被派往英国。
c. 构成疑问句，例如：
Do you like college life?你喜欢大学生活吗？
Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？
d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：
I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。
e. 加强语气，例如：
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。
3） 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
篇4：中学英语语法助动词与情态动词
(一)助动词
助动词本身无词义，它仅仅是用来帮助主要动词构成各种时态、语态、语气以及否定和疑问结构。
1)由be, have, shall(should), will(would)构成除现在一般时和过去一般时外的全部时态。如：
I shall be here any minute.
我将随时到达这里。(由shall构成将来一般时)
The train is now rapidly approaching the city of Beijing.
火车现在正迅速地临近北京城。(由is构成现在进行时)
We shall be having rain, rain, and nothing but rain.
我们会有没完没了的雨。(由shall be构成将来进行时)
The roads were full of people. We hadn't foreseen that.
路上都是人。这是我们事先未料到的。(由had构成过去完成时)
Soon they would have reached their time limit and must return to the camp.
不久规定的时间就要到了，他们就得回营地了。(由would have构成过去将来完成时)
He has been scoring plenty of goals this season.
在这个(足球)赛季里，他踢进了许多球。(由has been构成现在完成进行时)
2)由be构成被动语态。如：
One is not guilty until he is proved.
在没有证明有罪之前，人都是无罪的。(现在一般时的被动式)
She almost felt that she was being mocked.
她几乎感觉到她在被嘲弄。(过去进行时的被动式)
I suspected that I had been followed and watched since I arrived in London.
我怀疑我到达伦敦以后就已被跟踪和监视。(过去完成时的被动式)
I know he hates being interrupted.
我知道他不喜欢别人打断他的话。(动名词的被动式)
3)由had, should, would, should have, would have等构成各种虚拟语气。如：
If I had Jim's build, I'd go out for the wrestling team.
假如我有吉姆那样的体格，我早就去参加摔跤队了。
The soup would've been better if it had had less salt.
假如少放点盐，这汤会好喝得多?
4)由do构成现在一般时和过去一般时的疑问结构。如：
When do we meet again?
我们什么时候再见?
Did you know the hot dog did not originate in the United States, but in Germany?
你知道“热狗”不是来源于美国，而是来源于德国吗?
5)由do+ not构成现在一般时和过去一般时的否定结构。如：
Don't knit your brow like that.
别那样皱眉头。
We didn't think we'd be this late.
我们没想到我们会到得这么晚。
当两个或两个以上包含相同助动词的谓语动词并列时，后面的助动词通常省略。如：
The letter will be typed and sent off immediately.
这封信将立即打好并发出。
助动词在句中一般不重读，但当它代替前面的动词或强调动词的意义时则应重读。如：
-Do you speak English? 你会说英语吗?
-Yes, I do. 是，我会说。
But I have done it. 但是我把它干了。
be的形式和用法
助动词be有八种形式：
肯定式 缩略肯定式 否定式 缩略否定式
原形 be
现在式第一人称单数I am ’m am not aren't/'m not
现在式第三 人称单数he, she, it is 's is not isn't /'s not
现在式第二人称单、复数和第 一、三人称复数you, we, they are 're are not aren't/re not
过去式第一、三人称 单数I, he，she, it was was not wasn't
过去式第二人称单、复数 和第一、三人称复数you, we, they were were not weren't
现在分词 Being not being
过去分词 been not been
［注］在英国英语中，aren't使用很广泛。在美国英语中使用较多的是被认为非标准的ain't。
助动词be的主要用法是：
1)与现在分词构成各种进行时态以及与have和现在分词构成完成进行时态。如：
Fear of crime is slowly paralyzing American society.
犯罪恐惧症正逐渐地使美国社会陷于瘫痪。
The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered.
电话铃响了三分钟才有人接。
2)与过去分词构成被动语态。如：
He was an ardent fighter for freedom and independence. He was loved by millions and hated only by a handful.
他是个争取自由和独立的热诚战士，为成百万人所爱戴，为仅仅一小撮人所仇恨。
They came to Europe where their mother had been educated and stayed three years.
他们来到他们的母亲受教育的欧洲，并待了三年。
此外，be还可用作连系动词。如：
It was one of the happiest afternoons he had ever spent.
那是他有生以来最愉快的一个下午。
词组be to有情态意义，详见“情态动词”。
have的形式和用法
助动词have有五种形式：
肯定式 缩 略
肯定式 否定式 缩 略
否定式
原形 have 've have not haven't 've not
现在式第三人称单数 has 's has not hasn't 's not
过去式 had 'd had not hadn't
'd not
现在分词 having not having
过去分词 had
助动词have的主要用法是：
1)与过去分词构成各种完成时态。如：
Newton has explained the movements of the moon from the attractions of the earth.
牛顿阐明了月球受到地球引力而运行的规律。
Reluctantly, she opened the door, she had not kept it locked; there had been no need.
她勉强地开了门。她没有锁门，也没有必要锁门。
2)与been+ 现在分词构成各种完成进行时态。如：
Men have been digging salt out of it for six hundred years. and yet there seems as much left as ever.
人们在这里掘盐已六百年，但盐似乎还是那么多。
In another month's time Mr. Henry will have been teaching here for exactly thirty years.
再过一个月，亨利先生就将在这里从事教学整30年了。
此外，have还可用作实义动词，意谓“有”、“吃”等。如：
Bad news has wings.
丑事传千里。
You're anaemic, you must have some iron.
你患贫血症了，应该服一些铁。
have还可用作使役动词。如：
We now have the problem solved.
我们现已把这个问题解决了。
I had a tooth out this afternoon.
我今天下午拔了一颗牙。
have用作实义动词时不能使用缩略形式。词组have to有情态意义，详见“情态动词”。
do的形式和用法
助动词do有三种形式：
肯定式 否定式 缩略否定式
原形 do do not Don’t
现在式第三人称单数 does does not doesn't
过去式 did did not didn't
［注］do用作实义动词时有现在分词doing和过去分词done。
助动词do的主要用法是：
1)构成现在一般时和过去一般时的疑问句。如：
Do you always carry an umbrella?
你经常带伞吗?
Did everything come off all right?
一切都进行得顺利吗?
2)构成现在一般时和过去一般时的否定句。如：
She didn't cool down for hours after that argument.
在那场争辩之后，她有好几个小时都没平静下来。
Don't worry, he will be brought to book for his wickedness one day.
别担心，他的恶行总有一天要受到惩罚的。
［注］如用其它时态，疑问句的助动词须提至主语前，否定句的助动词之后加not。如： ①Will he be able to hear at such a distance?
离这么远，他会听得到吗?
②You haven't been abroad before, have you?
你以前没出过国，是吗?
3)用于替代，以避免重复。如：
-May I come round in the morning?
上午我可以来拜访你吗?
-Yes, please do.
可以，请来吧。(do替代come round)
I don't like coffee and neither does my wife.
我不喜欢咖啡，我妻子也不喜欢。(does替代like)
4)用于强调。如：
My parents think I didn't study for my exams, but I did study.
我爸爸妈妈认为我考试前没有复习，但我是复习了。
Although I have little time for entertainment, I do go to the theatre once in a while.
虽然我很少有时间娱乐，但我还是间或去看戏。
We're very pleased that she does intend to come.
她的确打算来，我们非常高兴。
The letter we were expecting never did arrive.
我们期待的信一直没有到。
-Do you remember how kind she was?
你记得她多友善吗?
-I certainly do remember.
当然记得。
5)用于恳求。如：
Do come to the party tonight
务请今晚来参加晚会。
Do be quiet!
请别作声!
此外，do还可用作实义动词，意谓“做”、“干”等等。如：
She interrupted him before his speech was done.
她不等他把话说完就打断了他。
will you do me a favor?
坏书有很大害处。
Bad books do great harm.
你愿帮我个忙吗?
She is doing the dishes.
她正在洗碟子。
I will do my best.
我愿尽力而为。
shall(should)和will(would)的形式和用法
助动词shall(过去式should)和will(过去式would)有下列几种形式：
肯定式 缩略肯定式 否定式 缩略否定式
shall 'll shall not shan't
should should not shouldn't
will 'll will not won't
'll not
would 'd would not wouldn't
'd not
助动词shall(should)和will(would)可用于构成各种将来和过去将来时态，shall(should)用于第一人称，will(would)用于第二、第三人称。在当代英语(尤其是美国英语中)，will(would)常用于一切人称。
1)shall用于各种将来时态的第一人称(当代英语多用will). 如：
We shall be going away tomorrow by an early train.
我们将于明日搭早班火车离开。
2)should用于各种过去将来时态的第一人称(当代英语多用would)。如：
So this was the place where I should study for the three years. It made a bad first impression.
后来，这就是我学习三年的地方，它给我的第一个印象可不好。
3)will用于各种将来时态的第二、三人称。如：
They will be looking for anyone connected with her.
他们将寻找每一个与她有往来的人。
4)would用于各种过去将来时态的第二、三人称。如：
They said it would be fine.
人们说天气会很好。
shall(should)和will(would)可用作情态动词，详见“情态动词”。
should和would可以构成虚拟语气，详见“虚拟语气”。
(二)情态动词
情态动词只有情态意义，即它所表示的是说话人对动作的观点，如需要、可能、意愿或怀疑等。
情态动词有以下特征：
1)在形式上，情态动词没有实义动词的各种变化，只有could, would, had to, was(或were)to, might等几个过去式。其它如must, ought to等的过去式皆与现在式同形。
2)在意义上，大多数情态动词有多个意义。如can可表“能够”“可能”“允许”等，may可表“可能”“允许”“目的”“让步”等。
3)在用法上，情态动词与助动词一样，须后接动词原形，构成谓语动词。
can(could)的形式和用法
can(could)有下列几种形式：
肯定式 否定式 缩略否定式
现在式 can cannot can't
过去式 could could not couldn't
［注］美国英语中往往用can not替代cannot。
can是现在式，多用于指现在或将来。如：
He can speak English.
他能说英语。
could是过去式，多用于指过去。如：
He could speak English when he was a child.
他小的时候就能说英语了。
但could亦可用于指现在，表虚拟语气，或作为can的委婉形式。如：
That man could do with a haircut.
那人需要理个发了。(表现在)
If I could go, I should be glad.
假如我能去，那我就会很高兴。(表虚拟语气)
Could I help you?
我能帮你干点什么?(比Can I help you委婉)
can (could)的基本用法是：
1)表能够。如：
I can lift this stone.
我能举起这块石头。(表体能)
Can you use chopsticks?
你能用筷子吗?(表技能)
I can see him tonight.
我今晚能见到他。(表可能)
can表能够时与短语be able to同义，但后者可用于名种时态，can表能够时可用于各种句式。如：
She can play a few simple tunes on the piano.
她能在钢琴上弹一些简单的调子。(肯定句)
Can you write with your left hand?
你能用左手写字吗?(疑问句)
I can not promise you anything.
我不能答应你任何事。(否定句)
can亦可指将来。如：
We can discuss your paper after lunch.
午饭后我们能讨论你的论文。
如需要强调将来时间时，则可用短语shall/will be able to。如：
I shall be able to earn my own living soon.
我很快就能自立了。
He says he'll be able to be home for Christmas.
他说他能回家过圣诞节。
Could主要指过去。如：
I said that I could go.
我说我能去。
单纯叙述过去事实时，最好用was或were+ able。如：
I was able to help you yesterday.
我昨天能帮你的。
但could也常可指现在或将来。如：
You could phone her, I suppose.
我看你可以给她打电话。
The river could easily overflow, couldn't it?
河水可能容易泛滥，不是吗?
如could与动词原形的完成式连用，则指过去未实现的动作。如：
She could have explained the mystery.
她本能够解释这个秘密的。(实际上未解释)
2)表可能。如：
The moon cannot always be at the full.
月不可能常圆。
can表可能时可指现在或将来。如：
You can perhaps obtain a dog from the Dogs' Home.
你也许可以从养狗场弄到一条狗。(肯定句)
What can he mean?
他可能是什么意思呢?(疑问句)
We can't use the indefinite article with this noun.
我们不可以在这个名词前用不定冠词。(否定句)
表可能时，could可指过去。如：
He said he couldn't agree more.
他说他再同意不过了。
could亦可指现在或将来，表虚拟语气。如：
It could be my mother.
可能是我母亲。
He could arrive tomorrow.
他可能明天到。
could与完成式连用，则指过去未实现的动作。如：
It could have been seen from here if it had not been so dark.
如果天不那么黑，你可能从这儿望见它的。(实际上已望不见)
3)表允许。如：
You can borrow my bike tomorrow.
明天你可以借用我的自行车。
表这个意义时，can用于疑问句时表要求，用于否定句时表不许。如：
Can you lend me a hand?
你能帮我一把吗?
This sort of thing can't go on!
这类事不能再继续了!
could指现在时，仅用于疑问句表更委婉的要求。如：
Could I interrupt a moment?
我可以插句话吗?
但这种表允许的用法可用于间接引语。如：
Father said I could swim in the river.
爸爸说我可以在河里游泳。
4)表怀疑。如：
Can it be true?
那会是真的吗?
表这个意义时，can仅用于一般疑问句，并有感情色彩。
can用于一般式，指现在。如：
Can he really be ill?
他真的会病了吗?
can用于进行式，指将来。如：
Can he be making the investigation all alone?
他会独自进行调查吗?
can用于完成式，指过去。如：
Can she have told a lie?
她会说谎吗?
can用于完成式或完成进行式时亦可表持续的动作。如：
Can she really have been at home all this time?
她真的会一直在家吗?
could指现在时亦可有这些用法，但暗含着更不确定的意义。如：
Could it be true?
Could she be telling lies?
Could he have said it?
Could he have been at home all this time?
Could she have been waiting for us so long?
5)can't表不大可能。如：
It can't be true.
那不大可能是真的。
can't会有感情色彩。如：
She can't be really ill.
她不大可能真的病了。(指现在)
She can't have been at home all this time.
她不大可能一直在家。(指过去)
could亦可有这些用法，但语气委婉。如：
It couldn't be true.
She couldn't be telling lies.
She couldn't have said it.
She couldn't have been at home all this time.
She couldn't have been waiting for us so long.
6)can和could用于特殊疑问句，有感情色彩，表惊讶、迷惑等。如：
What can(could) he mean?
他可能是什么意思呢?
7)can与could的比较：can与could表能够与可能时，can表真实，could表非真实。如：
He can speak English.
他能说英语。(表能够)
He could speak English if necessary.
他在必要时能说英语。
You can get the book from the library.
你可以从图书馆借到这本书。(表可能)
You could get the book from the library if necessary.
你在必要时可从图书馆借到这本书。
表允许和推测时，只是could语气较为委婉，含义较不确定。如：
Can I use your pen?
我可以借用你的笔吗?(表允许)
Could I use your pen?
(较为委婉)
Can it be true?
那可能是真的吗?(表推测)
Could it be true?
(较不确定)
It can't be true.
那不大可能是真的。(表不大可能)
It couldn't be true.
(较不确定)
8)用于固定习语。如：
She can't help crying.
她不禁哭起来。
He couldn't help laughing.
他不禁笑起来。
may(might)的形式和用法
may(might)有下列几种形式：
肯定式 否定式 缩略否定式
现在式 may may not mayn't
过去式 might might not mightn't
［注］mayn't比较少见。
may是现在式，多指现在。如：
It may be true.
那可能是真实的。
might是may的过去式，可用于指过去。如：
He told me that it might be true.
他告诉过我那可能是真的。
亦可用于指现在，但语气较为缓和、委婉，含义更不确定，或表虚拟语气。如：
It might be true.
那可能是真的。
Might I come and see you?
我可以来看你吗?
may(might)的基本用法是：
1)表可能，暗含不确定，等于possibly, perhaps或maybe。如：
He may be busy getting ready for his trip.
他也许在忙于准备外出旅行。
may表可能时，可用于肯定句和否定句。如：
He may be at home.
他也许在家。
He may not be at home.
他也许不在家。
may表可能时，常指将来。如：
He may come soon.
他也许马上就来。
may也可指现在。如：
He may not know about it.
他也许不知道那件事。
I never see him about now. For all I know, he may be writing a book.
我近来从未见他来着。就我所知，他也许在写书。
may用于完成式时指过去。如：
You may have read some account of the matter.
你也许读到过关于这件事的一些报道。
may用于完成式或完成进行式时亦可指持续的动作。如：
He may have been at home for about two hours.
他也许在家待了两小时了。
He may have been waiting for us for an hour.
他也许等我们一小时了。
might表可能时亦可有这些用法，与may的区别在于它的含义更不确定。如：
He might come soon.
他也许马上就会来的。
He might be ill.
他也许生病了吧。
He might be doing his lessons now.
他也许正在做功课吧。
He might have spoken to her yesterday.
他昨天也许同她说过话吧。
2)表允许。如：
The director is alone now. So you may see him now.
局长现在是独自一人，所以你可以现在去见他。
表这个意义时，may可用于肯定句和疑问句，亦可用于否定句，但不太常用。如：
You may smoke in here.
你可以在这儿抽烟。
May I smoke in here?
我可以在这儿抽烟吗?
You may not smoke in here.
你不可在这儿抽烟。
may表允许时仅用于一般式。
might用于疑问句，语气更委婉。如：
Might I join you?
我可以参加你们一道吗?
might亦可用于间接引语。如：
He told me that I might smoke in the room.
他告诉我可以在房间里抽烟。
3)表责备，只用might，用于肯定句。可用于一般式和完成式，后者则表未实现的动作。
如：
You might ask before you borrow my car.
你可以先问问我再借我的车子嘛。
You might have helped me.
你满可以帮我一把嘛。
4)may与might的比较：
might可表虚拟语气，may则不可。如：
It might help a little if you would only keep clean.
你只要愿意保持清洁，情况或许就会好一些。
在多数情况下，might比may语气更为缓和委婉，含义更不确定。如：
May I speak to him now?
Might I speak to him now?
He may come a little later.
He might come a little later.
表可能时只用may指现在，一般不用might指过去，might只用于间接引语中。表责备时则
只用might。如：
You may find the book at the library.
你可以在图书馆找到这本书。
You might have considered your parents' feelings.
你本可考虑你父母的感情嘛。
5)用于固定习语。如：
You may as well give him the letter.
你还是把信给他为好。
I might as well stay at home tonight.
我今晚还是待在家里吧。
may可用于某些宾语从句和目的、让步状语从句。如：
I fear he may fall ill.
我恐怕他会生病。(用于宾语从句)
He is coming here so that they may discuss it without delay.
他就要到这里来，这样他们可能立即讨论那件事。(用于目的状语从句)
However cold it may be, we'll go skiing.
天不管多冷，我们都要去滑雪。(用于让步状语从句)
7)can与may的比较：
can与may只有在表可能和允许时意义相同。但在这种情况下，它们也不能随意互换：表可能时，may仅用于肯定句，而can则可用于各种句式。如：
He may find this book at the library.
他可以在图书馆找到这本书。(may用于肯定句)
He can find this book at the library.
他能在图书馆找到这本书。(can用于肯定句)
Can he find this book at the library?
他能在图书馆找到这本书吗?(can用于疑问句)
He cannot find this book at the library.
他不可能在图书馆找到这本书。(can用于否定句)
表允许时，二者意义无甚区别，只是may较正式些，而can则比较口语化。如：
May I speak to you for a moment, professor?
我可以跟你谈一会儿吗，教授?
Can I have a cup of milk, mother?
我可以喝杯牛奶吗，妈妈?
must的形式和用法
must只有一种形式，其现在式与过去式同形。
肯定式 否定式 缩略否定式
must must not mustn't
它可指现在或将来，用于完成式时则可指过去，其过去式仅用于间接引语。
must的基本用法是：
1)表义务。如：
You must talk to your daughter about her future.
你必须跟你的女儿谈谈她的前途。
表这个意义时，must用于一般式，并用于肯定句和疑问句。
2)在否定结构中表不许。如：
He must not leave his room.
他不许离开他的房间。
表这个意义时，must用于一般式。
3)表坚定的建议。如：
You must come and see us when you're in London.
你到伦敦后应当来看看我们。
You mustn't miss the film. It is very good.
你不可错过那个影片，它很好看。
表这个意义时，must用于一般式，用于肯定句和否定句。
4)表推测，暗含很大的可能性。如：
He must be ill. He looks so pale.
他一定是病了。他的脸色苍白。
表这个意义时，must仅用于肯定句，不能用于疑问句或否定句。它可以用于不同时式，仅可指现在，动态动词则用于进行式。如：
Let's have something to eat. You must be starving.
我们吃点东西吧。你一定饿了。
5)可用于不同时式，表不同意义。表义务。如：
You must stay here.
你必须待在这儿。
亦可表推测。如：
He must be over fifty.
他一定有五十开外了。
must可用于完成式，指过去。如：
It is six o'clock. She must have come home.
现在是六点，她一定到家了。
must用于完成进行时，可表持续的动作。如：
It must have been raining all the night. There are big puddles in the garden.
雨一定是下了整整一夜，花园里有大片大片的水。
6)用于间接引语，表过去。如：
He said he must go.
他说他必须去。
7)用于固定习语。如：
He must needs go there.
他偏偏要去那儿。
8)must与may的比较。二者均可表推测，但侧重点不一样：may暗含不确定，must暗含很可能。如：
For all I know, he may be an actor. His face seems so familiar.
就我所看，他可能是个演员，他似乎很面熟。
He must be an actor. His voice carries so well.
他一定是个演员，他的声音很洪亮。
may和must均可用于否定句，表不许，但may较少用。对may表要求时的否定回答，一般用must not或cannot。如：
-May I smoke here?
我可以在这儿抽烟吗?
-No, you mustn't(can't).
不，不行。
have to的形式和用法
词组have to也是情态动词。它由have+ to组成，因此具有have的各种时式。如：
He is an invalid and has to have a nurse.
他是个病弱之人，需要护士照顾。
She knew what she had to do.
她知道她需要做什么。
I shall have to reconsider my position.
我将不得不重新考虑我的立场。
He is always having to exercise judgment.
他经常需要进行判断。
have to的疑问和否定结构多用助动词do构成。如：
Why do I have to do everything?
为什么事事都得我干?
Did he have to tell them about it?
他必须把那件事告诉他们吗?
You don't have to explain.
你不必作解释了。
have to的基本用法是：
1)表客观的义务或需要。可用于各种句式，但只用于一般式。如：
He had to do it.
他必须做那件事。
Did he have to do it?
他得做那件事吗?
在否 定句中，have to表不需要，must表不许。试比较：
You don't have to go there.
你不需要去那儿。
You mustn't go there.
你不可去那儿。
2)在口语中，have got to亦可表义务和需要，与have to基本同义。如：
He has got to go right now.
Has he got to go right now?
He hasn't got to go just yet.
3)固定词组had better表可取，意谓“最好”，或“应该”，常用于一般式。如：
You'd better get some sleep.
你最 好去睡一睡。(对同辈或小辈，对长辈不可用you had better)
Hadn't we better stop now?
我们现在停下来不好吗?(亦可说Had we better not…?但had better一般不可用于肯定疑问句)
有时可省去had。如：
Better say yes, if they ask you.
如果他们问你，你最好说“是”。
had better亦可用于进行式，意谓“最好立即”。如：
I think I'd better be going.
我想我最好就走。
had better亦可用于完成式，表未完成动作。如：
You had better have done that.
你最好把那件事做完。(可是你没有做完)
［注］had best与had better同义，但较少用。
be to的形式和用法
词组be to亦可看作情态动词。它只有现在式和过去式两种形式。如：
The book of Irish Fairy Tales is to appear soon.
这本爱尔兰童话集即将出版。
We were to meet at six.
我们约定六点见面。
be to的基本用法是：
1)表计划，只用于肯定句和疑问句。如：
When is the wedding to be?
婚礼什么时候举行?
We were to discuss it the following week.
我们打算下周讨论那件事。
be to 的过去式可用于完成式，表未完成的计划。如：
I promised to go to a club with her last Tuesday, and I really forgot all about it. We were to have played a duet together.
我答应本周二同她去俱乐部，可我真的把这事全忘了。我们原打算一起二重唱的。
2)表命令，只用于肯定句和否定句。如：
All junior officers are to report to the colonel at once.
全体下级军官都必须立即向上校报告。
3)表可能，多用于被动结构。如：
Her father was often to be seen in the bar of this hotel.
在这家旅馆的酒吧间经常可见到她父亲。
Where is he to be found?
在哪儿可找到他?
4)表应该，多用现在式。如：
What is to be done?
应该怎么办?
He's to blame.
该怪他。
5)表注定，多用过去式。如：
He was to be my teacher and friend for many years to come.
在后来许多年里，他是我的老师和朋友。
6)用于固定习语。如：
What am I to do?
我该怎么办?
7)用于条件从句。如：
If we are to succeed, we must redouble our efforts.
我们要想成功，必须加倍努力才行。(are to意为“想要”)
8)must, have to与be to的比较：表现在时，三者皆表义务，但侧重不一样。must强调说话者主观的看法。如：
I must do it.
我必须做那件事。
have to强调客观的需要。如：
What a pity you have to go now.
可惜你马上要走了。
be to强调应该。如：
The traffic regulations are to be observed.
应该遵守交通规则。
用过去式时，must只用于间接引语中。如：
He said he must do it himself.
他说过他必须独自去做那件事。
had to表客观需要。如：
I had to sell my car.
我只得卖车。
was(或were)to表过去的动作。如：
We were to meet him at the station.
我们打算去车站接他。(在一定的上下文中也可意谓“我们本打算去车站接他的”)
be going to的形式和用法
词组be going to亦可看作情态动词，有现在式和过去式两种形式。
be going to的基本用法是：
1)表打算。如：
What are you going to do tomorrow?
你明天打算干什么?
2)表即将。如：
Look out! The ice is going to crack!
当心!冰要塌了!
3)表决心。如：
I'm going to oppose the proposal.
我要反对这项建议。
4)表肯定。如：
There's going to be trouble.
要出事了。
5)表可能。如：
It's going to rain.
要下雨了。
6)表命令。如：
Now you are going to hurry.
现在你要快点了。
7)词组be about to亦有情态意义，表即将。如：
The meeting is about to begin.
会议即将开始。
ought to的形式和用法
情态动词ought to只有一种形式：
肯定式 否定式 缩略否定式
ought to ought not to oughtn't to
ought to的基本用法是：
1)表义务，用于各种句式。如：
You ought to go to see the doctor.
你应该去瞧大夫。
You oughtn't to smoke so much?
你不应该抽这么多烟。
Ought you to smoke so much?
你应该抽这么多烟吗?
［注］在美国英语中，ought to在否定和疑问句中可省去to, 如：
You oughtn't smoke so much.
你不应该抽这么多烟。
Ought you smoke so much?
你应该抽这么多烟吗?
一般说来，ought to用以指将来，指现在时则用于进行式。如：
At your age you ought to be earning your living.
你到这个年龄应当自食其力了。
ought to亦可用于完成式，在肯定句中表未完成的动作。如：
You ought to have done something to help him.
你本应该做些事去帮助他。
在否定句中，则表已完成的动作。如：
You oughtn't to have married her, David. It was a great mistake.
你本不该跟她结婚，戴维，那是个大错误。
在间接引语中表过去时形式不变。如：
He said you ought to tell the police.
他说你应当去报警。
［注］ought to往往与should同义，在生活交际中人们多用后者。但有时ought to有针对性，should则表一般的忠告，试比较：
We ought not to tell falsehoods. 我们可不应该说谎话。
We should not tell falsehoods. 我们不应该说谎话。
2)表推测，暗含很大的可能，其语气较must弱。如：
Ask John. He ought to know.
去问约翰吧。他该知道。
shall与should的形式和用法
shall和should用作助动词时，should是shall的过去式；用作情态动词时，shall和should是两个不同的词。
1)shall表义务，用于第二、第三人称。如：
You shall do as you see me do.
你照我的样子办。
He shall be punished if he disobeys.
他如不服从就要受处罚。
在当代英语中，shall多用于正式法律文字。如：
The vendor shall maintain the equipment in good repair.
卖方须完好地维护设备。
有时在从句中相当于must。如：
It has been decided that the proposal shall not be opposed.
已经决定不得反对这项提议。
2)shall表许诺，用于第二、第三人称，用于肯定句和否定句。如：
You shall have my answer tomorrow.
你明天可以得到我的答复。
She shall get her share.
她可以得到她的一份。
3)shall表征询意见，用于第一、第三人称，并用于疑问句。如：
Shall I get you some fresh coffee, Miss Mary?
玛丽小姐，我给您点淡咖啡好吗?
What shall he do next?
他下一步干什么呢?
［注］美国英语亦可用will，如：
Will I see you in the morning?No?Then good luck to you.
(我明早见你好吗?不行?那就祝你走运。)
4)should表义务，可用于各种句式，通常指将来。如：
You should do what your parents tell you.
你应该照你父母的话办。
用于第一人称疑问句，表征询意见。如：
Should I open the window?
我可以开窗户吗?
亦可指现在。如：
You shouldn't feel so unhappy over such trifles.
对这种小事，你不应该感到这么不高兴。
指现在亦可用进行式。如：
You shouldn't be sitting in the sun.
你不应该坐在阳光下。
should用于完成式时，用于肯定句，表应完成但未完成的动作。如：
He looks very ill. He should have stayed at home.
他看样子病很严重，本应该待在家里。
用于否定句，则表不应完成但已完成的动作。如：
They shouldn't have concealed it from us.
他们本不应该对我们隐瞒那件事。
5)should表推测，暗含很大的可能。如：
The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors.
这部影片是一流演员主演的，可能拍得很好。
有时有“有根据或把握”的含义。如：
I should know her among a thousand.
她在千百人中，我也会认识她。
6)should可在某些从句中，表虚拟语气。如：
I suggest that you should stay here as if nothing had happened.
我建议你应该待在这儿，好像什么事也没有发生。
7)should表感情色彩，常用在以why, how开头的疑问句中，如：
Why shouldn't you invite him?
为什么你竟不邀请他?
How should I know?
我怎么知道?
注意下面一例中should用于一种特殊结构：
As I was crossing the street, whom should I meet but Aunt Ann.
我过街时见到的竟是安姑母。(用于特殊结构)
有时可用于完成式。如：
I went into business with her as her partner. Why shouldn't I have done it?
我同她合伙做生意。为什么我不应这样干?
在that引导的从句中，should亦可表感情色彩。如：
I'm sorry that you should think so badly of me.
你竟把我想得这样坏，我感到遗憾。
should还用于一些特殊结构，表感情色彩。如：
That it should come to this!
事情竟到了这种地步!
8)must, should与ought to的比较：三者均表义务，但must最强烈。如：
You must do it at once.
你必须立即做这件事。
而should和ought to则是“应当”的意思。如：
You should do it at once.
You ought to do it at once.
should与ought to含义相似，常可互换。但ought to常指特殊情况，而should则常指一般情况。如：
You ought to help him; he is in trouble.
你应该帮助他，他有麻烦。
You should use the transitive verb in the sentence.
在这个句子中你应该用及物动词。
must, ought to与should均可表推测，暗含很大的可能，但must用得较多，语气也较顺。
9)should, ought to与was/were to用于完成式的比较：should+ 完成式与ought to+ 完成式表所期望的动作未完成，was/were to+ 完成式则表所计划的动作未完成。如：
You should have helped him.
你本该帮助他的。
You ought to have warned him.
你本该预先提醒他的。
He was to have arrived last week.
他本该上周到的。
will(would)的形式和用法
will(would)有下列几种形式。
肯定式 缩略 肯定式 否定式 缩略 否定式
现在式 will 'll will not won't 'll not
过去式 would 'd would not wouldn't
'd not
will是现在式，用于指现在。如：
She will not shove the heavy load on to others.
她不愿把重担推给别人。
would是will的过去式，用于指过去。如：
They asked us if we would have a look-round first.
他们问我们想不想先去四下转转。
但亦可指现在，语气比较缓和、委婉。如：
Would you please pass me the salt?
请递给我盐好吗?
will的基本用法是：
1)will(would)表意愿，主要用于第一人称；will指将来，would通常用于间接引语，指过去的将来。如：
I won't argue with you.
我不愿意跟你争辩。
I said I would do anything for him.
我说过我愿意为他做任何事。
2)will(would)表拒绝，用于否定句。如：
The doctor knows I won't be operated on.
大夫知道我不想做手术。
He was wet through, but he wouldn't change.
他全身湿透了，但不想换衣服。
如主语为物，则意为“不起作用”。如：
The drawer won't shut.
抽屉关不上了。
My fountain pen wouldn't write.
我的自来水笔不能写字了。
3)will(would)表习惯或反复发生的动作。如：
John will fall asleep in church.
约翰做礼拜时老睡觉。
Most often we would find him lying on a couch, reading.
我们经常看到他躺在一张长沙发上看书。
有时重读will就有批评的含义。如：
You will keep forgetting things.
你总是不断地忘事儿。
will可表客观事实。如：
Gold won't dissolve in hydrochloric acid.
金在盐酸中不溶解。
4)will(would)表请求，指将来，用于疑问句。如：
Will you dine with me tomorrow, Lewis?
刘易斯，明天你同我一道吃饭好吗?
如用would，则语气更客气。如：
Would you mind closing the door?
请关上门好吗?
5)will(would)用于if引导的条件从句，亦表意愿。如：
No, we are not going to quarrel at all if you'll only let me talk.
不，我们根本不会吵架，只要你让我说话。
6)will表料想，指现在或将来；用于进行式时指现在；用于完成式时则指过去。皆用于第二、第三人称。如：
This will be the school, I believe.
我想这大概是那所学校。
Hurry up. They will be waiting.
快点儿吧。他们一定在等我们哩。
You will have heard the news, I'm sure.
我想你大概听到了这个消息。
有时will表难免。如：
Boys will be boys.
孩子毕竟是孩子。
7)would表感情色彩。用于肯定句和否定句。如：
-Auntie Meg has been very brave.
梅格姑母一直很勇敢。
-Yes. She would be brave.
是呀，她当然勇敢。(意料中的事)
-I don't understand him and I don't approve of his decision
我不明白他的意思，所以不赞同他的决定。
-No, you wouldn't.
是呀，你当然不赞成。(我没有指望你赞成)
8)would用于wish后的从句中。如：
I wish the rain would stop for a moment.
我希望雨停一会儿。
9)would用于固定习语。如：
“I'd rather do it myself”, said Luke.
“我宁愿自己干，”卢克说。
would…mind用于疑问句和否定句。如：
Would you mind my staying here for a while?
你在意我在这儿待一会儿吗?
10)would与used to的比较：二者均可表习惯。如：
When we were children we used to/would go skating every winter.
我们小的时候每年冬天都去滑冰。
used to与would之不同在于used to有现在已无此习惯的含义，并可表一次性动作。如：
I used to have an old Rolls Royce.
我曾有过一辆旧的罗尔斯罗伊斯小轿车。(此处不能用would)
need的形式和用法
need既可用作情态动词，亦可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，它只有一种形式，后跟不带to的动词不定式，只用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时，它有动词的全部形式，即现在时单数第三人称needs，现在分词needing以及过去式和过去分词needed，后跟带to的不定式，可用于一切句式。如：
情态动词 实义动词
肯定式 He needed to escape.
否定式 He needn't escape. He doesn't need to escape.
肯定疑问式 Need we escape? Do we need to escape?
否定疑问式 Needn't he escape
after all? Doesn't he need to
escape after all?
情态动词need的基本用法是：
1)表需要，指现在或将来，只用于否定句和疑问句。如：
You need not meet him unless you'd like to.
除非你愿意，你不需要见他。
Need I repeat it?
我需要再将它重复一遍吗?
need一般不用于肯定句，但可用于含有否定句意味的肯定句中。如：
He need do it but once.
他只需做一次，(but once=no more than one)
need的过去式形式不变。如：
He said he need not hurry.
他说他不必匆忙。
need可用于完成式，表不需要完成但已完成的动作，暗含时间或精力的浪费。如：
You needn't have bought it.
你没有必要买它。(但你却买了)
有时亦可与进行式连用。如：
We needn't be standing here in the rain.
我们没有必要站在这里被雨淋。
2)情态动词need和实义动词need偶尔也有揉合的情况。如：
All he needs have is foresight.
他所需要的是预见性。
［注］在美国英语中，常用needn't代替don't have to，如You needn't tell George(你不必告诉乔治)。
3)shouldn't, oughtn't to与needn't等加完成式的比较；shouldn't+ 完成式和oughtn't+ 完成式表已完成不该完成的动作，needn't+ 完成式表已完成不需要完成的动作。如：
You shouldn't have come.
你本不应该来。
You oughtn't to have written to them.
你本不应该给他们写信。
You needn't have come.
你本不需要来。
dare的形式和用法
同need一样，dare既可用作情态动词，亦可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，它只有一种形式，后跟不带to的不定式，主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时，它有动词的全部形式，即现在时单数第三人称dares, 现在分词daring以及过去式和过去分词dared, 后跟带to的不定式，可用于一切句式。如：
情态助动词
肯定式 He dared to escape.
否定式 He daren't escape. He doesn't dare to escape.
肯定疑问式 Dare we escape? Do we dare to escape?
否定疑问式 Dare he not escape? Doesn't he dare to escape?
情态动词dare的基本用法是：
1)表敢于，指现在或过去。如：
I dare not go there.
我不敢去那儿。
指过去时形式不变。如：
The king was so hot-tempered that no one dare tell him the bad news.
国王脾气很大，没有人敢对他讲坏消息。
dare可用于完成式。如：
I daren't have done it yesterday, but I think I dare now.
我昨天不敢做此事，但我想我现在敢做了。
2)情态动词dare和实义动词dare偶尔有揉合的情况。如：
She dared say no more.
她不再敢说了。
I didn't dare come before because I was told you were very strict.
我以前不敢来，因为我听说你非常严厉。
3)用于固定习语。如：
My son is not in town, but I dare say he will be before long.
我儿子现不在城里，不过我想不久他会来的。
4)dare say可连写。如：
I daresay you are right.
我想你是对的。
篇5：英语语法知识讲解：助动词和情态动词
1.助动词：辅助其他动词构成时态、语态、疑问句式、否定名式的动词。助动词有些词义，有些没有词义，或者暗含一点词义。放在谓语首位置助动词会受主语人称、数的限制，其他位置不会受限制。
2.英语中有19个助动词：
do does did
shall will should would
have has had having
be am is are was were been being
3.情态动词：放在谓语动词的首位，辅助其他动词构成谓语，给谓语增加“可以，愿意，能够，应该，必须”等意思。
情态动词的性质、作用与助动词相同，除了给谓语增加一点意思外，还代替助动词与其他动词构成疑问句式和否定句式。但它们没有人称、数的变化，并且只能用在谓语中，不能用于为以外的成分中。
4.英语的情诚动词有：
5.助动词和情态动词的对比：
篇6：初中英语语法
（一）
一.词类(Parts of Speech)
名词 英文名称The Noun(缩写为n.) 表示人或事物的名称 例词boy,clock,book等
冠词 英文名称The Article(缩写为art.) 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人和或事物。 例词a(an),the
代词 英文名称The Pronoun(缩写为pron) 用来代替名词、形容词或是数词 例词we,that,his,what
形容词 英文名称The Adjective(缩写为adj.) 用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征
例词 old,red,fine,good.
数词 英文名称The Numeral(缩写为num.) 表示数量或是顺序。例词 one,thirteen
first
动词 英文名称The Verb(缩写为v.) 表示动作或状态。例词sit,go,be(am,is,are)
副词 英文名称The Adverb(缩写为adv.) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。例词not
too,here,very
介词 英文单词The Preposition(缩写为prep.) 表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的
关系。 例词in,on,of,to,under.
连词 英文单词The Conjunction(缩写为conj.) 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句
与句。 例词and,or,but.
感叹词 英文单词The Interjection(缩写为interj.) 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等
情感。 例词oh,hello,hi,er.
二.名词(Nouns)
1.总的说来,名词分专有名词和普通名词两类。
专有名词: 表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称。
Lucy China 中国 Asia 亚洲 Beijing 北京 。
专有名词的第一个字母要大写。
普通名词: 表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如:
teacher 老师 tea 茶 reform 改革
普通名词又可进一步分为四类
1) 个体名称: 表示单个的人和事物。
house 马 car 汽车 room 房间 apple 苹果 fun 风扇 picture 照片
2) 集体名称: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。
people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队 government 政府 group 集团
3) 物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。
fire 火 steel 钢 air 空气 water 水 milk 牛奶
4)抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。
labour 劳动 health 健康 life 生活 friendship友情 patience耐力
2.名词按其所表现的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。
可数名词(Countable Nouns)有复数形式,如:
an apple two apples a car some cars
不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)一般没有复数形式.
抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。
sand 沙 sugar 糖
有少数名词即可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。
glass 玻璃 glass 玻璃杯 paper 纸 paper 报纸,文件
名词的功能
名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。
The bag is in the desk. bag 作主语。
书包在桌子里边。
I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作宾语。
昨天我洗了我的衣服。
This is a good book. book 作表语。
这是一本好书。
We elected him our monitor. monitor作宾语补助语。
我们选他为我们的班长。
Mary lives with her parents. parents作介词宾语.
玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起。
He is a Party member. Party 作定语.
他是一名党员。
They study hard day and night. day and night作状语。
他们白天黑夜地学习。
3.可数名词有单数(the Singular Nunmber)和复数(the Plural Number)两种形式。
名词的复数形式(The Plural Form Nouns)的部分规则如下:
1) 一般情况下,在词尾加 -s. 例如:
bags，maps，pens，desks，workers
2) 以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es.例如:
buses watches boxes
3) 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s.例如:
licences blouses oranges
4) 以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加-es.例如:
babies families
5) 名词以 -f 或 -fe 结尾的,把 -f 或-fe 变成 -ves.
bookshelves， wives， knives
注:英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,需要一一记忆常见的有，
man - men woman - womenfoot - feet
tooth - teeth mouse - nice ox - oxen
sheep - sheep dear - dear fish - fish
英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现。
scissors 剪刀 goods 货物 trousers 裤子 clothes 衣服 glasses 玻璃杯
4.名词的所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns)
在英语中,名词的格有三个,主格,宾格和所有格。
它们的形式及其变化表示与其他词的关系。
实际上, 主格和宾格通过它在句中的作用和位置来确定。
The bird is in the tree. 鸟在树上。 bird 作主语, 是主格。
I saw a film yesterday. 昨天我看了一场电影。 film 作宾语,是宾格。
名词的所有格: 名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格。
Lu Xun's book is worth reading.
鲁迅的书值得一读。
This is my father's room.
这是我父亲的房间。
名词所有格的构成
单数名词 加's 例词:Mike's father
以s结尾的复数名词 加' 例词:the teachers' room
不以s结尾的复数名词 加's 例词:men's women's
三、代词(Pronouns)
1.人称代词(Personal Pronouns)
第一人称单数主格I(复数We) 单数宾格me(复数us)
第二人称单数主格you(复数you) 单数宾格you(复数you)
第三人称单数主格he,she,it(复数they) 单数宾格him,her,it(复数them)
2.物主代词(Possessive Pronouns)
形容词性物主代词第一人称单数my(复数our)
形容词性物主代词第二人称单数your(复数your)
形容词性物主代词第三人称单数his,her,its(复数their)
名词性物主代词第一人称单数mine(复述ours)
名词性物主代词第二人称单数yours(复数yours)
名词性物主代词第三人称单数his,hers,its(复数theirs)
四、数词(Numeral)
表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。
表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
基数词(Cardinal Numbers)
1 one 2 two 3three 4four 5five 6six
11eleven 12twelve 13thirteen 20twenty
21twenty-one 40fouty 100one hundred
五、动词(Verb)
一般现在时(The Simple Present Tense)
一般现在时表示现在的状态
如:He is twelve.She is at home.
表示经常的或是习惯性的动作.
如:I go to school at 7:30 every day.
表示主语具备的的性格和能力等
如:She like apple.They know English.
1.动词be(Verb to be)
肯定式I am......否定I am not....
肯定式You are...否定式You are not....
肯定式He/She/It is....否定式He/She/It is not....
疑问句和简略答语
Am I ....?
Yes,you are./No,I you are not.
Are you....?
Yes,I am./No,I am not.
2.There be结构
“There is/are+某物/某人+某地/某时”这样一种句型,大致相当于汉语
“某地/某时有某物/某人”的说法.句子的is/are和后面所跟的名词在数
方面必须是一致.
肯定式:There is(There's)a table in your room.
There are(There're)some pencils on the desk.
否定式:There is not(There isn't)any cats here.
There are not(aren't)any cats here.
疑问式和简略答语
Is there a ruler in your bag?
Yes,there is./No,there is not(isn't).
Are there any people in that house?
Yes,there are./No,there are not(aren't).
How many kites are there in the sky?
There are thirteen.
六、介词(Prepositions)
介词一般用于名词或代词前,表示该词与句子其他成分的关系.介词后面的名词
或代词称为介词宾语.介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语.
本册课本出现的介词短语如下:
at: at home at school at six thirty
behind: behind the door/tree behind one's chair
beside: beside the door beside the house
from: from one to a hundred
in: in Row/Team/Class/Grade4
in one's school/grade/class/team/rom
in your desk/pencil-box/bedroom
in the picture in the same class in different classes
in English in the hat in the morning/afternoon
like: like this/that
near: near the window near the door
of: a picture of a classroom a map of China
the name of her cat the wall of their classroon
on: on the desk/chair on the floor on the wall on the bike
on the duty
to:(a quarter)to ten (go)to school/bed/work
under: under the desk/table under the tree/window under one's chair/bed
(1) 表示时间：
at: 表示某一时间点
如： at noon
on: 表示特定的日子
如： on Christmas
in: 表示一段不具体的时间
如： in the morning， in the Second world war
如表示在某一特定的早上、下午则用on
如： on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morning
during: 表示期间内的某个时期
如: during the night, during the Second World War
for: 其后接表示一段时间长度的词
如： for three days
through: 表示在整个期间没有间歇
例： It snowed through the night.
till/until: 表示动作持续的终点
例：I studied hard till twelve o'clock last night.
by: 表示动作完成期限
例： I'll be back by five o'clock.
since: 表示某动作的起始点
例：I have studied English since 1990．
(2) 表示地点：
at: 表示较小的地点
如： arrived at the school gate
in: 表示较大的地点
如： arrived in Shanghai
for: 表示目的地
例： I'll leave for Shanghai.
above: 表示上面，上方，其反意词是below
over: 表示垂直上方，其反意词是under
例： The dog jumped over the table.
through: 表示穿过
如： through the forest
across: 表示平原上的跨越
例： I want to walk across the road.
七、句子的种类(Kinds of Sentences)
英语的句子按照用途可分为以下四类:
陈述句 用途是用来说明事实或说话人的看法 例句:I can see a map on the wall.
I think it's his.
疑问句 用途是用来提出问题. 例句:Are you Mr Green?
Can you find it ? How old are you?
祈使句 用途是用来表示请求和命令. 例句: Sstand up.Come in,please.
Let's play games.
感叹句 用途是用来表达强烈的感情. 例句:What a fine day it is!
How beautiful the flowers are!
八、一般疑问句和 特殊疑问句
一般疑问句子和特殊疑问句
一般疑问句（General Question）一般是指用Yes或No回答的疑问句。
例如：Is she at school today? Yes,she is/No,she isn't.
Can you see a pencile on the desk? Yes,I can./No,I can't.
Do you play football? Yes,they do./No,they don't.
特殊疑问句是以特殊疑问词开头的疑问句.
(二)
一.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
(The Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjective and Adverbs)
大多数形容词和副词有三个等级：
1)原级，即原形。
2)比较级，表示“较……”或“更……一些”的意思。
3)最高级，表示“最……”的意思。
1.形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成
(1)规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词
一般在词尾加-er或-est
cold colder coldest
strong stronger strongest
fast faster fastest
slow slow slowest
以字母e结尾的形容词，加-r或-st
nice nicer nicest
large larger largest
重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时，应先双写辅音字母，再加-er或-est
big bigger biggest
thin thinner thinnest
hot hotter hottest
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词，先改“y”为“i”，再加-er或-est
easy esaier easiest
happy happier happiest
early earlier earliest
少数以-er，-ow 结尾的双音节词clever(聪明的)未尾加-er，-est
clever cleverer cleverest
narrow narrower narrowest
多音节词和部分双音节词
在词前加more或most
delicious more delicious most delicious
interesting more interesting most interting
easily more easily most easily
carefully more carefully most carefully
(2)不规则变化
good/well better best
bad/badly worse worst
much/many moremost
little lessleast
far farther/further farthest/furthest
2.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法
比较级：表示两者（人或事物）的比较
Mr King is taller than Mr Read
This mooncakes is nicer than that one。
The tractor is going faster than the bike。
最高级：表示三者或三者以上（人或事物）的比较，其中有一个在某一方面超过
其他几个时，用最高级。最高级的前面一般要加定冠词the。后面可带of（in）
短语来说明比较的范围。
Whose drawing is he best of all?
She is the youngest in the class.
The taxi is going ghe fastest.
Mr Qin is walking tje slowest of all.
注：在形容词和副词的比较级前，有时可以用much，a little等来修饰，
如：much better a little taller
二。数词（Numerals）（2）
序数词（Ordinal Numbers）
序数词表示事物的顺序，往往与定冠词the连用。
fist 1st twentieth 20th
second 2nd twenty-first 21th
third 3nd thirieth 30th
fourth 4nd thirty-ninth 39th
fifth 5nd fortieth 40th
sixth 6th fiftieth 50th
seventh 7th sixtieth 60th
eighth 8th seventieth 70th
nineth 9th ninetieth 80th
tenth 10th hundredth 100th
eleventh 11th one hundred and first 101st
twelfth 12th
三、冠词（Articles）
冠词是一种虚词，让在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义，
冠词分不定冠词(The Indefinite Article)
和定冠词（The Define Article）两种，a（an）是不定冠词。
a用在辅音之前，如：a road
a boy；an用在元音之前，如：an hour ；an old man等；the是定冠词。
1.不定冠词的用法
用于可数名词的单数形式前，指人或事物的某一种类。
Susan is a scientist.
Pass me an orange,please.
指某人或某事，但不具体说明何人或何物。
A boy is looking for you。
We work five days a week。
表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。
We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow。
I have a mouth，a nose，two eyes and two ears。
用于某些固定的词组中。
a few ，a little ，a lot of ，a moment ago
2.定冠词的用法。
特指某些人或某些事物
Show me the photo of the boy。
The book on the desk is mine。
指双方都知道的人或事物。
Where are the new books，Jim？
They are on the small table。
指上文提过的人或事物。
Ji Mei lives on a farm。The farm is not big。
用在世界上独一无二的事物前。
The sun is bigger than the moon。
用在序数词和形容词最高级前。
The first month of the year is January。
Walk along this road，and take the fourth turning on the left。
用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。
the Great Wall
the Women's Hospital
用在一些习惯用语中。
in the morning（afternoon，evening），
on the left（right），at the back（front）of
the day befoer yesterday，all the same
3.不用冠词的情况
在专有名词和不可数名词前，
China，Grade Two，Bill Smilk，milk
名词前已有作定语用的this，that，my，your，some，any等代词。
The letter is in her bag ,
Come this way,please .
I have some question.
复数名词表示一类人或事物时，
My father and mother are teachers.
I like cakes.
在星期，月份，季节，节日前，
It is Sunday（Monday，Tuesday，etc。）today。
June 1st is Children's Day in China。
It is cold in winter。
在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。
Mr Mott is going on a trip。
What colour are Mrs Green's shoes？
在三餐饭和球类运动的名词前。
He went to shool before breakfast this morning。
Can you play basketball？
四、动词（Verbs）（2）
1.动词的种类（Kinds of Verbs）
行为动词Action Verbs：含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语。
She has some bananas。
They often come back early。
I listen to the radio every day。
连系动词Link Verbs：本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。
His father is a teacher。
Twins usually look the same。
Trees turn green。
助动词Auxiliary Verbs 本身没有词义，不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成
谓语动词，表示否定，疑问，时态或其他语法形式。
He doesn't speak Englist。
We are playing basketball。
Do you have a brother？
情态动词Modal Verbs
本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示说话
人的语气和情态，情态动词没有人称和数的变化。
She can speak a little English。
May I speak to Ann,please？
We must go now。
2.一般过去时态（The Simple Past Tense）
一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和过去的时间状语连用，
如：yesterday，last night，in 1990，two days ago等，也表示过去经常或反复发生的
动作，常和often，always等表示频度的时间状语连用。例如：
I got up at 6：30 yesterday。
My father was at work yesterday afternoon。
He always went to work by bus last year。
一般过去时的构成
be
肯定句：I was……
He （she，it） was……
We（You，They）were……
否定句 I was not（wasn't）……
He（She，It）was not（wasn't）……
We（You，They）were not（weren't）……
work
肯定句 I（You，He，She，It，We，You，They）worked。
否定句 I（You，He，She，It，We，You，They）did not（didn't）worked。
there be
肯定句
There was……
There were……
否定句
There was not（wasn't）……
There were not （weren't）……
疑问句和简略答语
be
第一人称
Was I……？Yes，you were。No，you were not。
Were we……？Yes，we（you）were。No，we（you）were not。
第二人称
Were you……？Yes,I was。No，I was not。
Were you……？Yes，we were。No，we were not。
第三人称
Was he （she，it）……？Yes，he（she，it）was。No，he（she，it） was not。
Were they ……？Yes，they were。No，they were not。
work
第一人称
Did I work？Yes，you did。No，you did not。
Did we work？Yes，we（you）did。No,we（you） did not。
第二人称
Did you work？Yes，I did。No,I did not。
Did you work？Yes，we did。No,we did not。
第三人称
Did he （she，it）work？Yes，he（she，it）did。No，he（she，it）did not。
Did they work？Yes，they did。No,they did not。
there be
Was there a/any……？Yes，there was。No，there was not。
Was there any……？Yes，there were。No，there were not。
规则动词过去式地构成
一般在动词原形末尾加-ed 例如:look looked,play played,
结尾是e的动词加-d 例如:live lived,hope hoped,use used
末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed
例如:stop stopped,plan planned,trip tripped
结尾是“辅音字母+y”的动词,先变y为i再加-ed. 例如:study studied
carry carried,worry worried.
常见的不规则动词有:
am/is-was are-were go-went have-had do-did get-got
come-came say-said see-saw put-put eat-ate take-took
3.一般将来时态(The Simple Future Tense)
一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来将来经常
或反复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用.如:tomorrow,next,week,next
year等
例如:I will go to my hometown next week.
We will come to see you every Sunday.
1)一般将来时的构成 一般将来时由“助动词”will+动词原形“构成.在口语中,will
在名词或代词后常简缩为'll,will not常简缩为won't.在疑问句中,主语为第一人称
(I和well)时,常用助动词shall.
第一人称肯定式I/We will go.否定式I/will not go.疑问式Shall/we go ?
第二人称肯定式You not go.否定式You will not go.疑问句Will you go?
第三人称肯定式He/She/It/They will go.否定式He/She/It/They will not go.
疑问式Will he/she/it/they go?
注:(1)在书面语中,主语式第一人称(I和we)时,常用助动词shall+动词原形.例如:
I shall write you a letter next month.
We shall be very please to see you.
(2)在表示”带意愿色彩的将来“时,常用will.例如:
I will tell you all about it.
(3)在问对方是否愿意,或表示客气的邀请或命令时,常用will.例如:
Will you go to the zoo with me?
Will you please open the window?
(4)在表示建议或者征求对方意见时,可用shall.例如:
Shall we go at the ten?
Shall we get some food?
2)用”be going to+动词原形“表示将要发生的的事或打算,计划,决定要作的事情.
例如:
What are you going to next Sunday?下星期你打算干什么？
They're going to meet outside the school gate.他们打算在校门口见面.
We're not going to have any classes next week.下一周我们不上课.
五.句子的成分(Members of the sentence)
组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分,即:主语.谓语.表语.宾语.宾语补足语.定语和状语.
主语和谓语是句子的主体部分.表语、宾语、宾语补足语都是谓语里的组成部分
主语(The Subject) 表示句子所说的是什么人或什么事物,一般由名词 代词或相当于
名词的短语等充当.例句:Lucy is an American girl.
We study in No.1 Middle School.
谓语(The Predicate)说明主语”做什么“,”是什么\"或者是怎么样.谓语(谓语部分里
主要是词)用动词.谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致.例如:We love China.
Mike hope to be a doctor.His parents are farmers.She is singing.
表语(The Predicative) 说明主语是什么或者怎么样,由名词、形容词或相当于名词
或形容词的词或短语等充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。例句:Her aunt is a driver.
宾语(The Object)表示动作或行为的对象,由名词,代词或相当于名词的词,短语等
充当,和及物动词一起说明主语做什么.例句:He often helps me.
We study English at school. Did you see him yesterday?
定语(The Attribute)用来休息名词或代词.做定语的除形容词外,还有代词,数词,名词
介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等.例句:The black bike is mine.
We have four lessons in the morning.What's your name.please?
状语(The Adverbial)用来修饰动词,形容词或副词.一般表示行为发生的时间,地点
目的,方式,程度等意义,通常由副词,介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等来表示
例句:People are all working hard.It is very nice.
We had a meeting this afternoon.
六.句子的种类(Kings of Sentence)
1.四种疑问句(Four Kind of Question)
选择疑问句(The Alternative Question)
提出两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择一种,这种疑问句叫选择疑问句.它的机构
是一般疑问句加or加一般疑问句,但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略.说
是or前面部分用声调,后面用降调.如:Is her brother a adoctor or a teacher?
Would you like tea or coffee?Shall we go to the cinema on Saturday or on sunday?
反意疑问句(The Tag Question)
反意疑问句表示提问者有一定的主见,但没有把握,希望对方来证实.
反意疑问句由两部分组成,前一部分是对事物的陈述,后一部分是简单的提问.如果前一部分
用肯定的形式,后一部分一般用否定的形式;前一部分用否定的形式,后一部分久用肯定的形式
两部分的人称和时态要一致.
反意疑问句陈述的部分用降调.后办部分可升可降.提问者对陈述部分把握较大时,后半部分用
降调;把握不大时,用降调.The weather here is very cold,isn't it?
You're from Australia,aren't you? Yes,I am .
对反意疑问句的回答,不管问题的提法如何,若事实是肯定的,就要用Yes,事实是否定的,就要
用no.这和汉语不一样,应该注意.如:
He isn't going to the meeting,is he?它不去参加会是吗?
Yes,he is.不,他要去的.
No ,he isn't.对他不起.
2.感叹句(The Exclamatory Sentence)
感叹句多用how和what引起.how 和what与所修饰的词放在句首,其他部分用陈诉语气.在口语
中谓语常省略
(1)how作状语,修饰形容词,副词和动词.如:
How cold it is today!
How delicious they are!
How beautiful the flowers are!
How I miss you!
(2)what作定语,修饰名词(名词前可由其他定语),单数可数名词前要加不定冠词a(an).如:
What a good idear!
What a beautiful day!
What a happy woman!
感叹句用来表示强烈的感情.句末要用感叹号!,读时要用降调.在口语中常用省略句.后面的
主语和谓语往往省略,由时候只用一个词或者是词组.如:How cold! Wonderful!
（三）
一、动词(Verbs)
1.现在完成时(The Present Perfect Tense)
(1)现在完成时的构成
现在完成时由“助动词have(has)+过去分词”构成。现以动词work为例，
将现在完成时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式
以及简略答语列表如下：
肯定式
I/You have worked。
He/She/It has worked。
We/You/They have worked。
否定式
I/You have not worked。
He/She/It has not worked。
We/You/They have not worked。
疑问式和简略回答
Have I/you worked？Yes，you/I have。No，you/I have not。
Has he/she/it worked？Yes，he/she/it has。No，he/she/it has not。
Have we/you/they worked？Yes，you/we/they have。No，you/we/they have not。
注：规则动词的过去分词的构成与动词过去式相同
(2)现在完成时的用法
表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
Have you had your lunch yet？Yes，I have。I've just had it。
I have already posted the photos。
表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段
时间的状语连用。表示持续动作或状态的动词多是延续性动词。
I haven't seen her these days.
I've known LiLei for three years.
I've been at this school for over two years.
They have lived here since 1996.
How long have you worked in this library?
She has taught us since I came to this school.
现在完成时可以和already，never，just，before，yet 等状语连用。
Have you ever eaten fish and chips?
I've just lost my science book.
I've never been to that farm before.
I haven't learned the word yet.
have(has)been和have(has)gone的区别：
have(has) been 表示“曾经到过某地”，have(has)gone 表示“已经去过某地了”
Where has he been? 他刚才跑到哪去了？
Where has he gone？他到哪去了？
She has been to Shanghai。她到过上海。
She has gone to Shanghai。她到上海去了。
注：非延续性动词在否定结构中可用现在完成时，如：
I haven't bought anything for two months。
(3)现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示
过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday，last night，three weeks ago，in 1990等，而一般过去时只表示过去
动作或状态，和现在不发生关系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。如：
I have seen the film。我看过这部电影。
I saw the film last week。我上星期看了这个电影。
He has lived here since 1992。1992年以来他一直住在这里。
He lived here in 1992。 1992年他住在这里。
2.过去将来时(The Futere-in-the-Past Tense)
(1)过去将来时由“助动词would+动词圆形”构成。would常缩略为‘d。
(2)过去将来时的用法
过去将来时表示过去的某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用在宾语从句中。如：
I didn't know if she would come。
I wasn't sure whether he would do it。
Wang Lei said that she would visit her uncle next Saturday。
过去将来时也可以用“was(were) going to +动词原形”来表示。如：
I didn't know if she was going to come。
Wang Lei said that she was going to visit her uncle next Saterday。
3.过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense)
(1).过去完成时的构成
过去完成时由“助动词had(用于各种人称和数)+过去分词”构成
(2).过去完成时的用法
过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”
表示过去某一时间可用by，before等构成的短语，也可用when，before等引导的从句或者通过上下文表示。
例句
By the end of the match ,they had scored two goals and we had scored four.
We had reached the station before ten o'clock.
When I got there ,you had already started playing .
We did as he had told us.
He said he had never seen such an exciting match before .
By the time we got there,the bus had already gone.
4.动词不定式(The Ivnfinitive)
(1)动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to，动词不定式(或不定式短语)没有人称和数的变化。
在句子中不能作谓语。动词不定式仍保持动词的特点。即可以有自己的宾语和状语。动词不定式同它的宾语或状语
构成不定式短语。如：to read the newspaper，to speak at the meeting等
(2)动词不定式具有名词，形容词和副词的特征，因此在句中可以作主语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语、定语，状语
作宾语
She wanted to borrow my CD player.
They began to read and write。
作状语
She went to see her grandma last Sunday。
He came to give us a talk yesterday。
作宾语补足语
Lucy asked him to turn down the radio。
She asked me to speak louder。
She found him to be a very good pupil。
作定语
Have you got anything to say？
I had something to eat this morning。
作主语
To learn a foreign language is not easy。
To play in the street is danerous.
(3)动词不定式的否定形式
由“not+动词不定式”构成。如：
Tell him not to be late。
The policeman told the boys not to play in the street。
(4)动词不定式和疑问句连用
动词不定式亏和疑问句what，which，how，where，when等连用，构成不定式短语。
如：The question is when to start。
I don't know where to go。
He showed me how to use a computer。
Nobody told us what to do。
(5)不带to的情况
有一些动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带to，这种动词有两类；一类是感觉动词，如see,
hear，watch，feel，notice等，如：
I saw him come。我看见他来了。
I heard him sing。我听见他唱歌了。
另一类是某些使役动词，如make，let，have等，如：
Let him go。让他走吧
They made the children work 12 hours a day。
他们强迫孩子们一天干12小时。
动词help后的不定式可带to，也可不带to。
5.被动语态。(The Passive Voice)
(1)主动语态和被动语态
英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态(The Active Voice)和被动语态(The Passive Voice)
Many people speak English.(主动语态)
English is spoken by many people。(被动语态)
(2)被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称，数和时态的变化，其变化
规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。现以动词ask为例子，将一般现在时和一般过去时被动语态的
肯定式，否定式及疑问式列表如下：
一般现在时
肯定式
I am asked…… You are asked…… He/She is asked……
We are asked…… You are asked…… They are asked……
否定式
I am not asked…… You are not asked…… He/She is not asked……
We are not asked…… You are not asked…… They are not asked……
疑问式
Am I asked……？ Are you asked……？ Is he/She asked……？
Are we asked……？ Are you asked……？ Are they asked……？
一般过去时
肯定式
I was asked…… You were asked…… He/She was asked……
We were asked…… You were asked…… They were asked……
否定式
I was not asked…… You were not asked…… He/She was not asked……
We were not asked…… You were not asked…… They were not asked……
疑问式
was I asked……？ were you asked……？ was he/She asked……？
were we asked……？ were you asked……？ were they asked……？
(3)含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。如：
This bicycle can be mended in two hour。
This trees may be planted in spring。
The room must be kept clean。
The flowers should be watered often。
(4)被动语态的用法
当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时，或者只需强调动作的
承受者时，需要被动语态。如：
This jacket is made of cotton。
English is spoken in Canada。
二、宾语从句(The Object Clause)
宾语从句在复合句中作主语的宾语，宾语从句通常作主语的宾语，宾语从句通常由下面一些词引导
1.由that引导(that在口语或非正式文体中常省略)，如：
He said that he would like to see the headmaster.
She said that she would leave a message on his desk .
He knew that he should work hard .
He said that he might fall behind the other students.
He was afraid that he would forget his Chinese.
2.由连接代词或连接副词引导，如：
Do you know what he has said ?
I don't remember when we arrived ?
I asked him where I could get so much money?
Can you tell me which class you are in ?
The children did not know who Father Christmas was.
3.由连词whether或if引导( 口语中常用if)
Lily wanted to knew if/wheher her grandma liked the handbag。
She asked me if she could borrow there books。
三、定语从句(The Attributive Clause)
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句，如：
(1)The man who lives next to us is a policeman
(2)You must do everything that I do .
上面两句中的man和everything 是定语从句所修饰的词，叫先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。
引导定语从句的词有关系代词what，which，who，(宾格whom，所有格whose)和关系副词
where，when，关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又作定语从句的
一个成分。
由关系代词引导的定语从句
that在从句中作主语或宾语
指物
A plane is a machine that can fly。(作主语)
The noodles that I cooked were delicious。(作宾语)
指人
Who is the man that is reading the book over there？(作主语)
The girl that we saw yesterday was Jim's sister。(作宾语)
which在从句中作主语和宾语。
指物
The silk which is produced in Hangzhou sells well。(作主语)
The song which the Beatles sang were very popular。(作宾语)
who，whom在从句中分别作主语和宾语
指人
The foreigner who visit our class yesterday is form Canada。(作主语)
The boy who broke the window is called Roy。(作主语)
The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li。(作宾语)
Mrs Evans is the person to whom you should write。(作宾语)
四、状语从句(Adverbial clause)
在复合句中，修饰主句的动词，形容词或副词等的从句叫做状语从句，状语从句根据它表达的意思可分为
时间，原因，条件，比较，目的，结果和让步等类。
时间
由as，after，as soon as，before，since，until，when，whenever，while等连词引导。
As he explored the sea,he took a lot of picture.
As soon as he arrived in France ,he called me.
He has been in Shanghai since he was born.
Don't come in until you are called.
Whenever we're in truble,he'll help us .
While I was watching TV,the bell rang.
原因
由as，because，since，等连词引导
I didn't go surfing,because it was too cold.
As the car is expensive ,we can't buy it .
Since he was busy ,he didn't come.
条件
由if，unless等连词引导
If you travel in India,you can use English everywhere.
I won't pass the exam unless I work hard.
比较
由as(so)……as，than等引导
Canoeing is not as(so) interesting as sailing (is).
Li Lei swims better than Jim (does).
结果
由so……that，等引导
He was so weak that he couldn't walk on.
目的
由so ，so that等引导
We'll sit near the front so we can hear the speaker better.
He sat in the dark so that he couldn't be seen.
让步
由although，even though等引导
Although the traffic was heavy ,we got to the railway station on time.
Even though he is eighty,he looks strong and healthy.
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