这里小编给大家分享一些中考英语语法详解八:被动语态,本文共6篇,方便大家学习。本文原稿由网友“youto”提供。
篇1:中考英语语法详解八:被动语态
专题八 被动语态
对于英语的被动语态,我们可以以下五个方面来掌握。
一、主语与谓语动词的逻辑关系 被动语态表示句子的主语是谓语动词动作的承受者或对象。 如:Computers are widely used in our work and daily life. 电脑在我们的工作和日常生活中广泛应用。(computers就是use的对象或承受者)
二、表示被动语态的形式 (1)基本形式:主语 + be + vt.的过去分词 + (by + sb.) This song is often sung by children at school. 这首歌经常在学校被孩子们唱。
常见被动语态的时态:
①一般现在时:am/is/are+ vt.的过去分词;
②一般过去时:was / were + vt.的过去分词;
③一般将来时:will / shall / be going to + be + vt.的过去分词;
④现在完成时:have / has + been + vt.的过去分词;
⑤过去完成时:had + been + vt.的过去分词;
⑥现在进行时:am/is/are + being + vt.的过去分词;
⑦过去进行时:was / were + being + vt.的过去分词
⑧过去将来时:would + be + vt.的过去分词
注意:被动语态不用于将来进行时及完成进行时。
(2)其他形式: (选学)
①主语 + be + vt. 的过去分词 + (by +. sb.)+宾语/ 介词 + 宾语
A. 主语 + be + vt. 的过去分词 + (by + sb.)+ 宾语/to +宾语 I was shown his gold medal there. 在那里他给我看了他的金牌。 His gold medal was shown to me. 他的金牌给我看了。 能用于这一句型的常见动词有bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,post,send,show,teach,tell,throw,write等。
B. 主语 + be + vt. 的过去分词 + (by + sb.)+ 宾语 /for +宾语 I was bought a new dictionary (by my father)。 我父亲给我买了一本新字典。 A new dictionary was bought for me (by my father)。 我父亲给我买了一本新字典。 能用于这一句型的常见动词有buy,call,cook,do,get,make,save等。
②主语 + be + vt. 的过去分词 + (by + sb.)+ 主语的补足语 Jim was made chairman at the meeting. Jim在会上被推选为主席。 Li Lei was seen to break the glass this moming. 李雷今天上午被人看到打碎了那块玻璃。 能用于这一句型的常见动词有feel,hear,make,observe,see,watch等。特别注意的是,在主动语态中,不定式做宾语的补足语,不定式前面的小品词to必须省略,而在被动语态中,不定式做主语的补足语,不定式的小品词to必须补上。
③主语 +情态动词(can/could/may/might/must/should/ought to)+ be + 动词的过去分词 + (by + sb.) Water can be turned into ice. 水能转变成冰。 Your essay should be rewritten again. 你的论文应该还重新修改一遍。
④主语 +be + 短语动词的过去分词 + (by + sb.) His words should be paid much attention to. 应该多注意他的话。 The children in China are taken good care of now. 现在中国的孩子被照料得很好。 注意:动词后面的介词或副词不能省略。
⑤形式主语(It) +be + vt.的过去分词 +主语从句 It is reported that our team has won the game again. 据报道,我们队又赢了比赛。 能用于这一句型的常见动词有believe,expect,know,report,say,suppose,think等。这一句型也可变为: 主语 + be + vt. 的过去分词+不定式短语 The Mars is believed to have no life on it. 火星被确认无生命迹象。 Our team is reported to have won the game again. 据报道,我们队又赢了比赛。
三、被动语态的用法
被动语态往往表示一种客观的事实,有时语气比较生硬,没有商量的余地,从而令人难以接受,因此,切不可随便使用。在能用主动语态表示时,尽量使用主动语态,只有在下面的情况中才使用被动语态。
①说不出动作的执行者或没有必要说出动作的执行者; 如:The classroom had been cleaned when I got there.
当我到达教室的时候,教室已经被人打扫过了。
(教室究竟是谁打扫的,说话者并不知道)
②为了突出或强调动作的承受者或对象;如:Homework must be finished before school is over.
作业必须在放学之前做完。(强调 Homework)
③为了修辞的需要,使句子间的联系更紧密。如: I have a new motorbike. It was given to me by my father yesterday as my birthday present. 我有一台新摩托车。它是昨天我父亲买给我作为生日礼物的。(显然,It指代 the new bike就与上文的a new motorbike紧密相连)
四、不能使用被动语态的情况
(1)不及物动词没有被动形式。特别要注意汉语中带名词或代词做宾语的动词,如belong,die,happen,occur,take place等不及物动词。 如:A terrible traffic accident happened on the road yesterday. (昨天在公路上发生了一起可怕的交通事故。)就不能改写为:A terrible traffic accident is happened on the road yesterday.
(2)一些静态的及物动词也不能用于被动语态。如agree with,fit,have,hold,own,suit等。 如:I don’t agree with Jack. (我不同意Jack的观点。)就不能改写为:Jack isn ' t agreed with.
五、主动形式表被动意义如:The pen writes well. 这支笔很好写。 The food tastes good. 这些食物尝起来味道很好。
His house is comfortable to live in. 他的房子住起来很舒服。
篇2:中考英语语法复习之被动语态讲解
一、语态的基本概念和种类
语态是动词的一种形式,用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语动词有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。
如:主动句:They built this bridge.
被动句:This bridge was built by them.
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“be +及物动词的过去分词”构成,助动词be 有人称、数和时态的变化,其变化规则与be 作为系动词的变化完全一样。
三、八种常用时态的被动语态举例
1. 一般现在时
A lot of books are kept in our school library. 我们学校图书馆有许多藏书。
2.一般过去时
A thief was caught last night. 一个小偷昨晚被抓了。
3.现在进行时
The watch is being repaired. 这块表正在修理。
4.过去进行时
The door was being painted at that time. 那时门还在油漆。
5.一般将来时
The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon. 班会下周六下午召开。
6.过去将来时
They said the work would be finished the next day. 他们说这项工作第二天就能完成。
7.现在完成时
My bag has been stolen. 我的包被偷了。
8.过去完成时
She said this airport had never been used. 她说这个机场没有使用过。
四、情态动词的被动语态
例:1)主动句:You must hand in your homework this afternoon.
被动句:Your homework must be handed in this afternoon.
2)主动句:I have to do the job myself.588.es
被动句:The job has to be done by myself.
3)主动句:All of us ought to obey the rule.
被动句:The rule ought to be obeyed.(by all of us)
五、被动语态的用法
1.当不知道谁是动作的执行者时,用被动语态。例如:
His bike has been stolen. 他的自行车被热偷走了。
2.在没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者时,用被动语态。例如:
China was librated in 1949. 中国是一九四九年解放的。
3.强调或突出动作的承受者时,用被动语态。例如:
The plan has already been made. 计划已经制订好了。
用被动语态时,如需同时指出动作的执行者,可用“介词by +动词执行者(宾格)”这一结构。
例如: Midnight was written by Mao Dun. 《子夜》是茅盾写的。
六、使用被动语态应注意的事项
1. 及物动词能构成被动语态,不及物动词不能构成被动语态。
例如:Children sleep soundly. 小孩睡得香。
某些不及物动词与介词或副词构成不可分割的短语时,如有宾语,可用被动语态。
例如:The speaker was listened to carefully. 人们聆听发言人的讲话。
2.某些动词形式上是主动语态,但含有被动的意思。
例如:This book sells well. 这本书畅销。
3.带有情态动词的一般被动语态是“情态动词+be +过去分词”。
例如:The question needn’t be discussed. 这个问题不必讨论。
4.带有不定式的一般被动语态是“to be +过去分词”。
例如:A new hotel is going to be built near the station. 车站附近要建一所新旅馆。
七.用主动语态形式表示被动含义的常用动词:{主动代替被动}
clean sell lock translate read write wash wear cook
tear cut keep burn strike pull act last feel smell taste look
例:1)The cloth washes well.
2) Potatoes cook slowly.
3 ) The door doesn’t lock.
八、make let sb do sth; hear see sb do sth变成被动语态时要加上不定式标志to
[中考英语语法复习之被动语态讲解]
篇3:中考英语语法详解:冠词和数词
一、冠词的用法
冠词是虚词,放在名词之前,用来说明名词指的人或事物。冠词有两种。
A(an)叫不定冠词,the叫定冠词。A用在辅音之前,an用在元音之前。
1. 不定冠词的用法
(1)a和an均用在单数名词之前,表示某一类人或事物。例如:
John is a student.
Mary is an English teacher.
(2)指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。例如:
A steel worker makes steel.
Pass me an apple, please.
(3)指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或和物。例如:
A student wants to see you.
A girl is waiting for you outside.
(4)表示“每一”的意思,相当于every。例如:
Take the medicine three times a day.
They go to see their parents once a week.
2.定冠词用法
(1)特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。例如:
The book on the desk is an English dictionary.
Beijing is the capital of China.
(2)指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或事物。例如:
Open the door, please.
Jack is in the library.
(3)上文提到过的人或事物。例如:
Yesterday John’s father bought him a new bike. The bike cost him 200 yuan.
(4)表示世界上独一无二的事物。例如:
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
(5)用在序数词和形容词最高级之前。例如:
Shanghai is the biggest city in China.
January is the first month of the year.
(6)用在某些形容词之前,表示某一类人或事物。例如:
The nurse is kind to the sick.
We should take good care of the old.
(7)用在某些专有名词之前和某些习惯用语中。例如:
the Great Wall, the Summer palace, in the morning, in the open air等。
(8)用在姓氏复数之前,表示“某某一家人”,“某某夫妇”。例如:
the Browns, the whites等。
3.不用冠词的情况
(1)某些专有名词,抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。例如:
China, Canada, Japanese, glass, water, love等。
(2)名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, whose, some, any, no, each, every等代词时,不用冠词。例如:
That is my cap.
I have some questions.
Go down this street.
(3)复数名词表示一类人或事物时,不用冠词。
They are workers.
We are students.
(4)称呼语前不用冠词,表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。例如:
I don’t feel well today, Mother.
Bush was made president of the U.S.
(5)三餐饭的名称前,球类活动,学科和节目名词前,常不用冠词。例如:
I have lunch at home.
He often plays football after class.
We have English and maths every day.
(6)在某些固定词组里,名词之前常不用冠词。例如:
By air, at night, at home, go to bed, go to school, on foot, from morning till night 等。
篇4:中考英语语法详解六:动词
实义动词及用法
实义动词也叫行为动词,是四类动词中唯一能独立作谓语的一类动词。根据其句法功能可以分为及物动词和不及物动词两类。
1、及物动词
及物动词本身意义不够完整,需要后接宾语才能使其意思完整。
1)动词+宾语,构成主谓宾句型。
例如:Could you please clean the blackboard? 请你擦黑板好吗?
We learn English every day. 我们每天学习英语。
2)动词+直接宾语+to/for+间接宾语 / 动词+间接宾语+直接宾语,构成主谓双宾句型。有的动词必须在后面带表示人的间接宾语和表示物的直接宾语,即两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。
例如:Who teaches you English? 谁教你们英语?
Please pass me the book.= Please pass the book to me.请把那本书递给我。
My mother bought me a snow globe on my birthday.
= My mother bought a snow globe for me on my birthday.
我过生日时我妈买给我一个雪球。
常见的带双宾语的动词有:pass, give, bring, buy, get, leave, lend, make, cook, teach, tell, write, read, return, ask, show等。
3)动词+宾语+宾语补足语,构成主谓复宾句型。有的动词必须在宾语后再加上形容词、副词、名词、不定式、-ing形式、介词短语等做宾语补足语,构成复合宾语,句子意思才能够表达完整。
例如:Please keep the door open. 请让门开着。(形容词open做宾补)
I often see the children play in the park。我经常看见孩子们在公园里玩。(不带to的不定式play做宾补)。
You can call me Mrs Jones.你们可以称呼我琼斯夫人。(名词Mrs Jones做宾补)
动词see, hear, watch, make, let, have, notice, find等经常以动词不定式或-ing形式做宾补。
2、不及物动词
1)不及物动词自身意思完整,无需再接宾语。
例如:Horses run fast。马儿跑得快。
He sings well. 他唱得好。
2)很多不及物动词也可以用作及物动词,还有的不及物动词后带上某个介词就成了带宾语的及物动词。
例如:They are reading. 他们在朗读。(read为不及物动词)
They are reading English. 他们在朗读英语。(read为及物动词)
He is waiting at the bus stop.他在公交车站等。(wait为不及物动词)
He is waiting for me at the bus stop.他在公交车站等我。(wait for为及物动词,带me做宾语)
三、连系动词
连系动词本身有词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须和其后面的表语一起构成合成谓语,说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份。
常见的连系动词有be, become(变得、成为), get(变得), look(看起来),seem(似乎、好像),turn(变得),sound(听起来),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),feel(摸起来)等。除be以外的连系动词大多数时候是实义动词,他们用作连系动词时多数没有进行时态,也没有被动语态。
例如:He is angry.他生气了。
He got angry at the news.听到这个消息他生气了。
That sounds good.那听起来不错。
Trees turn green when spring comes.春天来临,树叶转绿。
China is getting stronger and stronger.中国正变得越来越强大。
四、助动词
助动词本身没有词义或意思不完整,不能单独作谓语。它们的主要作用是帮助构成时态、语态、疑问句或否定句等。
1、助动词be(am, is, are, was, were)
1) be+doing(现在分词), 构成进行时
例如:They are listening to music.他们在听音乐。(be的现在时形式帮助构成现在进行时)
They were walking down the street when the UFO landed.(be的过去时形式帮助构成过去进行时)
2)be+done(及物动词的过去分词), 构成被动语态
例如:The light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison.电灯泡是由托马斯。爱迪生发明的。(be的过去时形式帮助构成过去时的被动语态)
The classroom is cleaned every day.教室每天打扫。(be的现在时形式帮助构成现在时的被动语态)
The problem will be solved next week.这个问题将在下周得到解决。(be的将来时形式帮助构成将来时的被动语态)
2、have (has, had)
1)have/has/had+done(动词的过去分词),构成完成时态。
例如:They have already done their homework.他们已经完成作业。(have+过去分词构成现在完成时)
He hasn’t come yet.他还没有回来。(has+过去分词构成现在完成时)
The bus had gone when I got to the bus stop.我到达车站时公交车已经离开。(had+过去分词构成过去完成时)
2)have/has/had+been+doing(动词的现在分词),构成完成进行时态。
例如:How long have you been collecting shells?你收集贝壳有多长时间了?
He has been studying English since five years ago.他从5年前开始就一直在学习英语。
3、助动词do/ does/ did
助动词do/ does/ did主要帮助构成疑问句,也可用于倒装句、强调句或代替上文提到过的行为等。他们的否定式don’t/ doesn’t/ didn’t帮助构成否定句。
例如:Does he often play sports after school?他经常放学后做运动吗?
We don’t speak Japanese.我们不说日语。
Did they visit the Palace Museum on their last day off?他们上个休息日参观故宫了吗?
She didn’t watch TV yesterday evening.她昨晚上没看电视。
4、助动词will, shall, would, should
助动词will, shall主要用于构成一般将来时,其中will可用于各人称,而shall一般只用于第一人称。would,should是will,shall的过去式,可以用于构成过去将来时,但很多时候被用作情态动词。
例如:There will be more trees and less pollution in the future.将来会有更多的树木,更少的污染。(帮助构成一般将来时)
Shall we go to the park on the weekend?我们周末去公园好吗?(一般将来时,用于提出建议)
They said they would come the next day.他们说他们第二天来。(帮助构成过去将来时)
Would you mind my turning down the radio?你介意我关小收音机吗?(用于礼貌地提出建议)
You should lie down and rest. 你应该躺下休息。(用于提供建议)
5、情态动词can, may, must, might, could等
情态动词具有一定的词义,用以表达说话人的态度或情感,必须和后面的实义动词一起构成合成谓语。
篇5:中考英语语法详解十一:祈使句
一、祈使句
(一)、祈使句的结构及用法
祈使句表请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告等。主语通常被省略,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号或句点。
1. 肯定的祈使句
(1)动词原形+其他
如: Stand up, please. = Please stand up. 请起立。
但有时会在句首加上主语或加呼语,以便指明是向谁提出请求或发出命令。呼语常与句子隔开,动词仍然用原形。
如: Mary, clean the windows!And you boys,wash the floor!
(2)Be + adj.
如:Be careful! = Look out! = Take care!
(3)Let's + 动词原形
如:Let’s go to school together.
2. 否定的祈使句
(1) Don't + 动词原形
如: Don't stand up. Don't be careless. Don't let them play with fire.
(2) Let's ( let sb ) + not + 动词原形
如: Let's not say anything about it.
3.祈使句的反意疑问句
(1) 肯定祈使句的反意疑问句反问部分用will you 或won't you。
如: Please open the door, will/ won’t you?
(2) 否定祈使句的反意疑问句反问部分只用will you。
如: Don't be late again, will you?
(3) 以let's开头的祈使句反意疑问句反问部分用shall we,let us开头的祈使句的反意疑问句的反问部分应为will you或won't you.
如:Let us stay here, will/ won't you?
Let's turn on the TV, shall we?
4. 特殊形式的祈使句。祈使句除用谓语动词表示外,还可用名词、副词、动词短语等表示。如:Help! Patience! Quickly! Hands up!
5. 祈使句的强调形式。有时为了加强语气,可以再动词前加上do,表示“务必,一定”。
如:Do be careful!
(二)、祈使句用于两个重要句型中
1.“祈使句+and+表结果的陈述句”用来叙述肯定的条件。
2.“祈使句+or(else)+表结果的陈述句”用来叙述否定的条件,or(else)表示“否则;要不然”。
如:Hurry up , and you’ll catch the train. (=If you hurry up,you’ll catch the train.)
Hurry up,or you’ll miss the train.(=If you don’t hurry up,you’ll miss the train.)
二、感叹句
(一)感叹句的结构及用法
感叹句是抒发强烈感情的句子,如欢乐、兴奋、惊奇、愤怒、悲伤等,书面语中句末用感叹号。常由what或者how引导,都表示“多么”。
1、what引导的感叹句 what修饰名词或名词短语,有以下两种形式:
(1)What+a(an)+(形容词)+单数可数名词+(主语+谓语)!
如: What a nice girl (she is)!
What an interesting movie(it is)!
(2)What+(形容词)+可数名词复数或不可数名词+(主语+谓语)!
如:What kind women they are!
What nice music/bad weather/good news(it is)!
2、how引导的感叹句 how用来修饰形容词、副词或动词。其结构有:
(1)How+形容词(副词)+主语+谓语!
如:How hard the workers work!
How clever the girl is!
注意:当how修饰动词时,动词不跟着感叹词提到主语之前。
如:How fast the runner runs!
(2)How +形容词+ a +名词+ 主语+谓语。
如:How clever a boy he is!
(二)特殊形式的感叹句
1、在口语中常用省略句,有时只用一个词或词组。
如:Great ! How cold ! Look out! What a fool! What a pity! My goodness!
2、Here/There开头的感叹句:
(1)。Here/There+主语(代词)+谓语
如:Here he comes!
(2)。Here/There+谓语+主语(名词)
如:Here comes the bus!
篇6:中考英语语法详解:The用法的
中考英语语法详解:The用法的归纳
1 表示特指的人或物
例:Please hand me the key on the desk. 请把桌上的钥匙递给我。
The girl in red is his sister. 穿红色衣服的女孩是他妹妹。
The building over there is the tallest in the town. 那边那幢大楼是这个城里最高的。
I like the music of the film. 我喜欢这部电影的音乐。
2 表示双方都知道的或心中明白的.人或物
例: Shut the door, please. 请关门。
Has he returned the book? 那本书他还了吗?
Take the blue one, it is cheaper. 拿那个蓝的,它便宜些。
3 第二次提到
某人或某物第一次提到时用不定冠词,第二次提到时要用定冠词。
例:He saw a house in the distance. Jim's parents lived in the house. 他看见远处有一所房子,吉姆的父母就住在那所房子里。
There was once an old fisherman. The old fisherman had a cat. The cat was white. 从前有一个老渔夫。这个老渔夫有一只猫。这只猫是只白猫。
4 用在世界上独一无二的名词前
the sun太阳, the earth地球, the moon月亮,
the sky天空, the world 世界
例:The moon goes round the earth. 月亮绕着地球转。
There is not any cloud in the sky. 天空中没有一丝云彩。
It was a fine day in spring. The sun shone brightly. 这是一个晴朗的春日,阳光灿烂。
He is the richest man in the world. 他是世界上最富的人。
5 用在表示方向、方位的名词前
the east东方,the west西方,the south南方,
the north北方,the right右边,the left左边
例:The birds are flying to the north. 这些鸟向北方飞去。
The moon rises in the east and sets in the west. 月亮从东方升起,在西方落下。
The wind was blowing from the south. 风从南方吹来。
She lived to the west of the Summer Palace. 她住在颐和园的西边。
Walk along the road and take the first turning on the right. 沿着这条路往前走,在第一个路口往右拐。
He stood at the back of the door. 他站在门背后。
提示
方位词成对使用构成平行结构时,不用定冠词。
例:The river is two thousand kilometers long from west to east. 这条河自西向2000公里长。
They traveled through the country from south to north. 他们自南向北在这个国家旅行。