商务实战应用文写法精讲:合同与协议的区别-

时间:2024年10月11日

/

来源:wayqin

/

编辑:本站小编

收藏本文

下载本文

下面是小编为大家整理的商务实战应用文写法精讲:合同与协议的区别-,本文共5篇,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。本文原稿由网友“wayqin”提供。

篇1:商务实战应用文写法精讲:合同与协议的区别-1

结构特点

合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。合同英语行文慎密而准确,历史悠久,深含法律文化底蕴。 ,

中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所,然后是合同正文,结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以下面这类句式为开头:

this agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between party a (hereinafter called “ party a ”)and party b(hereinafter called “ party b ”)

然后是开始陈述:

where… it is hereby agreed as follows:

或以:

witnesseth, whereas…

now therefore, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:

接着是正文,最后是证明部分:

in witness whereof,the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written.

随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不到的。

下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。

a. 新加坡

agreement

this agreement is made the 9th day of august, between lucky international ltd, a company incorporated in singapore and having its registered office at telek blongar rise, singapore 19569 (hereinfater called “the company”) of the part and jack wong (nric no._________ /a) of 108 orchar road, singapore 01688 (hereinafter called “the mangager”) of the other part.

whereas:

1. the company is engaged in it business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business.

2.

…。

now it is hereby agreed as follows:

1. the company shall employ the manager and the manager shall serve the company as manager of the company's it business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of september

2.

…。

in witness whereof, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.

the schedule above referred to

duties of manger

1. to manage, maintain and promote the business of the company.

3.

signed by roger tan

for and on behalf of lucky interantional ltd

in the presence of

signed by teresa wong

in the presence of

新加坡的通用合同分五部分:

第一部分:称为parties, 主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称,注册地国及地址、邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为:

this agreement is made the ——__________ day of _____ (month),____ (year) between a _______ (hereinafter called “the company”) of the part and b______, (hereinafter called “the manager”) of the other part.

句子开头this agreement

或contract和当事人的姓名和名称,都应大写。当事人是自然人的,用“of”和其后的住址相连;是法人或非法人单位的,用“having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。

第二部分:称为recital.以whereas开头,进入叙述部分,用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的原因。

第三部分:称为habendum,正文。具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段为:

in witness whereof, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. ,

这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章,特此为证”。

第四部分:称为schedule或addendum,附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合同都有这一项。

第五部分:称为attestation,证明部分。当事人如果自然人,用“signed by __” 英文写作翻译;连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“in the presence of ____”;当事人是法人或非法人单位时,授权代表后接的是“signed for and on behalf _____ of____”,然后才是in the presence of _______.与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外,多了一个in the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后,而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍部分。

第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达“as witness our hands this _____day of _____,in the year of our lord tow thousand and one.

signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named

in the presence of

signature

address

occupation

上述合同的格式很有代表性,其它英文格式与之相比大同大异,有的合同中不含附录。

b. 美国 ,

appointment as contract full-time senior customs administrator

an agreement for services made the 1st day of september, between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as “the company”) as one part and mr._______ of _______(address) (hereinafter referred to as the contractor) of the other part.

whereby

c. 香港

contract

contact no.

signing date/place

the buyer: name

legal address

contact

the seller: name

legal address

contact

this contract is made by and between the buyer and the seller.

whereby the buyer agrees o buy and the seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.

1. name of commodity and scope of the contract

2. price

3. payment译

4. packing

5.

in withness whereof, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.

the buyer the seller

___________ ___________

by:__________ by:__________

date:——_________ date:——_________

the end user

___________

by: __________

date: ——____-_________

比起前两个合同,该买卖合同的不同之处于在于,合同开头出现了合同编号和签署日期,当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态,最后落款处signed

by项目,但增加了最终用户一项。

d. 日本

service agreement

this agreement is made and entered into on march 1st ,2001, by and between______ ltd (hereinafter referred to as “party a”), and ________co., ltd. ((hereinafter referred to as “party b”)

witnessth:

whereas, party b has requested by party a to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to party b; and

whereas, (party a is willing to dispatch its personnel t party b in response to such party b's request)

now, therefore, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained , the parties hereto agree as follows:

1.

2.

3.

in witness whereof, the parties hereto have caused this agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written.

______ ltd. ________ co., ltd.

(signature) (signature)

managing director managing director

该合同也由四大部分构成,与上述合同最大的不同在于,在叙述部分上端加了一个witnesseth(鉴于),最后落款处也没有signed by 项目,但授权签字代表的职位真接打出来,放在签字的下一行。别外,当事人的简称部分用的都是大写。

相比之下,英文合同除个别地方外,整个合同的段落排列,句式和用词大同小异。在草拟英文合同时,只要仿用上述任何一个,都算是地道的英文表达。

用词特点(formal term)

合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。具体体现在下列方面:

1. may, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用 ,may, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约见定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。

may 旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么时候), must 用于强制性义务(必须做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。may do 不能说成can do, shall do, 不能说成should do 或ought to do, may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not,但绝不能用can not do或must not ) 例如,在约定解决争议的途径时的,可以说

the parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.

should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the people's court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.

本句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性“约定”,如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和shall调换位置会怎么样? 前半句的shall换用may后,意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换用shall 后,变成了应当诉讼解决,好象一出事,就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。

本句可译:双方首先应通过友好协商,解决因合同而发生的或与合同有关的争议。如果协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协方的,可将争议提交有管辖权的人民解决。

2. 正式用语(formal term)

合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有很大不同。

例如:

“因为”的短语多用“by virtue of \",远远多于”due to“一般不用”because of “;

“财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”;

“在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”;

“关于”常用“as regards”, “concerning”或“relating to”,而不会用“about”;

“事实上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”;

“开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”;

“停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”;

“何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为:the meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.

其中“召开”不用“hold 或call”,而用“convene”; “主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”,而用“preside”;

“其他事项”用“miscellaneous”, 而不用“other matters/events”;

“理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”,而不用“understand a contract”;

“认为”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不用“think”或“believe”;

“愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”,而不用“want to do”, “wish to do”。

篇2:务实战应用文写法精讲:合同与协议的区别-2

三、用词专业(technical terms)

合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、“救济”、“不可抗力”、“管辖”、“损毁”、“灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、force majuere/act of god、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。

其它例子还有:

“赔偿”用“indemnities”,而不用“compensation”

“不动产转让”用“conveyance”,而不用“transfer of real estate”

“房屋出租”用“tenancy”,而“财产出租”用“lease of property”

“停业”用“wind up a business”或“cease (名词是cessation) a business”,而不用“end/stop a business”

专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用“royalities”

还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文“grace”

“当事人在破产中的和解”用“composition”

以实物出资为“investment in kind”

“依照合同相关规定”一般说“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等,不说“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”

“合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为“neither party hereto may assign this contract”,其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”,选用“neither party to the contract”较少。

3. 同义词、近义词、相关词的序列

for value received,the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______,a copy of which is annexed hereto.

在这里的同义词和近义词并列(如sell, transfer, assign and set over,right和 tile and interest),在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑,有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如:

this agreement is made and entered into by and between party a and party b.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。

for and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中“for and in consideration of ”, “covenants and agreements”三组同义司和近义词并列。

the parties have agreed to vary the management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions”

再例如:

“party a wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”,一句中的“release”和“discharge”意思几乎相同。

并列的词还有:

ships and vessels

support and maintenance

licenses and permits

charges, fees, costs and expenses

any and all

any duties, obligations or liabilities

the partners, their heirs, successors and assigns

control and management of the partnership

applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules

5. 拉丁词

在国外合同中,拉丁词仍然是很常见:

比例税率:用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多

从事慈善性服务的律师:pro bono lawyer,不怎么用la wyer engaged in charitable legal assistance

委托代理人:多用agent ad litem

篇3:商务实战应用文写法精讲:合同中常用词-1

国际商务合同中的词语是构成合同文本最基本的单位。对合同文本中的一些单词词义的正确选择,是翻译合同文书的前提和基础。如果选择的词义不确切,整篇译文就难以理解。

在翻译合同文件时,会涉及到经济、法律、贸易、金融、技术等领域的专业词汇,这些词汇在不同的合同条款和上下文中的表达和词义有很大区别。即使在同一专业中的词义都有很大区别,因此我们必须仔细推敲,选择最确切的词义。例如:cover一词,作为动词讲一般都理解为“包括”,例如:the prices quoted in the brochure cover packing and are subject to 35%trade discount,可译为:“小册子所报的价格包括包装费在内,可有35%的商业折扣。”但以下的含有cover的句子,就不能将cover译成“包括”:

(1) no doubt there must have been some reason for the delay in shipment. to cover this contingency we cabled you on mar.29 that we were extending the letter of credit for two weeks.

句中的cover应理解为“应付”,全句可译成:

无疑,一定有某种致使装船延误的原因。为应付这一意外事件,我方已于3月29日电告你方,将信用证延期两周。

(2)if party a insists on ifs original quotation. party b will have to cover its requirements elsewhere

句中的cover指“购进货物”,全句可译成:

如果甲方坚持原报价,则乙方只能从其他方面购进其需要的货物。

(3)in order to cover our order, we have arranged with the bank of china, dalian branch, a credit for usd 55,000.

句中的cover在这里表示“偿付”,全句可译成:

为支付我方订货,我方已联系中国银行大连分行开立55,000美元的信用证。

(4)party b shall cover the goods with particular average.

句中的cover在这里的含义为:to insure sth against loss,全句可译成:

乙方将对该货物投保水渍险。

英译汉是如此,汉译英时也应该注意同类的问题。请看下面的句子:

如在解释上有分歧,应以英文本为准。

该句中的“解释”在汉英词典上可以有多种选择,如:explanation,construe,exposition,interpretation,但该句中的“解释”是对依法成立的合同条款的正式性解释,应选择interpretation,全句可译成:

in case of any divergence of interpretations, the english text shall prevail.

以上例子仅是选择词义的一个方面。本单元就合同翻译时经常碰到的词义处理问题,归纳为三个方面:同义词的选择,一词多义的问题,容易混淆的词的处理。现分述如下:

1. choice of synonyms同义词的选择

同义词在英语中为数不少,在合同英语中也时常出现,翻译时必须作出正确选择。否则,如果同义词选用不当,轻者会影响双方的权利义务;重者可能造成履约争议。同义词的选择,通常从以下几方面着手:

1) considering the connotation根据单词的内进行选择

合同中出现的同义词,从字面理解仿佛没有很大区别,但仔细研究其就会发现,它们在表现出共性的同时,也体现着它们的个性。这就要求译者必须深人细致地精研其本质的区别,选出最恰当的单词。

例如,合同中经常出现的to perform a contract, to fulfill a contract, to execute a contract, to implement a contract,这些短语都可以表示“履行合同”,从字面上看都对。然而在具体的合同条款中,表示履行不同的合同义务时,其用法是有区别的。

「例1」

关于79hp一106号合同项下尚未执行的180公吨ny2一11低密度聚乙烯,我们仍然认为贵方应尽快开证以保证履行合同。我们提请贵方注意,the adviser inc.和贵方同时向我方购买ny2—11低密度聚乙烯,他们已经在我方主动调价后不久履行了原合同,而且又和我们签订了较大数量的新合同。

with respect to the outstanding 180 m/r of low-density polyethylene ny2—11 under contract no.79hp一106,we insist that you must open the covering letter of credit the soonest possible to secure the performance of the contract. we hereby would like to call your attention to the fact that the adviser inc. , who purchased ldpe ny2—11 from us at the same time as you did have fulfilled their commitment under the previous contract not long after we offered our regulated price and signed a new contract covering substantial quantity.

该句子出现的“履行”分别使用了perform和fulfill.我们首先研究一下这对同义词的:perform的法律含义是:to do what one party is obliged to do by a contract; fulfill的法律含义是:t0 do everything which is promised in a contract.其次,再研究一下合同各方应履行的合同义务:涉外合同一经生效,双方当事人必须全面地、适当地履行合同中的义务,但是具体对某一方合同当事人来讲,就是履行合同中最属于他应该履行的那部分责任和义务。比如,在国际货物销售合同中,对买方来说,“履行合同”的概念就是payment,当然与payment有关的义务还有采用何种方式和支付工具付款等。如果该合同的价格条件是fob的话,买方还要负责租船订舱,支付运费,并将船期、船号及时通知卖方等。因此,如果强调合同的一方履行合同与所规定的该方的那部分具体义务相同,应该是fulfill a contract.如果是泛指双方在合同中的各项责任和义务都应得到履行,则选用perform a contract较合适。又如:the contractor shall fulfill all of its duties and obligations in carrying out its work and services hereunder(承租人必须忠实信守和履行下列各项规则)。

篇4:商务实战应用文写法精讲:合同中常用词-3

3. easily-confused words易混淆的词

国际商务合同中还有一些易混淆的词,这些词中有的书写虽基本相同,内容却有很大区别;有的可以表达同一概念,但使用场合有别;还有的词语由于发生变形,产生了权利义务的改变等。因此,对于易混淆的词语,译者一定要运用综合分析判断的方法,勤查专业工具书,从共性中发现其个性,切忌生搬硬套,囫囵吞枣。易混淆词的处理,应注意以下几点:

1) attention to meaning注意书写基本近似,但意义不同的词

英文中有许多词在书写上基本上相似,但在内容上有很大的区别,特别是一些短语,更换一个介词或添加一个冠词,其内容就会有很大的区别。这些词或短语一定要引起译者的足够重视。

「例24」

(1) the party b shall request his bankers to open an irrevocable letter of credit in party a's favour upon receipt of party a's confirmation of this order.

一但收到甲方关于此项订货的确认后,乙方便要求其银行开立以甲方为受益人的信用证。

句中的短语in one's favour意思为“以……为受益人”。

(2)our goods that we offer you are much in favour on the european continent.

我方向你方报盘的货物,在欧洲大陆颇受好评。

该句中的in favour与上句的in one's favour只相差一个名词所有格形式或形容词性物主代词,但意义却大不相同。in favour在本句中的意思是“受赏识,受好评”。

「例25」

(1) the foreign party shall furnish to the joint venture company all the technical data necessary to ensure the effective operation of the machinery.

外方必须向合资公司提供一切必要的技术数据,以保证机械设备的正常运行。

句中的动词ensure意思为“保证,担保”,其书写与insure只相差一个字母,但意义却完全不同。又如:

(2) the seller have insured the goods fpa and against war risk at the rate of 0.5%for the sum of usd 36,000 with the insurance company.

卖方已为该货物向保险公司投保平安险和战争险,费率0.5%,投保额为36,000美元。

该句中的insure表示to make a contract that promises to pay sb an amount of money in case of accident,injury,death or damage or loss of sth.

「例26」

(1) up to now we have not heard anything from them about the order in question.

到目前为止,我方仍未接到他们关于该定货的任何消息。

句中的in question意思为“正在被谈起的”,经常译成“该”,如:the contract in question(该合同)。

(2)it is obviously out of question to effect the shipment in june.

很明显,6月份交货不成问题。

句中的out of question意思为: “毫无疑问”或“没有问题”。

(3)the prices shown in price-lists and catalogues shall be deemed to be the rock-bottom prices and any further reductions is out of the question.

价目单和商品目录中标明的价格,应视为最低价格,不会再次减价。

该句中的out of the question与上句中的out of question只相差一个定冠词,但其意义却完全相反。前者表示impossible,而后者却表示no problem.

「例27」

(1) the borrower agrees to transfer t0 the lender the right to accept and substitute other assigned accounts subsequent to this date, in lieu of accounts this day assigned.

借款人同意向出借人转让收取和兑取自即日起的以后各项应收账款的权利,用以取代今天的各项应收账款。

句中的lieu意思为“代替”,如:accept a cheque in lieu of cash(接受支票替代现金)。

(2) machinery shall become the sole property of the joint venture company, free and clear of all liens, charges and claims of any kind whatsoever.

机械设备应成为合资公司的独占财产,不存在任何留置权,不存在任何费用,索赔等情况。

该句中的lien与上句中的lieu书写非常近似,但lien的意思为right to keep sb's property until a debt owed in connection with it,法律上称“留置权”,属担保方式的一种。

2) attention to the relation

注意同一概念、但表达不同权利义关系的词

合同英语中的某些单词,单独地看,其概念是一致的。但在条款的具体应用中,其表现的权利义务关系和用词的规范与否是不同的。

「例28」

(1) the contract price set forth in this contract shall not include any withholding tariff and any charges imposed on the contractor by the government in new zealand.

原译文:

在合同中规定的合同价格,不应包括新西兰政府向承包人征收的扣交税金和任何费用。

该译文中的“税金”应改为“关税”。tariff在表示“税”时,主要用于“关税”,即:a schedule or system of duties imposed by a government on goods imported or exported at the rate of duty imposed in tariff.

(2) the china corporation shall bear all relevant taxes and levies imposed upon the personnel by the chinese government, whereas the employer shall bear the same imposed upon the personnel by the government of the project-host country.

中国公司应负责交纳中国政府对人员所征收的一切税金;雇主应负责交纳项目所在国政府对人员所征缴的一切税金。

该句中出现了两个有关“税金”的单词,即taxes and levies.其中tax在表示“税”时,主要强调:money taken compulsorily by the government or by an official body to pay for government services; levy作为名词,主要表示一种“征税”的行为,即:money which is demanded and collected by the government or by an agency or by an official body.因此,句中的taxes and levies合在一起可理解为:(中国政府所征收的)“一切税金”。

(3)the prices quoted above do not include any taxes. duties, impost and any other charges of any kind which may be levied in china.

以上所指的价格并不包括在中国境内所征收的各种税款、关税、进口税以及其他各种费用。

该句中除taxes外,还出现两个表示“税”的单词,即duty 和impost.其中duty主要强调the tax imposed by a government on merchandise imported from another country,可理解为“关税”。但duty在表示“关税”时与tariff是有本质区别的,前者主要表示tax to be paid for importing,而后者除表示tax to be paid for importing外,还可以表示tax to be paid for exporting,所以,在翻译duty时,一般应结合上下文写成:“在某国内所征收的关税”;句中出现的另一个表示“税”的单词是impost,这个词纯粹表示“进口税”,但不一定是通过海关所征的税。

「例29」

(1)合资各方的责任:

甲方责任:

1.办理为设立合资公司向中国有关主管部门申请批准,登记注册,领取营业执照等事宜;

2.……

乙方责任:

1.办理合资企业委托在中国境外选购机械设备等有关的事宜:

2.……

(1) responsibilities of each party to the joint venture

responsibility of party a:

1.handling of approval. registration business license and other matters concerning the establishment of the joint venture company from the relevant departments in charge in china.

2. ……。

responsibility of party b:

1. handling the matters entrusted by the joint venture company, such as selecting and purchasing machinery and equipment outside china, etc.

2.……

英译该条款时,应首先确定和选择“责任”一词的英语表述。合同英语中经常出现的两个表示“责任”的单词,一个为liability,另一个为responsibility.这是两个极易混淆的词汇,

在表达当事人的责任时是共同的,但涉及到具体的权利义务时,两词是有严格区别的。

liability在表示责任时,主要强调两个方面:一方面指“赔偿责任”(being legally responsible for paying or damage or loss),如:the underwriters refused to take any liability for the losses(承包人对损失拒绝承担责任);另一方面指“债务责任‘(一般用复数形式liabilities),如:the seller shall refund to the buyer such amounts after paying all tax liabilities(在付清一切税款后,卖方须向买方偿还这些款项)。因此,”有限责任公司“常被译成limited liability company,表示a company where a member is responsible for repaying the company’s debts only up to the face value of the shares he owns.

responsibility在表示“责任”时,着重强调“职责、义务”(commitment or duty for which a party is responsible),如:the licensee shall assume full responsibility for the payment of all royalties(对于一切专利权使用费的支付事宜,许可证受让方应承担完全责任)。

由上面的分析和比较可见,以上句子中的“责任”显然是合同各方应履行的职责和义务。因此,应译为responsibility.

(2)任何一方当事人违反合同的赔偿责任,应相当于另一方因此所受到的损失,但不得超过违反合同的一方订立合同时应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失。

the liability of a party to pay compensation for the breach of a contract shall be equal to the loss suffered by the other party as a consequence of the breach. however, such compensation may not exceed the loss, which the party responsible for the breach ought to have foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the contract as a possible consequence of a breach of contract.

该句中的“责任”明显是一种being legally responsible for paying loss,所以选择liability是合适的。

3) attention to the legal expressions

注意表达不同法律关系但意义近似的词

某些表达当事人法律关系的汉语词或其近义词在不同的上下文中,其不尽相同。把这些词译成英语时,必须认真研究分析,必要时应对合同中当事人约定的权利义务条件进行比较,选出最恰当的英语词汇。

「例30」

(1)由于发生地震、台风、水灾、火灾、战争及其他无法预见并且对其发生和后果均不能防止或避免的不可抗力事件,致使直接影响合同的履行或者不能按约定的条件履行时,遇有上述不可抗力事件的一方,应立即将事件情况书面通知对方,并在其后15天内,提供事件详情及全部或部分合同不能或需要延期履行的理由的有效证明文件,此项证明文件应由事件发生地区的公证机构出具。按照事件对履行合同影响的程度,由双方协商决定是否解除合同,或者部分免除履行合同的责任,或者延期履行合同。

原译文:

should either of the parties of the contract be prevented from executing the contract by force majeure, such as earthquake, typhoon, flood, fire and war and other unforeseen events, and their happenings and consequences are unpreventable and unavoidable, the presented party shall notify the other party by a written notice without any delay, and within 15 days thereafter provide the detailed information of the events and a valid document for evidence issued by the relevant public notary organization for explaining the reason of its inability to execute or delay the execution of all or part of the contract. both parties shal1,through consultations, decide whether to terminate the contract or to exempt the part of obligations for implementation of the contract or whether to delay the execution of the contract according to the effects of the events on the performance of the contract.

篇5:商务实战应用文写法精讲:合同中常用词-2

2. words with multi-interpretation一词多义的处理

在合同英语中,一词多义或一义多词的现象较为普遍。要透彻理解这些词义,必须结合上下文,仔细推敲。合同文体具有很强的逻辑性,词与词之间,段与段之间,款与款之间总是相互依存、相互制约的。在翻译时,绝对不能孤立地、片面地和静止地去理解条款中的词义,应全面地、客观地去理解和选择词义。以reference一词为例,它的一般词义是“参考”,但它在不同的上下文中就有不同的含义。因此,不能仅用“参考”二字“对号入座”。请看下例各句:

(1)thank you for you r letter reference dt/zi no.102.of 29th,march.

感谢你方3月29日编号为dt/zi,no.102的来信。

reference在此例中指“编号” (number which makes it possible to find a document which has been filed)。

(2)we have had only one order from abc co. , ltd. , so we regret we cannot give you a reference from long experience.

我们仅接受abc有限公司的一笔定货,很遗憾我们不能提供具有长期交往经历的资信情况。

reference在此例中指“资信情况” (statement about a company's abilities)。

(3)reference is made to your sales confirmation no.1529.

现谈到你方的第1529号销售确认书。

reference在此例中指“谈到” (mentioning or dealing with)。

(4)the buyers ask for credit and have given the bank of china ,beijing as a reference.

买方要求记账交易,并提出中国银行北京分行作为资信备询人。

reference在此例中指“咨信备询人”(person who reports on someone's character or abilities)。

(5)the sales company is given the same power with reference to apportioning the commission.

关于佣金的分配问题,应授予销售公司同样的权利。

with reference to在此例中意思为“关于”(about or concerning sb or sth)。

(6) a reference to your records will show that we have more than once asked you to establish l/c against s/c no.2523.

阅你方记录可以看出,我方已多次催促,要求你方对第2523号销售确认书开立信用证。

reference在此例中指“查阅”。

以上只是含有reference一词的部分词义。可见,如果把reference一概译为“参考”不仅词不达义,而且还会影响条款的效力。一词多义的选择和确定通常从以下几方面着手:

1) considering the part of speech根据词性确定词义

英语中有许多书写形式相同的词,却有着不同的词性,而词性不同,意义也有所差异。因此,在翻译时首先要断定这个词在原文中的词性,根据词性再进一步确定其词义。

「例10」

(1) arbitration of all questions in dispute under this contract shall be al the choice of either party and shall be in accordance with the international arbitration rules of american arbitration association.

对在合同中一切有争议的问题是否付诸仲裁将由任何一方作出选择,并须按照美国仲裁协会的国际仲裁规则进行仲裁。

(2) our products are manufactured from the choice grades of material and will satisfy you in every respect.

我方的产品均用上等的原料制成,因此,在各方面都会使贵方满意。

由于以上两句中的choice的词性不同,在词义的确定上也有所不同。第一句中的choice是名词,意思为“选择”(act of choosing between two or more possibilities);第二句中的choice是形容词,意思为“优质的”(of very good quality)。

协议和合同的区别

经济应用文写法

关于商务英语口语考试实战练习

协议书与合同的区别

合同 协议书的区别

下载商务实战应用文写法精讲:合同与协议的区别-(精选5篇)
商务实战应用文写法精讲:合同与协议的区别-.doc
将本文的Word文档下载到电脑,方便收藏和打印
推荐度:
点击下载文档
点击下载本文文档