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托福阅读文章太复杂看不懂怎么办

时间：2025年05月24日

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这次小编在这里给大家整理了托福阅读文章太复杂看不懂怎么办，本文共4篇，供大家阅读参考。本文原稿由网友“卡拉无伤”提供。

篇1：托福阅读文章太复杂看不懂怎么办

托福阅读文章太复杂看不懂怎么办?抓住逻辑信号词照样做题

1.托福阅读逻辑信号词：同类信息

There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.

“likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。因此，阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。这样的信号词还包括：

and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example

2.托福阅读逻辑信号词：转折关系

I'd like to go but I'm too busy.

“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述，它向读者显示了作者的思路在这里有了转折。阅读时，碰到这样的信号词我们需放慢阅读速度，以准确获取作者真正想要说明的意思。这类信号词还有：

although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet

3.托福阅读逻辑信号词：因果关系

As a result of the pilots'strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.

All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots'strike.

所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。显示因果关系的信号词还有：

for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently

4.托福阅读逻辑信号词：论述顺序

Internet speeds communication between companies, among co-workers through video-conferences, and among other individuals. First, media companies use the Internet for online news, or to broadcast audio and video, including live radio and television programs, while individuals use the Internet for communication, entertainment, finding information, buying and selling goods and services. Second,the notion of distance disappears thanks to the Internet. People also enjoy instant messaging to exchange text messages or pictures in real time, with real-time video and sound. Finally, scientists and scholars use the Internet to perform research, distribute lecture notes or course materials to students, they communicate with colleagues, and can also publish papers and articles.

抓住了这样的信号词就把握住了作者叙述的顺序，也就分清了相对独立的论据。这样的信号词包括：

first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next, last, afterward, finally

5.托福阅读逻辑信号词：提示结论

In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.

词组“in conclusion”前面所提到的一些信息将在这里被归纳总结。读到带有这样的信号词或短语的句子时，应格外留心注意，它们往往会向我们提示相关段落的核心信息。表示结论或总结的信号词和短语还有：

as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word

托福阅读长难句分析：间断平衡论

21. In 1972 paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged conventional wisdom with an opposing viewpoint, the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, which posits that species give rise to new species in relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period. (TPO 30 The Pace of Evolutionary Change) 句子分析：本句的主语是Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge，谓语动词是challenged, 宾语是conventional wisdom。而the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis则是an opposing viewpoint的同位语，用来进一步解释这个反对的观点。在同位语之后，有which引导的定语从句，修饰前面的equilibrium hypothesis，这个定语从句的谓语动词是posits。词汇总结： conventional作形容词，表示“传统的;习惯的;常规的”，比如：She is a respectable married woman with conventional opinions. 她是一位可敬的观念传统的已婚妇女。We must reduce the danger of war by controlling nuclear, chemical, and conventional arms. 我们必须通过控制核武器、化学武器和常规武器来降低战争的危险。conventional是托福阅读词汇题所考查的高频词汇，与“traditional”, “customary”意思相近。 opposing作形容词，表示“相反的，对立的”，比如：The opposing armies were already preparing for war. 反对派的军队已经在备战了。May and Joe have opposing vies on the purpose of going to preschools. 玛丽和乔对于上学前班的目的持截然相反的观点。 punctuate作动词，表示“不时打断”，比如：The game was punctuated by a series of injuries. 那场比赛因不时有人受伤而中断。 equilibrium作名词，表示“平衡，均衡”，比如：The main task now is the maintenance of social equilibrium. 现在的主要任务是维持社会平衡。本句中的punctuated equilibrium是一个生物学科词，表示“间断平衡理论”，该理论认为：物种的进化是先处于一段时间的稳定状态，然后经历突然被打断的变化，最后再次恢复平衡。 posit作动词，表示“假定”，比如：He posited that the world economy is a system with its own particular equilibrium. 他假定世界经济是一个有其自身某种平衡的体系。 give rise to的意思是“引起，导致”，是写作可以经常使用的词组，比如：Our addiction to cellphones has given rise to many social problems. 我们对手机的沉迷引起了很多社会问题。 burst作名词，表示“爆发”，比如：bursts of violent temper 突然发大脾气。 lengthy作形容词，表示“(时间)过长的，冗长的”。句子翻译：1972年，古生物学家史蒂芬·杰伊·古尔德和奈尔斯·埃尔德用相反的论点挑战了传统的认知，即间断平衡理论，该理论假定物种演变为新的物种是通过相对突然的爆发，而并非通过长时间的过渡时期。背景知识：间断平衡论(punctuated equilibrium)是古生物学研究中关于进化的学说。该理论认为：新物种只能以跳跃的方式快速形成，而且新物种一旦形成，就处于保守或进化停滞状态，直到下一次物种形成事件发生之前。该理论与传统的达尔文渐进主义(gradualism)观点相反。传统进化论认为：进化量是渐进变异(mutative)，逐渐积累(cumulative)的。

托福阅读技能：词汇与文本结构

扩大词汇量

掌握的英语词汇越多，对阅读部分的准备就越充分。这是因为，扩大词汇量能够提高阅读理解能力。记录下你学习到的新单词是一个不错的主意。以下是一些小技巧：

将词汇按学科领域进行分组，如地质学、生物学、历史学

制作新词卡片

经常回顾这些单词，以便加深记忆

开始了解这些单词前缀、后缀以及相同词根的含义

研究学术文本结构

为了明白正在阅读的文章意思，理解文本结构十分重要。理解句子之间的联系，可以帮助你理解文本，并在考试当天更有效地回答相关问题。想搞清楚文章结构，可以试试以下技巧：

列出文章的主要观点和支持性细节

思考观点之间的关系

注意句子末尾与下一句开头的联系

撰写文章概要(如果文本涉及两种观点的比较或争论，在概要中两者都必须提及)

将重点放在新单词的学习和对学术文本结构的理解，能够帮助你提高理解能力。这些技巧对于考试的阅读部分以及今后将会读到的英语文章来说，都十分重要。

托福阅读技巧：事实信息类问题解题策略

事实信息类问题

技巧1：你可能需要回顾文章，了解关于问题主题的准确内容。由于问题可能是关于细节，你可能记不清第一次阅读文章时的信息。

技巧2：排除信息与文章矛盾的选项。

技巧3：不要仅仅因为文章中提到就选择某个答案。你的选择应当回答被问及的具体问题。

错误事实信息类问题

技巧1：通常，错误事实信息类问题比事实信息类问题需要你更好地检查文章。文章中提及的三个选项可能分布在一个或多个段落。

技巧2：在这些类型的问题中，正确的答案可能与文章中的一处或多处表述直接矛盾，或在文章中完全没有提及。

托福机经：阅读真题

Transportation and the Roman Empire

重复.07.02

Formation of Earth’s Atmosphere and Oceans

重复2016.02.27

Tree Rings

重复.10.25和2015.12.20

Characteristics of Tropical Rain Forests

重复2016.07.16和2016.11.19

以下是4月23日出现的托福阅读考试题目：

1 Transportation and the Roman Empire

2 Formation of Earth's 大气和海洋

3 Bat Diets

4 Tree Rings

5 Characteristics of 热带雨林生物多样性

6 美国如何治理土地风化,防止风沙，corpland，Tokyo，Oregan

7 地下渗透水层，地表的三种layer,前两层暂时储存水之后蒸发，第三层接触地下水

8 .鸟类的飞行,鸟类适应飞行的结构

9.判定大陆板块的年龄

10.欧洲贸易

12.凡尔赛宫

13.火星火山的形成发展以及和地球火山的对比

14.测量地球年龄的方式

15.光谱

欧洲工业革命

彗星对地球的影响

美索不达米亚和埃及

蛙鸣

光谱折射确定发光元素

地球和太阳的形成

火星上的火山和地球上的火山

19世纪美国经济

目前看来，阅读ABCD卷 + 阅读加试已成常态。这对同学们的阅读能力及考试耐力都提出了更高的要求。下面我们来分析一下出现次数较多的三篇文章。

第一篇：Earth Atmosphere and the Ocean。

文章主要探讨了地球水的来源。内因：来源于地球本身。地下地幔当中含有大量的水，通过火山喷发等地质变化到达了地表。外因：来源宇宙。由彗星或小行星将水带到了地球上。最后的结论是内外因共同作用。TPO相似文章：TPO8-3 Running Water on Mars。

第二篇：Roman Route。

文章主要讲解了罗马帝国运输的发展。首先是陆路运输。早期马是主要的交通工具，把乡村的货物运送到城市。同时也为官方服务，各地都有驿站。但陆路运输缺点明显，运输成本高。随即发展了海路运输，讲解了海陆运输的优点。TPO相似文章：TPO33-2 Railroads and Commercial Agriculture in Nineteenth-Century United States。

第三篇：Bat Diversity。

文章主要讲解了蝙蝠的饮食多样性。热带蝙蝠的饮食多样性很高。一为了补充多重营养。二有不同功能的蝙蝠饮食不一样。例子：狐蝠没有超声波定位功能，所以吃植物或者不动的昆虫。三蝙蝠的大小影响饮食的选择。例子：大蝙蝠吃鱼小动物等，小蝙蝠吃小动物。TPO相似文章：TPO45-3 Feeding Strategies in the Ocean。

篇2：托福阅读长难句太复杂完全看不懂

托福阅读长难句太复杂完全看不懂?来学习一下这11个经典难句翻译找感觉

1. Accordingto conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy andserves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeperbreathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallowbreathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.

【译文】根据传统的理论，当人们无聊或者困倦的时候，打哈欠会出现。打哈欠通过深呼吸来逆转血液中氧含量的降低，从而的起到提高警觉的功能。而血液中氧含量的降低是由浅呼吸导致的，而浅呼吸又伴随着缺觉或无聊。

2. The keyfactor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, whichcontributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division oflabor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas ofspecialization in international markets for which they were especially wellsuited.

【译文】这些国家成功的关键因素(促成这个因素的是高识字率)是他们有能力适应由早期的工业化国家决定的劳动力国际分工并占领了他们特别适合的国际市场中的专业化领域。

3. In the second case, pollinators(insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has itspollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would beif they were carried by the wind only.

【译文】在第二个案例中，传粉者(昆虫和鸟)从开花植物中获取食物，而植物也使得它们的花粉和种子相比于只通过风传播的更加高效。

4. In the green-to yellow lightingconditions of the lowest levels of the forest, yellow and green would be thebrightest colors, but when an animal is signaling, these colors would not bevery visible if the animal was sitting in an area with a yellowish or greenishbackground.

【译文】在森林最底层的黄绿管线条件下，黄和率可能是最亮的颜色，但是，当动物在发信号的时候，如果该动物处于黄绿背景下，这些颜色就不太明显了。

5. In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vesselscarrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warmblood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus,the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before itreaches the flipper itself.

【译文】在逆流交换系统中，来自于脚蹼的携带冷血的血管接近来自身体的携带热血的血管来从较热的血管中获得热量;因此，在达到脚蹼前，热量从向外流的血管中转移到了向内流的血管中。

6. American paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski,who have studied extinction rates in a number of fossil groups, suggest thatepisodes of increased extinction have recurred periodically, approximatelyevery 26 million years since the mid-Cretaceous period.

【译文】美国古生物学家D.R.和J.S，他们已经很多化石群的灭绝速率，指出，越来越多的灭绝是周期性重复出现的，从白垩纪中期开始，周期大约是没二百六十万年一次。

7. As amongtribes people, personal relationships and a careful weighing of character havealways been crucial in a mercantile economy with little regulation, where one'sword is one's bond and where informal ties of trust cement together aninternational trade network.

【译文】在部落人中，人际关系和对品德仔细的考量在一个几乎没有规范的重商主义经济中一直都很重要。而在没有规范的重商主义经济中，一个的话语就是一个人的保证，非正式的信任纽带将国际贸易网络年合起来。

8. The explanation is that the Mayaexcavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged upleaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order tocreate reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basinsand stored it for use in the dry season.

【译文】解释是，玛雅人挖掘了大坑或者将天然的大坑修改，然后又通过把大坑的底部抹上灰泥把卡斯特地貌上的漏洞堵上，来制造蓄水池，这样，就能从巨大的被灰泥堵住的蓄水池中收集雨水并储存起来在干季时使用。

9. Inequalitiesof gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to havebeen softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in mostcommunities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skillsof men, including, often, their military skills.

【译文】性别的不平等也存在于畜牧社会中，但是，由于大部分社群中没有出现森严的财富等级，而且需要女性具备大多数男性的技巧，诸如军技巧，性别不平等就被软化了。

10. Ramsay thenstudied a gas that was present in natural gas deposits and discovered that itwas helium, an element whose presence in the Sun had been noted earlier in thespectrum of sunlight but that had notpreviously been known on Earth.

【译文】拉姆齐(Ramsay)研究了一种存在于天然气中的气体，并发现是氦气(helium)，该元素早就在太阳里通过太阳光光谱被发现了，但是还从来没有在地球上被发现过。

11. Many complex factors led to the adoption of the neweconomies, not only at Abu Hureyra, but at many other locations such as 'AinGhazal, also in Syria, where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks ofabrasion caused by foot tethering (binding) testify to early herding of domesticstock.

【译文】很多复杂的因素导致了新经济的采用，不仅出现在AbuHureyra，很多其他的地方也有，比如说'AinGhaza,也就是叙利亚，在那里，山羊脚趾的骨头显示有脚被绑住造成的磨损痕迹，这证实了早期的家畜蓄养。

托福阅读真题回忆

Passage One

学科分类：地质

题目：洋流的变化对全球温度的影响

内容回忆：

首段：调节全球温度的洋流主要通过水流温度，海洋浓度等方式。

第二段：Gulf Stream 原本可以将大量的暖流注入到南大西洋，但是随着温室效应，温度产生相反的效果。

第三段：大量冰川淡水涌入洋流中，导致温度降低，就会造成类似1863年英国的寒潮侵袭。

第四段：与此同时其他洋流的流向也极大程度上加速了全球变暖的趋势，这是一个恶性循环。

词汇题：

elaborate=complex

Passage Two

学科分类：历史

题目：奥古斯丁时代罗马帝国的城市发展

内容回忆：

首段说明奥古斯丁时代罗马帝国的发展概况。

第二段说明，城市的发展是因为大量的农民在城市中经商，并且带动城市周围发展。

第三段说明有一些农民为了寻求更好的生活，从农村移居到城市，而城市里原本那些商人担任了城市政府的职能。

第四段说明因为贸易的增加，一些沿岸港口城市发展特别快，相反一些内陆的老城开始逐渐衰败。

词汇题待补充

Passage Three

学科分类：天文

题目：宇宙的形式

内容回忆：

首段说明宇宙形成学说有非常多种。

第二段：在过去人们没有停止对太空起源的探索，但大多数从哲学角度分析。

第三段：宇宙爆炸学说是当前人类接受度最高的一种。

第四段，第四段大量物质和尘埃的形成能解释大多数天体运动现象，但是依然有部分时间现象无法解释。

词汇题：

considerable= a large mount of

托福阅读：句子简化题的步骤

1、找原句逻辑：

找逻辑连接词词，常见逻辑连接词：

转折：but, however, yet, nevertheless

让步：although，though，even though， despite，in spite of

比较对比：more/less than, as…as , while, whereas, unlike

条件：if, only if, except, unless, provide that, as long as

因果： because (of) ,since, as, why, for, therefore, hence, thus, consequently, lead to, as a result (of),result in, result from, reason, A contribute to B, attribute/ascribe A to B, explain, come from, so A that B,A be responsible for B

2、找原句主干：

谁做什么，谁是什么 (一般删掉修饰语:定语从句，介词短语结构，时间地点状语)。

注意：若两个句子有对比关系，因为两个分句中被比较的事物本质可能都差不多，所以表修饰的定语从句才是关键，这时候定语时关键。

3、对比选项选答案：

排除有明显与主要信息矛盾的选项了，排除无中生有的逻辑。

除了以上提到的托福阅读句子简化题答题技巧外，解答托福阅读句子简化题一定要掌握好语法，希望大家在接下来的备考环节能够熟练应用以上技巧。

篇3：托福阅读长难句太复杂完全看不懂

托福阅读长难句太复杂完全看不懂

【译文】在第二个案例中，传粉者(昆虫和鸟)从开花植物中获取食物，而植物也使得它们的花粉和种子相比于只通过风传播的更加高效。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

The origins of nest-building remain obscure, but current observations of nest-building activities provide evidence of their evolution. Clues to this evolutionary process can be found in the activities of play and in the behavior and movements of birds during mating, such as incessant pulling at strips of vegetation or scraping of the soil. During the early days of the reproductive cycle, the birds seem only to play with the building materials. In preparation for mating, they engage in activities that resemble nest-building, and continue these activities throughout and even after the mating cycle. Effective attempts at construction occur only after mating.

Although nest-building is an instinctive ability, there is considerable adaptability in both site selection and use of materials, especially with those species which build quite elaborate constructions. Furthermore, some element of learning is often evident since younger birds do not build as well as their practiced elders. Young ravens, for example, first attempt to build with sticks of quite unsuitable size, while a jackdaw's first nest includes virtually any movable object. The novelist John Steinbeck recorded the contents of a young osprey nest built in his garden, which included three shirts, a bath towel, and one arrow.

Birds also display remarkable behavior in collecting building materials. Crows have been seen to tear off stout green twigs, and sparrowhawks will dive purposefully onto a branch until it snaps and then hang upside down to break it off. Golden eagles, over generations of work, construct enormous nests. One of these, examined after it had been dislodged by high winds, weighed almost two tons and included foundation branches almost two meters long. The carrying capacity of the eagles, however, is only relative to their size and most birds are able to carry an extra load of just over twenty percent of their body weight.

1. The word obscure in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) interesting

(B) unclear

(D) complex

2. According to the passage , which of the following activities is characteristic of the early part of the reproductive cycle of birds?

(A) Selecting a mate

(B) Collecting nest-building materials

(D) Building a nest

3. The word display in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) communicate

(B) imitate

(D) exhibit

4. The novelist John Steinbeck is mentioned in line 14 because he

(A) conducted a scientific study on the behavior of ospreys

(B) was the first to describe where ospreys built their nests

(D) compared the size of osprey nests with the nests of other species

5. Which of the following birds are mentioned as those that build nests that include unusual

objects?

(A) Ravens

(B) Ospreys

(D) Sparrowhawks

6. According to the passage , when gathering materials to build their nests, sparrowhawks do

which of the following?

(A) Hang upside down

(B) Select only green twigs

(D) Collect more branches than necessary

7. The word these in line 20 refers to

(A) golden eagles

(B) generations

(D) nests

8. The word load in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) weight

(B) number

(D) level

9. The author mentions twenty percent in line 23 to indicate that

(A) eagles are twenty percent bigger than most birds

(B) twenty percent of all nests include foundation branches

(D) birds can carry twenty percent more of their own weight

PASSAGE 70 BCDCB ADAD

篇4：托福听力讲座内容太复杂听不懂怎么办

托福听力讲座内容太复杂听不懂?不如先从听明白逻辑开始

托福听力听不懂情况简介

有没有同学是这样一个情况：“听不到重点在哪，7秒鱼的记忆，听后忘前，抓不住文章。”

很多同学在备考的中后段，发现你听完一整篇听力之后还是记不住，就是逻辑不足，导致大脑的处理速度和能力不够，比如处理前面的信息时就自然就忽略掉了后面的信息。

增强逻辑理解有助听懂听力讲座

而增强逻辑就是解决上述问题的关键。ETS的要求就是听懂主要结构，对于细节的考察是大要点，不是小细节。到了23分的同学在听写的同时要开始注意区分文章的主次内容。我们的大脑总是对于一些专有名词、人名地名有非常强的锁定能力，这是人脑自带的能力，这能力强到让你忽略文章主次。大部分同学都会被专有名词的类似信息干扰，导致主次信息区分不清，听懂了文章做错了题。

听懂了错的多，听不懂反而对的多。这是因为你听懂的都是小细节，不是主要结构。简单来说就是文章意思没懂，否则真懂了就真会做题。你拿这个细节词汇去做题，那就会对应错误。所以听什么选什么经常会错。如果这个词正好是段落主题，可以选择，如果不是，那就得找上层信息。

托福听力讲座内容常见逻辑结构分析

A: b, c, d这种逻辑要懂。A 是一个要点，是一个意群的核心意思，后面会跟小细节解释。b, c, d可能就是解释性的词汇。一定要听懂A。听懂b, c, d这几句话解释的意思，也能理解这段的要点。

段内结构有时候是A: b, c, d->A，就是总分总。有时候是A: b, c, d就是总分。有时候b, c, d->A. 分总。有时候只有b, c, d几个细节，你自己需要综合信息，知道这段讲的是这个几个细节结合起来的意思。

听懂逻辑就能技术性猜题

要多思考，多分析，才能提高，才能学会“技术性猜题”。想要完全掌握文章的主要信息，就需要同学们对于文章出题重点做到全面把握，我们知道，一篇文章是不可能涵盖所有听力出题点的，这需要同学大量主动地练习多篇文章，才能训练好这种能力。

比如，以句子为单位，借以辅助语法和句型总结，逐句分析文章核心内容，剔除重复且不重要的信息。这个认识“重要内容”的过程也许不简单。需要反复引导和练习。

2020托福听力练习：光子芯片增加智能手机加密力度

Today's cars have loads of computer smarts built in. Like the chips that allow you, with the push of a button to unlock your car. And as new cars move down the assembly line, automakers program those functions into the car.

“They produce one car and they program a cryptographic secret in it, in order to secure it against thieves.” Timo Kasper, a cryptographer and engineer at the security and IT consulting company Kasper & Oswald. “Then comes the next car on the production line and they put the same secrets into the second car. And then comes the third car on the production line and they again put the same secrets into this car. And they repeat this process for millions of cars in the world. And now millions of cars in the world share the same cryptographic secret. Of course, this secret is not so well protected anymore, because it's in every of these million cars, and in every remote control. And this is of course a typical example of how to not do it.”

And yet, he says that's exactly how the Volkswagen Group did do it, for many cars manufactured in the last 20 years. Kasper and his colleagues decoded that shared cryptographic secret by studying the design and operation of chips from VW Group cars and remotes. After hacking the hardware, they were easily able to eavesdrop on and decrypt unlocking signals, clone the remote control and unlock cars. They presented the details August 12th at the USENIX Security Symposium, in Austin, Texas.

Kasper says VW is aware of the problem—and they're not alone. “This is not a VW bug but this is a red line, as we Germans say, through all the automotive industry.” In fact, in the same study, they showed that another encryption system used by many other brands, including Ford, Chevy, Nissan and Mitsubishi, has a weak cryptographic algorithm—which, again, allowed the team to break into more than a dozen cars.

Bottom line? It's easier to hack into cars than many drivers might have imagined. So if you want to avoid eavesdropping, the researchers recommend simply ditching remote controls and cryptography, and just go back to the good old metal key.

现在的汽车配备了大量电脑智能系统。比如芯片，让你可以一按按钮就打开车门。新车从装配线下线时，汽车制作商就已经将这些功能编入汽车。

“汽车制造商每生产一辆汽车，就会在车内编写一个加密程序，目的是确保汽车可以防盗。”蒂莫·卡斯珀是卡斯珀和奥斯瓦尔德安全信息咨询公司的密码学家兼工程师。“然后在生产下一辆车时，他们会在这辆车上装上同样的密码系统。在生产第三辆车时，他们会再次装上同样的密码系统。他们在全球数百万辆车上重复这一过程。现在全世界有数百万辆汽车拥有同样的加密程序。当然，这个密码系统不再受到较好的保护，因为在这数百万辆车中，每辆车、每个遥控装置中都有这一密码系统。这当然是个应该避免的典型的例子。”

他表示，大众汽车就在对过去20年间生产的汽车上进行了上述操作。卡斯珀和同事们通过研究大众汽车和其遥控装置的芯片，解码了车辆共享的密码系统。在入侵硬件之后，他们很容易能够窃听和解密释放信号，克隆遥控装置解锁汽车。8月12日，他们在得克萨斯州奥斯汀举行的USENIX安全研讨会上公布了具体的信息。

卡斯珀表示。大众公司已经意识到了这个问题——意识到问题的不仅仅是大众公司。“这不是大众的漏洞，就如我们德国人描述的那样，这是整个汽车行业的红线。实际上，在同一个研究中，他们发现福特、雪弗兰、尼桑、三菱等其他品牌使用的加密算法也有纰漏，这使研究团队再一次成功解锁了10多辆汽车。

底线?入侵解锁汽车比许多司机想的更容易。如果你想避免被窃听的话，研究人员建议，只要不使用遥控和加密装置，重新使用传统的金属钥匙就可以了。

重点讲解：

1. in order to 为了;以便;目的在于;

例句：She stepped forward in order to see clearly.

她向前走了一步以便能看得更清楚。

2. eavesdrop on 偷听;窃听;

例句：German hacker claims to have cracked the encryption that protects most cellphone calls, potentially paving the way for others to eavesdrop on conversations.

一名德国黑客声称了保护大部分手机通话的加密编码，使窃听他人手机通话成为可能。

3. be aware of 注意到的;察觉到的;意识到的;

例句：John has been aware of having done something wrong.

约翰已意识到自己做错了事情。

4. break into 强行进入;闯入;

例句：They break into computers and break the phone system. Real hackers call these people crackers and want nothing to do with them.

他们入侵电脑，破坏电话系统。真正的黑客叫这些人骇客，而且不想与他们扯上边。

5. hack into (尤指为获取机密信息)侵入，非法进入(他人的计算机系统);

例句：There is no doubt that it is a criminal offence to hack into others' computers and get secret data .

毫无疑问，非法侵入他人电脑获取机密资料是刑事犯罪。

2020托福听力练习：全球荒野面积减少

Only about 23 percent of the world's land area is still what you'd call wilderness—where indigenous people, wildlife, plants and microbes get a chance to live with little or no disturbance from large human populations. But even that current figure of 23 percent is down by a tenth in just the last couple of decades. Which translates into an area the size of Alaska being converted away from wilderness since the 1990s. That's according to a study in the journal Current Biology that was also announced at the just completed Honolulu meeting of the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

The research found that the regions that suffered the biggest wilderness losses were South America and Central Africa. South America lost almost a third of its wilderness while Africa's is down about 14 percent.

James Watson is the lead author of the study. He's with the Wildlife Conservation Society and the University of Queensland—he's no relation to the more famous DNA double helix James Watson.

In the journal article he and his colleagues write: “The continued loss of wilderness areas is a globally significant problem with largely irreversible outcomes for both humans and nature: if these trends continue, there could be no globally significant wilderness areas left in less than a century. Proactively protecting the world's last wilderness areas is a cost-effective conservation investment and our best prospect for ensuring that intact ecosystems and large-scale ecological and evolutionary processes persist for the benefit of future generations.” And future generations includes both the organisms in the remaining wilderness—and us.

世界上只有23%的土地仍可被称为荒野，在那里，土著、野生动物、植物和微生物有机会生活在一个很少或没有人干扰的地方。但即使是目前这23%的占比在过去二十年里也减少了十分之一。上世纪90年代以来，相当于阿拉斯加大小的荒野面积损失。这是一篇发表在《当代生物学》期刊上的研究报告得出的结论，该研究成果在刚刚结束的国际自然保护联盟火奴鲁鲁会议上宣布。

研究发现，荒野损失最严重的地区是南美洲和中非。南美洲损失了近30%的荒野，而非洲则减少了14%的荒野。

詹姆斯·沃森是这项研究的主要作者。他在野生动物保护协会和昆士兰大学工作，大家可能知道DNA双螺旋的发现者詹姆斯·沃森，不过我们这里提到的并不是同一个人。

他和他的同事在期刊文献中写道：“荒野地区的持续损失是全球性的重要问题，对人类和自然造成的影响在很大程度上是不可逆转的：如果这种趋势继续下去，不出一个世纪的时间，具有全球性重要意义的荒野地区可能将不复存在。积极保护世界上最后的荒野地区是具有成本效益的重大投资，也是我们确保完整生态系统的最好前景，同时让大规模的生态进化过程为后代造福。”这里的后代既包括现存荒野中的生物，也包括我们人类。

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