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托福阅读长难句太复杂完全看不懂

时间：2022年12月20日

来源：叶酱

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下面是小编给各位读者分享的托福阅读长难句太复杂完全看不懂，欢迎大家分享。本文原稿由网友“叶酱”提供。

篇1：托福阅读长难句太复杂完全看不懂

托福阅读长难句太复杂完全看不懂?来学习一下这11个经典难句翻译找感觉

1. Accordingto conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy andserves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeperbreathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallowbreathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.

【译文】根据传统的理论，当人们无聊或者困倦的时候，打哈欠会出现。打哈欠通过深呼吸来逆转血液中氧含量的降低，从而的起到提高警觉的功能。而血液中氧含量的降低是由浅呼吸导致的，而浅呼吸又伴随着缺觉或无聊。

2. The keyfactor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, whichcontributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division oflabor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas ofspecialization in international markets for which they were especially wellsuited.

【译文】这些国家成功的关键因素(促成这个因素的是高识字率)是他们有能力适应由早期的工业化国家决定的劳动力国际分工并占领了他们特别适合的国际市场中的专业化领域。

3. In the second case, pollinators(insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has itspollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would beif they were carried by the wind only.

【译文】在第二个案例中，传粉者(昆虫和鸟)从开花植物中获取食物，而植物也使得它们的花粉和种子相比于只通过风传播的更加高效。

4. In the green-to yellow lightingconditions of the lowest levels of the forest, yellow and green would be thebrightest colors, but when an animal is signaling, these colors would not bevery visible if the animal was sitting in an area with a yellowish or greenishbackground.

【译文】在森林最底层的黄绿管线条件下，黄和率可能是最亮的颜色，但是，当动物在发信号的时候，如果该动物处于黄绿背景下，这些颜色就不太明显了。

5. In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vesselscarrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warmblood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus,the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before itreaches the flipper itself.

【译文】在逆流交换系统中，来自于脚蹼的携带冷血的血管接近来自身体的携带热血的血管来从较热的血管中获得热量;因此，在达到脚蹼前，热量从向外流的血管中转移到了向内流的血管中。

6. American paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski,who have studied extinction rates in a number of fossil groups, suggest thatepisodes of increased extinction have recurred periodically, approximatelyevery 26 million years since the mid-Cretaceous period.

【译文】美国古生物学家D.R.和J.S，他们已经很多化石群的灭绝速率，指出，越来越多的灭绝是周期性重复出现的，从白垩纪中期开始，周期大约是没二百六十万年一次。

7. As amongtribes people, personal relationships and a careful weighing of character havealways been crucial in a mercantile economy with little regulation, where one'sword is one's bond and where informal ties of trust cement together aninternational trade network.

【译文】在部落人中，人际关系和对品德仔细的考量在一个几乎没有规范的重商主义经济中一直都很重要。而在没有规范的重商主义经济中，一个的话语就是一个人的保证，非正式的信任纽带将国际贸易网络年合起来。

8. The explanation is that the Mayaexcavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged upleaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order tocreate reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basinsand stored it for use in the dry season.

【译文】解释是，玛雅人挖掘了大坑或者将天然的大坑修改，然后又通过把大坑的底部抹上灰泥把卡斯特地貌上的漏洞堵上，来制造蓄水池，这样，就能从巨大的被灰泥堵住的蓄水池中收集雨水并储存起来在干季时使用。

9. Inequalitiesof gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to havebeen softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in mostcommunities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skillsof men, including, often, their military skills.

【译文】性别的不平等也存在于畜牧社会中，但是，由于大部分社群中没有出现森严的财富等级，而且需要女性具备大多数男性的技巧，诸如军技巧，性别不平等就被软化了。

10. Ramsay thenstudied a gas that was present in natural gas deposits and discovered that itwas helium, an element whose presence in the Sun had been noted earlier in thespectrum of sunlight but that had notpreviously been known on Earth.

【译文】拉姆齐(Ramsay)研究了一种存在于天然气中的气体，并发现是氦气(helium)，该元素早就在太阳里通过太阳光光谱被发现了，但是还从来没有在地球上被发现过。

11. Many complex factors led to the adoption of the neweconomies, not only at Abu Hureyra, but at many other locations such as 'AinGhazal, also in Syria, where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks ofabrasion caused by foot tethering (binding) testify to early herding of domesticstock.

【译文】很多复杂的因素导致了新经济的采用，不仅出现在AbuHureyra，很多其他的地方也有，比如说'AinGhaza,也就是叙利亚，在那里，山羊脚趾的骨头显示有脚被绑住造成的磨损痕迹，这证实了早期的家畜蓄养。

托福阅读真题回忆

Passage One

学科分类：地质

题目：洋流的变化对全球温度的影响

内容回忆：

首段：调节全球温度的洋流主要通过水流温度，海洋浓度等方式。

第二段：Gulf Stream 原本可以将大量的暖流注入到南大西洋，但是随着温室效应，温度产生相反的效果。

第三段：大量冰川淡水涌入洋流中，导致温度降低，就会造成类似1863年英国的寒潮侵袭。

第四段：与此同时其他洋流的流向也极大程度上加速了全球变暖的趋势，这是一个恶性循环。

词汇题：

elaborate=complex

Passage Two

学科分类：历史

题目：奥古斯丁时代罗马帝国的城市发展

内容回忆：

首段说明奥古斯丁时代罗马帝国的发展概况。

第二段说明，城市的发展是因为大量的农民在城市中经商，并且带动城市周围发展。

第三段说明有一些农民为了寻求更好的生活，从农村移居到城市，而城市里原本那些商人担任了城市政府的职能。

第四段说明因为贸易的增加，一些沿岸港口城市发展特别快，相反一些内陆的老城开始逐渐衰败。

词汇题待补充

Passage Three

学科分类：天文

题目：宇宙的形式

内容回忆：

首段说明宇宙形成学说有非常多种。

第二段：在过去人们没有停止对太空起源的探索，但大多数从哲学角度分析。

第三段：宇宙爆炸学说是当前人类接受度最高的一种。

第四段，第四段大量物质和尘埃的形成能解释大多数天体运动现象，但是依然有部分时间现象无法解释。

词汇题：

considerable= a large mount of

托福阅读：句子简化题的步骤

1、找原句逻辑：

找逻辑连接词词，常见逻辑连接词：

转折：but, however, yet, nevertheless

让步：although，though，even though， despite，in spite of

比较对比：more/less than, as…as , while, whereas, unlike

条件：if, only if, except, unless, provide that, as long as

因果： because (of) ,since, as, why, for, therefore, hence, thus, consequently, lead to, as a result (of),result in, result from, reason, A contribute to B, attribute/ascribe A to B, explain, come from, so A that B,A be responsible for B

2、找原句主干：

谁做什么，谁是什么 (一般删掉修饰语:定语从句，介词短语结构，时间地点状语)。

注意：若两个句子有对比关系，因为两个分句中被比较的事物本质可能都差不多，所以表修饰的定语从句才是关键，这时候定语时关键。

3、对比选项选答案：

排除有明显与主要信息矛盾的选项了，排除无中生有的逻辑。

除了以上提到的托福阅读句子简化题答题技巧外，解答托福阅读句子简化题一定要掌握好语法，希望大家在接下来的备考环节能够熟练应用以上技巧。

篇2：托福阅读长难句太复杂完全看不懂

托福阅读长难句太复杂完全看不懂

【译文】在第二个案例中，传粉者(昆虫和鸟)从开花植物中获取食物，而植物也使得它们的花粉和种子相比于只通过风传播的更加高效。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

The origins of nest-building remain obscure, but current observations of nest-building activities provide evidence of their evolution. Clues to this evolutionary process can be found in the activities of play and in the behavior and movements of birds during mating, such as incessant pulling at strips of vegetation or scraping of the soil. During the early days of the reproductive cycle, the birds seem only to play with the building materials. In preparation for mating, they engage in activities that resemble nest-building, and continue these activities throughout and even after the mating cycle. Effective attempts at construction occur only after mating.

Although nest-building is an instinctive ability, there is considerable adaptability in both site selection and use of materials, especially with those species which build quite elaborate constructions. Furthermore, some element of learning is often evident since younger birds do not build as well as their practiced elders. Young ravens, for example, first attempt to build with sticks of quite unsuitable size, while a jackdaw's first nest includes virtually any movable object. The novelist John Steinbeck recorded the contents of a young osprey nest built in his garden, which included three shirts, a bath towel, and one arrow.

Birds also display remarkable behavior in collecting building materials. Crows have been seen to tear off stout green twigs, and sparrowhawks will dive purposefully onto a branch until it snaps and then hang upside down to break it off. Golden eagles, over generations of work, construct enormous nests. One of these, examined after it had been dislodged by high winds, weighed almost two tons and included foundation branches almost two meters long. The carrying capacity of the eagles, however, is only relative to their size and most birds are able to carry an extra load of just over twenty percent of their body weight.

1. The word obscure in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) interesting

(B) unclear

(D) complex

2. According to the passage , which of the following activities is characteristic of the early part of the reproductive cycle of birds?

(A) Selecting a mate

(B) Collecting nest-building materials

(D) Building a nest

3. The word display in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) communicate

(B) imitate

(D) exhibit

4. The novelist John Steinbeck is mentioned in line 14 because he

(A) conducted a scientific study on the behavior of ospreys

(B) was the first to describe where ospreys built their nests

(D) compared the size of osprey nests with the nests of other species

5. Which of the following birds are mentioned as those that build nests that include unusual

objects?

(A) Ravens

(B) Ospreys

(D) Sparrowhawks

6. According to the passage , when gathering materials to build their nests, sparrowhawks do

which of the following?

(A) Hang upside down

(B) Select only green twigs

(D) Collect more branches than necessary

7. The word these in line 20 refers to

(A) golden eagles

(B) generations

(D) nests

8. The word load in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) weight

(B) number

(D) level

9. The author mentions twenty percent in line 23 to indicate that

(A) eagles are twenty percent bigger than most birds

(B) twenty percent of all nests include foundation branches

(D) birds can carry twenty percent more of their own weight

PASSAGE 70 BCDCB ADAD

篇3：托福阅读完全看不懂怎么办

我们在托福备考的过程中经常会遇到以下几种情况：1.生僻词汇看不懂;2.平时积累的词汇量够，但组合在一起的托福阅读长短句不能理解或者说理解起来比较费劲。这些都会导致我们看不懂文章，今天我就给各位分享一下我自己的备考经验，希望能对各位有所帮助~

托福阅读完全看不懂怎么办

1.平时多积累词汇量这个不用我再多说了吧，词汇量连5000都不到的朋友，建议你先把词汇量搞定，再来考虑托福考试。这里推荐各位看的书籍是《词以类记》。词汇量是托福的基础功课，即便你理解不了内容，你也可以通过将文章中的单词全部翻出来，虽说通篇读下来有点拗口，但至少大意你可以猜出一二。

2.只保留句子里的主谓宾，其他词汇全部剔除。

3.什么都看得懂，就是题目做不来。有这样问题的学生不在少数，托福考试是考察学生综合能力的学术测评，所以在考试中融入了大量的语法点，常见的案例是学生自认为读懂了文章的含义，但其实文章内容并非是学生所翻译的那样。我们常常会将自己所掌握的知识点强加在作者身上，以至于经常在文章的理解上失分。

记住一句话，托福阅读细节决定成败。如果你是我所说的那类学生，那么你就要引起重视，多从自身上找原因。这里建议各位学生可以去刷一些TPO真题，分析下这些语法点，把经常做错的语法题整理汇总下，然后有针对性的去练习，直到你完全弄清楚了为止。

当然，有条件的学生可以参加一些培训机构的托福训练，有老师作为引路人要比你自己瞎摸索效率高得多。就像昂立国际课程中心这种，他们的老师和助教都挺有耐心。我当时托福考试成绩是112分也是多亏了两位助教全程给予我帮助。

提高托福阅读分数的有效办法：提高答题速度

提高托福阅读速度可以采用快速泛读、计时阅读、寻读、略读等方法，以下为介绍的详细内容。

快速泛读是指广泛阅读大量涉及不同领域的文章，要求读得快，理解和掌握文中的主要内容就可以。要确定一个明确的阅读定额，定额要结合自己的实际，可多可少，例如每天读20页。

而计时阅读每次进行5～10分钟即可，不宜太长。因为计时快速阅读，精力高度集中，时间一长，容易疲劳，精力分散反而乏味。

寻读又称查读，同略读一样，寻读也是一种快速阅读技巧。它是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息，如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等，而对其它无关部分略去不读的快速阅读方法。

它与略读不同，略读时，读者事先对材料一无所知，而寻读则是在读者对材料有所了解的情况下进行的。具体地说，寻读带有明确的目的性，有针对性地选择问题的答案。

略读又称跳读(readingandskipping)或浏览(glancing)，是一种专门的，非常实用的快速阅读技能。

在进行托福阅读略读时，要利用印刷细节(typo鄄graphicaldetails)，如文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等，对文章进行预测略读(previewskim鄄ming)。预测略读要了解作者的思路、文章方式(模式)，以便把握大意，有关的细节及其相互关系。

以一般阅读速度(200～250wpm)阅读文章开头的一、二段，力求抓住文章大意，背景情况，作者的文章风格，口吻或语气等。阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句就掌握了段落大意，然后略去细节不读，以求得略读速度。注意转折词和序列词。转折词如 however，moreover，inaddition等;序列词如firstly，secondly等。

以上就是关于快速泛读、计时阅读、寻读、略读方法的详细介绍，希望考生可以将这四种方法运用到托福阅读速度训练中，最后达到提高托福阅读速度的目标。

托福阅读指代题解题思路及步骤

一、问题形式

被考的文章中有一个词或词组被加亮，这个词通常是一个代词或名词。指代题的形式如下：

The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to

二、解题步骤

1. 根据解题技巧确定答案

2. 代入原文验证，看语义、逻辑和语法上是否通顺

三、基本原则

1. 就近指代

所谓就近指代，就是被指代对象通常在指代词前不远处，如本句或上一句中。有时也出现在更前面的一句中。例如，

Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.

The phrase this problem in the passage refers to interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy

本题涉及的是一个词组this problem。寻找这一词组的指代对象时只需向上搜索就行。根据就近原则，前一句中的主语the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines可以初步确定为答案。将其代入原文，符合语义和逻辑，因此第三个选项为正确答案。第一个选项和第三个选项都和this problem相距较远，而且代入时语义和逻辑上不通，因此为干扰选项。

2. 数格一致

被指代对象通常与指代词在数(如单数或复数)和格(主格或宾格)两方面相同。如单数代词one指代单数名词，复数代词they指代复数名词。

四、主要思路

1. 主从复合句中的指代

在主从复合句中，第二句的代词主语经常指代第一句的名词主语。例如，

The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.

The word they in the passage refers to

?qualities

?fins

?grooves

?depressions

在这一例子中，从句so that they…中的代词主语they指代主句的名词主语the fins，因此第二个选项为正确答案。

如果主从复合句中一个句子(可以是主句，也可以是从句)使用被动语态，包含被动语态的句子中的主语常指代另一句中的宾语。例如， Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.

The word none in the passage refers to

food

plant or animal

energy

big body

在本例中，if引导的从句使用了被动语态，代词主语none指代前面主句中的宾语energy。因此，第三个选项为正确答案。

2.并列动词中的指代

如果一个句中有两个并列的动词，第二个动词的代词宾语经常指代前一个动词后的名词宾语。例如，

Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions.

The word “that” in line 27 refers to

(A) contemporary art

(B) opportunity

(D) distinction

句中有两个并列的动词recognizing和 taking (into account)，其中recognizing的宾语是distinction，而taking 的宾语是that。根据上述技巧，that指代distinction。因此，(D)为正确答案。

3.平行结构中的指代

平行结构主要包括some/most/many/such/each…, others…; not only…but also…; the former…the latter等。在这种结构中，平行结构两个部分的两个代词经常指代同一对象：前一句中的名词主语。例如，

In Southwest France in the 1940s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down.

The word others in the passage refers to

chambers

paintings

beasts

parades

原文包含平行结构some…others，它们都指代前一句中的名词主语beasts，因此第三个选项为正确答案。

4. 所有格的指代

所有格代词经常指代其前面与其最接近的名词。例如，

Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner.

The word “their” in line 1 refers to

(A) folk

(B) nations

(D) objects

根据所有格指代的解题技巧，their指代前面位置最近的名词objects，因此(D)为正确答案。

5. 指代的接力棒现象

这一现象是指被考的代词对应前面一个相同的代词，而前面的代词指代更前一句中的名词。例如，

While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location.

The word “they” in line 8 refers to

(A) North Americans

(B) news shows

(D) opinions

在这一例子中，第二句中的代词they(reflect the opinions…)对应第一句中的they(are not…)，而第一个they指代前面从句中的名词主语interviews，那么第二个they也指代interviews，因此(C)为正确答案。

除了上述情况之外，其他指代，如定语从句中(of which…, in which…, from which…)的关系代词指代先行词，from there结构中的there指代前面最接近的地点名词等，限于篇幅，不再详述。

托福阅读指代题例题及参考答案

指代关系题考查读者认定代词与篇章中其他词语的指代关系的能力。大家可以根据下面的例子在真题中找到相似题加以练习，相信会有不错的效果。

例题1：

Passage： “…These laws are universal in their application， regardless of cultural beliefs， geography， or climate. If pots have no bottoms or have large openings in their sides， they could hardly be considered containers in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics， not some arbitrary decision， have determined the general form of applied-art objects， they follow basic patterns， so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits…”

The word they in the passage refers to

A. applied-art objects

B. the laws of physics

C. containers

D. the sides of pots

正确答案是A.

例题2：

Passage：“…The first weekly newspaper in the colonies was the Boston Gazette，established in 1719， the same year that marked the appearance of Philadelphia‘s first newspaper， the American Mercury， where the young Benjamin Franklin worked. By 1760 Boston had 4 newspapers and 5 other printing establishments; Philadelphia， 2 newspapers and 3 other presses; and New York， 3 newspapers. The distribution， if not the sale， of newspapers was assisted by the establishment of a postal service in 1710， which had a network of some 65 offices by 1770， serving all 13 colonies…”

The word which in the passage refers to

A. distribution

B. sale

C. newspaper

D. postal service

正确答案是D.

篇4：托福阅读文章太复杂看不懂怎么办

托福阅读文章太复杂看不懂怎么办?抓住逻辑信号词照样做题

1.托福阅读逻辑信号词：同类信息

There has been an upsurge of interest in chamber music. Likewise opera is receiving a boost from increased record sales.

“likewise”这一信号词显示了前面所提到的idea后面还要再一次出现。因此，阅读时见到这样的信号词无须放慢阅读速度。这样的信号词还包括：

and, furthermore, more, than, that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example

2.托福阅读逻辑信号词：转折关系

I'd like to go but I'm too busy.

“but”前后是完全不同的信息描述，它向读者显示了作者的思路在这里有了转折。阅读时，碰到这样的信号词我们需放慢阅读速度，以准确获取作者真正想要说明的意思。这类信号词还有：

although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, yet

3.托福阅读逻辑信号词：因果关系

As a result of the pilots'strike, all flights have had to be cancelled.

All flights have had to be cancelled as a result of the pilots'strike.

所有航班被取消的原因是因为飞行员们的罢工;飞行员们的罢工导致了所有的航班不得不被取消。显示因果关系的信号词还有：

for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently

4.托福阅读逻辑信号词：论述顺序

Internet speeds communication between companies, among co-workers through video-conferences, and among other individuals. First, media companies use the Internet for online news, or to broadcast audio and video, including live radio and television programs, while individuals use the Internet for communication, entertainment, finding information, buying and selling goods and services. Second,the notion of distance disappears thanks to the Internet. People also enjoy instant messaging to exchange text messages or pictures in real time, with real-time video and sound. Finally, scientists and scholars use the Internet to perform research, distribute lecture notes or course materials to students, they communicate with colleagues, and can also publish papers and articles.

抓住了这样的信号词就把握住了作者叙述的顺序，也就分清了相对独立的论据。这样的信号词包括：

first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next, last, afterward, finally

5.托福阅读逻辑信号词：提示结论

In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.

词组“in conclusion”前面所提到的一些信息将在这里被归纳总结。读到带有这样的信号词或短语的句子时，应格外留心注意，它们往往会向我们提示相关段落的核心信息。表示结论或总结的信号词和短语还有：

as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word

托福阅读长难句分析：间断平衡论

21. In 1972 paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged conventional wisdom with an opposing viewpoint, the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, which posits that species give rise to new species in relatively sudden bursts, without a lengthy transition period. (TPO 30 The Pace of Evolutionary Change) 句子分析：本句的主语是Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge，谓语动词是challenged, 宾语是conventional wisdom。而the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis则是an opposing viewpoint的同位语，用来进一步解释这个反对的观点。在同位语之后，有which引导的定语从句，修饰前面的equilibrium hypothesis，这个定语从句的谓语动词是posits。词汇总结： conventional作形容词，表示“传统的;习惯的;常规的”，比如：She is a respectable married woman with conventional opinions. 她是一位可敬的观念传统的已婚妇女。We must reduce the danger of war by controlling nuclear, chemical, and conventional arms. 我们必须通过控制核武器、化学武器和常规武器来降低战争的危险。conventional是托福阅读词汇题所考查的高频词汇，与“traditional”, “customary”意思相近。 opposing作形容词，表示“相反的，对立的”，比如：The opposing armies were already preparing for war. 反对派的军队已经在备战了。May and Joe have opposing vies on the purpose of going to preschools. 玛丽和乔对于上学前班的目的持截然相反的观点。 punctuate作动词，表示“不时打断”，比如：The game was punctuated by a series of injuries. 那场比赛因不时有人受伤而中断。 equilibrium作名词，表示“平衡，均衡”，比如：The main task now is the maintenance of social equilibrium. 现在的主要任务是维持社会平衡。本句中的punctuated equilibrium是一个生物学科词，表示“间断平衡理论”，该理论认为：物种的进化是先处于一段时间的稳定状态，然后经历突然被打断的变化，最后再次恢复平衡。 posit作动词，表示“假定”，比如：He posited that the world economy is a system with its own particular equilibrium. 他假定世界经济是一个有其自身某种平衡的体系。 give rise to的意思是“引起，导致”，是写作可以经常使用的词组，比如：Our addiction to cellphones has given rise to many social problems. 我们对手机的沉迷引起了很多社会问题。 burst作名词，表示“爆发”，比如：bursts of violent temper 突然发大脾气。 lengthy作形容词，表示“(时间)过长的，冗长的”。句子翻译：1972年，古生物学家史蒂芬·杰伊·古尔德和奈尔斯·埃尔德用相反的论点挑战了传统的认知，即间断平衡理论，该理论假定物种演变为新的物种是通过相对突然的爆发，而并非通过长时间的过渡时期。背景知识：间断平衡论(punctuated equilibrium)是古生物学研究中关于进化的学说。该理论认为：新物种只能以跳跃的方式快速形成，而且新物种一旦形成，就处于保守或进化停滞状态，直到下一次物种形成事件发生之前。该理论与传统的达尔文渐进主义(gradualism)观点相反。传统进化论认为：进化量是渐进变异(mutative)，逐渐积累(cumulative)的。

托福阅读技能：词汇与文本结构

扩大词汇量

掌握的英语词汇越多，对阅读部分的准备就越充分。这是因为，扩大词汇量能够提高阅读理解能力。记录下你学习到的新单词是一个不错的主意。以下是一些小技巧：

将词汇按学科领域进行分组，如地质学、生物学、历史学

制作新词卡片

经常回顾这些单词，以便加深记忆

开始了解这些单词前缀、后缀以及相同词根的含义

研究学术文本结构

为了明白正在阅读的文章意思，理解文本结构十分重要。理解句子之间的联系，可以帮助你理解文本，并在考试当天更有效地回答相关问题。想搞清楚文章结构，可以试试以下技巧：

列出文章的主要观点和支持性细节

思考观点之间的关系

注意句子末尾与下一句开头的联系

撰写文章概要(如果文本涉及两种观点的比较或争论，在概要中两者都必须提及)

将重点放在新单词的学习和对学术文本结构的理解，能够帮助你提高理解能力。这些技巧对于考试的阅读部分以及今后将会读到的英语文章来说，都十分重要。

托福阅读技巧：事实信息类问题解题策略

事实信息类问题

技巧1：你可能需要回顾文章，了解关于问题主题的准确内容。由于问题可能是关于细节，你可能记不清第一次阅读文章时的信息。

技巧2：排除信息与文章矛盾的选项。

技巧3：不要仅仅因为文章中提到就选择某个答案。你的选择应当回答被问及的具体问题。

错误事实信息类问题

技巧1：通常，错误事实信息类问题比事实信息类问题需要你更好地检查文章。文章中提及的三个选项可能分布在一个或多个段落。

技巧2：在这些类型的问题中，正确的答案可能与文章中的一处或多处表述直接矛盾，或在文章中完全没有提及。

托福机经：阅读真题

Transportation and the Roman Empire

重复.07.02

Formation of Earth’s Atmosphere and Oceans

重复2016.02.27

Tree Rings

重复.10.25和2015.12.20

Characteristics of Tropical Rain Forests

重复2016.07.16和2016.11.19

以下是4月23日出现的托福阅读考试题目：

1 Transportation and the Roman Empire

2 Formation of Earth's 大气和海洋

3 Bat Diets

4 Tree Rings

5 Characteristics of 热带雨林生物多样性

6 美国如何治理土地风化,防止风沙，corpland，Tokyo，Oregan

7 地下渗透水层，地表的三种layer,前两层暂时储存水之后蒸发，第三层接触地下水

8 .鸟类的飞行,鸟类适应飞行的结构

9.判定大陆板块的年龄

10.欧洲贸易

12.凡尔赛宫

13.火星火山的形成发展以及和地球火山的对比

14.测量地球年龄的方式

15.光谱

欧洲工业革命

彗星对地球的影响

美索不达米亚和埃及

蛙鸣

光谱折射确定发光元素

地球和太阳的形成

火星上的火山和地球上的火山

19世纪美国经济

目前看来，阅读ABCD卷 + 阅读加试已成常态。这对同学们的阅读能力及考试耐力都提出了更高的要求。下面我们来分析一下出现次数较多的三篇文章。

第一篇：Earth Atmosphere and the Ocean。

文章主要探讨了地球水的来源。内因：来源于地球本身。地下地幔当中含有大量的水，通过火山喷发等地质变化到达了地表。外因：来源宇宙。由彗星或小行星将水带到了地球上。最后的结论是内外因共同作用。TPO相似文章：TPO8-3 Running Water on Mars。

第二篇：Roman Route。

文章主要讲解了罗马帝国运输的发展。首先是陆路运输。早期马是主要的交通工具，把乡村的货物运送到城市。同时也为官方服务，各地都有驿站。但陆路运输缺点明显，运输成本高。随即发展了海路运输，讲解了海陆运输的优点。TPO相似文章：TPO33-2 Railroads and Commercial Agriculture in Nineteenth-Century United States。

第三篇：Bat Diversity。

文章主要讲解了蝙蝠的饮食多样性。热带蝙蝠的饮食多样性很高。一为了补充多重营养。二有不同功能的蝙蝠饮食不一样。例子：狐蝠没有超声波定位功能，所以吃植物或者不动的昆虫。三蝙蝠的大小影响饮食的选择。例子：大蝙蝠吃鱼小动物等，小蝙蝠吃小动物。TPO相似文章：TPO45-3 Feeding Strategies in the Ocean。

篇5：托福阅读长难句

In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet itspurpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them——evenwhile building materials have changed dramatically.(44)

大家先自己理解，多想想，先别看解析，看不明白，再看下面的解析。

(In order for the structure) (to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose), architecture employs methods of support that, (because they are based on physical laws), have changed little since people first discovered them—— (even while building materials have changed dramatically. )

老邪分析：一个句子重点在于主干，看懂了主干，就看懂了句子的主要成分。以下主干为句子中红色部分，括号里均是修饰成分。

修饰一：(In order for the structure)，介词短语

修饰二：(to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose)，非谓语做形容词性修饰structure

修饰三：(because they are based on physical laws)，插入语，插入语记得先跳过去，断句别出问题，that和have changed是在一起的。

(老师，啥叫插入语?嗯，好问题，改天我专门讲讲这些概念。上过课并认真听的同学，你懂的。)

修饰四：(that have changed little sincepeople first discovered them.从句修饰support

修饰五：(even while building materials have changed dramatically. )，从句

括号外面的是主干：architectureemploys methods of support，注意support这里是名词。

已经拆成这么短了，你再试试看，应该能看懂了吧?其实在理解句子的时候比较容易犯错在于断句和语序，语序和中文有差异，下次我讲修饰成分的时候一并讲。

参考翻译：为了使结构达到必要的大小和强度去满足它的目的，建筑学上使用了一些支撑的方法，因为这些方法都是基于物理定律，所以尽管建筑材料已经发生了巨大变化，这些方法却自人们发现它们以来就没有什么变化。

篇6：托福阅读长难句

世界本没有长难句，修饰成分多了，便有了长难句。

阅读速度大部分来于短时间内理解长难句的能力。

大家在看长难句的时候，多思考，一个句子为什么这么长，常见的修饰成分到底有哪些?其实不多，连词、非谓语动词、介词以及同位语或插入语，上过课的同学懂得。

大家别急，把一句一句弄明白，弄懂一个句子胜过模糊看懂十个句子。希望大家认真看我的分析。

今天我们来看这样一个句子：

Her dancing also attracted the attention of French poets and painters of the period, for it appealed to their liking for mystery, their belief in art for art’s sake, a nineteenth-century idea that art is valuable in itself rather than because it may have some moral or educational benefit, and their efforts to synthesize form and content. (57, OG)

appeal v.恳求，呼吁;(对某人)有吸引力~to sb; (使某人)感兴趣;上诉

for one’s sake为了…的缘故

synthesize/?s?nθ??sa?z/v. 合成，综合

这里是分界线，先自己分析哦。

Her dancing also attracted the attention (of French poets and painters) (of the period), (for it appealed to their liking for mystery, their belief in art for art’s sake, (a nineteenth-century idea that art is valuable in itself rather than because it may have some moral or educational benefit),and their efforts to synthesize form and content.)

老邪分析：

修饰一：(of French poets and painters)，介词短语，修饰the attention。大家注意英文喜欢把修饰成分放在后面，这个很重要。

中文：法国诗人和花季。

修饰二：(of the period) ，介词短语，修饰French poets and painters，也是放在后面哦。

修饰三：(a nineteenth-century idea that art is valuable in itself rather than because it may have some moral or educational benefit)，同位语，用来解释说明前面的belief，这个同位语语放在这里分割了原句，大家断句的时候要注意。

中文：一个19世纪的思想：艺术本身比它所带来的道德或教育利益更有价值。

修饰四：(for it appealed to their liking for mystery, their belief in art for art’s sake , and their efforts to synthesize formand content.)，从句，表示原因，大家注意我把同位语去掉了(因为不重要)，这样更能看清重要内容。这里有一个并列结构，是一个A, B, and C结构，不知道大家在看的时候有没有看出来，A= their liking for mystery，B= their belief in art for art’ssake，C= their efforts to synthesize form and content，插入语解释B。

中文：因为它吸引了他们对于神秘的喜好、他们为艺术而艺术的信仰以及他们把形式和内容融合到一起所作的努力

主干：括号外面的，Her dancing also attracted the attention

参考翻译：

她的舞蹈还吸引了当时法国一些诗人和画家的注意，因为它吸引了他们对于神秘的喜好、他们为艺术而艺术的信仰(这是一个19世纪的思想：艺术本身比它所带来的道德或教育利益更有价值)以及他们把形式和内容融合到一起所作的努力。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句和同位语，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

篇7：托福阅读长难句

世界本没有长难句，修饰成分多了，便有了长难句。

大家在看长难句的时候，多思考，一个句子为什么这么长，常见的修饰成分到底有哪些?其实不多，连词、非谓语动词、介词以及同位语或插入语。

今天我们来看这样一个句子：

Fuller devised a type of dance that focused on the shifting play of lights and colors on the voluminous skirts or draperies she wore, which she kept in constant motion principally through movements of her arms, sometimes extended with wands concealed under her costumes. (44, OG)

voluminous/v?'l?m?n?s/adj.(指衣物)用料多的, 宽松的, 肥大的;

drapery/'drep?ri/n.布料

wand/wɑnd/ n. 棍; 棒; 杖; (尤指小仙子或魔术师用的)魔杖

costume/'kɑstum/ n. 服装, 服装式样

Fuller devised a type of dance (that focused on the shifting play of lights and colors on the voluminous skirts or draperies she wore), (which she kept in constant motion principally through movements of her arms), (sometimes extended with wands concealed under her costumes).

分析：

修饰一：(that focused on the shifting play of lights and colors on the voluminous skirts or draperies she wore)，从句，修饰dance，大家注意skirts or draperies (she wore)这里还有一个从句哦。

中文：专注于灯光的变换和她所穿宽松的裙子或布料颜色

修饰二：(which she kept in constant motion principally through movements of her arms)，从句，修饰前面skirts or draperies，其实是keep skirts or draperies inconstant motion…

中文：她主要通过手臂的移动使裙子或布料保持连续的移动

修饰三：(sometimes extended with wands concealed under her costumes)，非谓语动词，修饰arms。主要这里with wands (concealed under her costumes)中concealed under her costumes修饰wands

中文：有时候手臂由于隐藏在衣服下面的手杖而变长

主干：括号外面的，Fullerdevised a type of dance

参考翻译：Fuller设计了一种(专注于灯光的变换和她所穿宽松的裙子或布料颜色)的舞蹈，在舞蹈中，她主要通过手臂的移动使裙子或布料保持连续的移动，有时候手臂由于隐藏在衣服下面的手杖而变长。

篇8：托福阅读长难句

今天我们来看这样一个句子：

The ice shelf cores, with a total length of 215 meters (705 feet), were long enough to penetrate through glacial ice—which is formed from the compaction of snow and contains air bubbles—and to continue into the clear, bubble-free ice formed from seawater that freezes onto the bottom of the glacial ice. (53, OG)

penetrate /'pen?tre?t/ v. 进入或穿过某物;充满，遍布

compact /k?m'p?kt/ v. 将(某物)紧压在一起

我是分界线，先自己分析哦。

The ice shelf cores, (with a total length of 215 meters(705 feet)),were long enough (to penetrate through glacial ice)—(which is formed from the compaction of snow and contains air bubbles)—and (to continue into the clear, bubble-free ice) (formed from seawater)(tha tfreezes onto the bottom of the glacial ice. )

分析：

大家可以发现，我把句子拆短了之后，就容易理解多了。请大家仔细看我的分析。

修饰一： (with a total length of 215 meters(705 feet))，介词短语，修饰the iceshelf cores，修饰成分一般放后面哦

中文：总长为215米(705英尺)

修饰二：(to penetrate through glacial ice)，非谓语动词

中文：穿透冰川冰

修饰三：(which is formed from the compaction of snow and contains air bubbles)，从句，修饰glacial ice，修饰成分一般放后面哦

中文：由压缩的雪形成的并包含气泡

修饰四：(to continue into the clear,bubble-free ice)，非谓语动词

中文：继续进入清澈的、没有气泡的冰

修饰五：(formed from seawater) ，非谓语动词，修饰the clear, bubble-free ice

中文：由海水形成