下面是小编为大家整理的托福阅读怎么进行句子的分析,本文共6篇,仅供大家参考借鉴,希望大家喜欢!本文原稿由网友“风会停留”提供。
篇1:托福阅读怎么进行句子的分析
托福阅读怎么进行句子的分析
托福阅读提高来自于各个方面的学习,有很多人只重视做题而忽略了托福阅读文章本身,这是不对的,不仅文章要看,托福阅读词汇也不能落下。
认真背托福阅读词汇
单词量不足除了影响对全文理解外,还直接影响托福阅读里面的很多vocabulary的题目的解答。所以,托福一定要背单词,单词真的是王道。
实际上,市面上常见的任何一本单词书拿来应对考试都不会有什么问题,关键在于是否能持之以恒地把一本书啃透。
适应托福阅读文章的长度和句子架构的方式
其实要想适应托福阅读考试中的长难句,就是多进行句子分析,或者多看阅读文章。
比如说,如果某一道题你做错了,那么请你对完答案之后,多花两分钟的时间来思考你的选项和给出的正确选项之间有什么差别?是语气不对?还是我们没有从那一段的整体把握的角度来做出正确的判断?亦或是其它什么原因?哪句话是解题的核心?我们通过这句话能获得或者说提炼什么有效的信息?分析原因,找到自己的错误,做题才有价值。
注意到托福阅读考试的字体
每个人对文字的感觉实际上是不同的,某些同学对文字形状可能本身就敏感,等到考试的时候,看到的英文字体和自己平时看的字体不一样,可能会感到很别扭,很不习惯。这虽然是紧张的表现,但还是建议考生再平时进行阅读练习的时候就尽量把字体调成Arial,这样与托福阅读考试中英文字符的字体一样。
托福阅读推断题总结
推论题(Inference):文章中有些论点/观点没有明确阐述,但却强烈暗示出来了。例如,文章论述的结果引出了,推论题就可能就造成结果的起因提问。如果文中有比较,推论题就可能问做比较的基础是什么。如果文中有对某一新现象的明确阐述,推论题就可能要求推论旧现象的特征。推论题虽然是传统题型,但难度很大,需要考生花大功夫准备。
例题:Passage:…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles…
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
a)They did not smoke when they were burned.
b)They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
c)They were not available to all.
d)They contained sulfuric acid.
正确答案是C.这一段的第一句就告诉我们:19世纪的一些新发明和发现也对蜡烛工业产生了一次巨大的革命,这次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。从这句话中我们可以得到两层信息:19世纪蜡烛工业有了一次革命性的变化;在没有这次变革之前,也就是在19世纪以前,照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因为作者在谈论的是蜡烛的变革,所以这里所说的“lighting照明”一定是与蜡烛有关的照明,其实也就是告诉我们19世纪以前并不是所有人都能够使用到蜡烛带来的照明,这一推论出的信息正好与选项C吻合。
文章第一句同时也是一个时间的分水岭,告诉我们19世纪蜡烛工业的变革是怎么样的。“在19世纪早期到中期,蜡烛处理工艺使用alkali和sulfuric acid来提炼tallow,提炼后的产品就是stearin,stearin比未经提炼的tallow坚硬而且燃烧得更久。这一巨大的变化意味着制造出不产生烟和rancid味道的蜡烛是可能的。”在这里的一个关键词是rancid,意思是(油脂食物,其味道、气味)不新鲜的;腐臭的;正好与选项b的pleasant odor相反。19世纪前的蜡烛产生usual smoke(经常有烟),这与选项a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世纪用来处理fallow的材料,在19世纪以前是没有使用的,这与选项d相反。
托福阅读单词题的解题技巧
第一:根据文章上下文来猜测单词的意思。
其实呢,ETS是个非常善良的机构。他在上下文给了我们很多提示。那我们要做的就是要读懂它的暗示。它给的暗示主要有下面几个分点,我们一起来看下。
A。平行结构。
利用平行同义关系来猜测单词的意思。这个结构其实很好找。因为经常会出现and这样暗示感很强烈的单词。那么平行关系前后出现的单词肯定是近义词。下面这道例题就很完美的诠释了这个暗示。
The word “surge” in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) sharp increase
(B) sudden impede
(C) important alteration
(D) overload quantity
The high demand of cotton led to the rapid spread of the ultivation of cotton and to a surge in the production of cotton。
问题是询问surge 这个词的意思。我们看到原文中果不其然的出现了and 这个连接词,那我们看到and 前面的这个动词是rapid spread,表示快速增长的意思,那后面surge我们也可以推测是快速增长的意思。 所以答案是选A。需求量大导致了棉花的大量种植以及棉花产量的快速增长。
B。反义关系。有同义关系出现的同时必定有反义关系,同样它的标志词,是BUT以及其他带有强烈转折意味的词。这个做题方法和同义关系是一样的,此文中就不再赘述。
第二:利用词根词缀来猜测单词的意思。
很多同学看见一个长单词就觉得头疼。其实长单词是最容易猜测意思的。就像在审讯中,一个犯人说得越多,他暴露的也越多。长单词也是这样。单词越长,给的信息就越多。我们一道例题来看下。
The word unprecedented in the paragraph is closet in meaning to –
A. slow
B. profitable
C. not seen before
D. never explained。
那么在这道题目中,问的是单词 unprecedented这个单词的意思。我们来拆分下这个单词。首先是un前缀,表示 “没有”的意思。Pre前缀表示 “前 ”意思。那么unpre 就是表示 “之前没有”的意思。我们继续来看。这个词的词根是ced 它的意思是 走,后面的ent 和 ed 都是形容词的后缀。那我们可以得出结论unprecedented是之前没有走过的,之前没有看过的。所以对应选项我们得出的答案就是C。
第三:在做题过程中我们可能还会遇到一种熟词僻意的情况。
意思就是说一个很常见的单词但却考察的是不常见的意思。这种情况下,我们不要急着下笔写出答案,而是把选项带入到原文中看是否符合逻辑。请看下面这道例题。
The word engaged in the passage is closet in meaning to ---
A. trained。
B. Hired
C. Described
D. Evaluated。
原文:In 1903 the members of the governing board of the University of Washington in Seattle engaged a firm of landscape architects on an line appropriate layout for the university grounds。
在这道题目中,很多同学一看到engaged就大喜过望,哎呀好不容易遇到了一个自己认识的单词。Engaged嘛。保证啊订婚的意思。可是一看选项,傻眼了,好像没有选项可以选诶。是的。恭喜你,同学。你遇到了传说中的熟词僻意。那我们就看原文。在19华盛顿大学的管委会员们---了一群景观师来为学校操场合理的布局。根据句意我们应该选择的是雇佣的意思。所以呢,答案是B。A训练,等景观师训练出来估计这学校也得黄了。C描述D评估都是不合适的选项。
第四:代入法
这种方法相当于万无一失的万金油了。不论你遇到什么情况,把四个选项带入到原文中看是否语义通顺符合逻辑。是个正确率比较高的方法。我们来看个例题。
The deserts, which already occupy approximately a forth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasingly at an alarming pace. The expansion of desert--like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process。
The word threatened in the passage is closet in meaning to ----
A. restricted B. endangered C. prevented . D. rejected。
这道题目问的是threatened这个单词的意思。大部分背了单词的同学都知道是威胁的意思,很容易的就可以选择B答案。但是如果你不认识这个单词呢,我们来看下单词所在这个句子, “估计另外的四分之一的土地被这种进程所-------。”那么这个进程讲的就是前面所提到的沙漠化的进程。我们来看下四个选项,A,受限制的 B,被威胁的,C 被阻止的,D,被拒绝的。把这四个单词带入的话,我们得出B 被威胁的 这个选项是最合适的。
托福阅读主观题的常见错误
第一、马虎粗心导致丢三落四或添油加醋
例1:“据说,PMI可以在较短的时间内吸收较大剂量的甲基叔丁乙醚。”句中加横线的词语能否删去?为什么?
此题有两问,第一问应先回答“不能删去”,第二问再回答不能删去的原因,原因分三步来回答:一是先解释“据说”在句中的含义,即“‘据说’是引用别人的话,不一定是真实的”;第二点再说明删去该词后对原句的理解有何影响,即“去掉后,此观点就成了客观事实,与原意不相符”;第三步还要说明用该词后语言运用上有何特点,即“用该词,体现了说明文语言的科学准确性。”
第二、审题不清,答非所问
粗心的考生在答题时,有的根本就没回答第一问,直接从第二问作答;有的在回答第二问时,要点不全面,丢三落四,因而失分。
像此类失误还很多,如“文中有这样的话‘生活就这样,当你在为别人行善时也为自己储蓄幸福’。请你结合自己的生活体验谈谈你的感悟。”学生在作答时只谈感悟,不结合自己的生活体验。
例2:结合你所学过的陶渊明的其他作品,说说你对五柳先生“不慕荣利”的看法。
考生在答该题上的失误主要有两方面,一是没有结合学过的陶渊明的其他作品或是结合了作品,但作品中并没有体现“不慕荣利”的看法(如《桃花源记》);二是回答的并非考生本人对五柳先生“不慕荣利”的看法,而是五柳先生自己“不慕荣利”的思想和表现。
例3:假如董生处在当今社会,你对董生又有何建议?(《送董邵南游河北序》)
有的考生这样回答:我建议董生为朝廷效力,用自己的知识才干造福于黎民百姓。这个考生在审题时,就没有看清假设的前提——“处在当今社会”。
第三、不善概括,抓不住重点
例4:本文(《五柳先生传》)表现了五柳先生怎样的性格特点?
第四、文体不清,用语不当
记叙文语段《轻点关门》讲述了一对夫妇为了老人的身体健康,请求邻居们出入时轻点关防盗门,最后向邻居行重礼致谢的故事,揭示了邻里之间互相体谅、真诚相处的人性美。有的考生在回答上述问题时提出“加强思想教育,加强公民道德规范教育”,显然,这不是原文作者所提倡的,也不是出题者的意图所在。原文作者提倡的是:要以“礼”服人,以德感人,从自身做起,与人友善,待人真诚,共育人性的美丽之花。
中考阅读中一般都要涉及到三大文章体裁,有些同学混淆了不同文体的特点。
例5:第3段主要运用了的说明方法,作用是
(说明文《北京的园林》)
有的考生在第一个空格内填上“举例论证”(正确的答案是“举例子”),第二条横线上填的是“生动形象地揭示了文章的中心”(正确的答案是“用具体的事例来说明北京的园林建筑在细微之处见匠心的特点”)。显然,这个考生把三种文体的特点杂糅在一起,张冠李戴了。
即使是同一类型的题,在不同文体中回答的方法也是不一样的。同样是用词的恰当,但体现的是记叙文语言的生动形象性,说明文语言的科学准确性,议论文语言的逻辑严密性。
第五、找不准答题的立足点
例6:文中第2段李先生“静静地看着我们,眼里流露出一股浓浓的歉意。”请你根据上下文揣摩李先生此时的心理活动。
仔细推敲题目的要求可看出,题意是要求答题者以自己的身份去推测李先生的心理活动,所以作答的时候只能用第三人称“他”或“李先生”,不能用第一人称“我”、“我们”。如果要用第一人称的话也只能用“我认为李先生他心里想……”的形式。此类题的失误关键是没有找准答题的切入点,没有选好角度。
第六、不注意具体题型的行文模式
主观性问答题中,行文语言要通顺、简明、准确、得体。有些问答题应顺应问句顺水推舟而答。如:“假如董生处在当今社会,你对董生又有何建议?”应用“我建议董生……”的模式作答;“你认为怎样做才能让我们周围开满人性的美丽之花?”应用“我认为……”的形式入题作答。
第七、信马由缰,随心所欲
并非所有的主观性试题都可以由考生随心所欲地发挥。做阅读题时,应注意千万不能脱离阅读语段,不能与文段中作者提出的观点、揭示的中心、提倡的看法、做法相悖。
篇2:托福阅读备考如何进行错题分析
尽管题目都是读懂了才能做对、读不懂就会做错,但毕竟,每个题目有自己的问法和常见的回答角度,那么在这个过程中,我们应该按不同的题型来进行不同的分析。
托福阅读词汇题
1. 背住题目中出现的所有词汇题的题目单词及正确答案
2. 搞不懂的词汇题,务必要看看单词的英文释义
托福阅读细节题&排除题&推断题
对于这些题目,思考并回答下列问题:
1)题目的中文意思是什么?
2)根据题目所问,原文中哪句话能够回答题目?找到并翻译这句话。
3)先不看选项,试着根据上一步中理解的句意,自己回答这道题目。
4)阅读选项,翻译中文意思并找到符合自己回答的选项。
5)分析其他选项的错误原因。
托福阅读句子简化题
对于这种题目,思考并回答下列问题:
1)题目句子的中文意思。
2)每个选项的中文意思。
3)分析选项的正确和错误原因。
托福阅读修辞目的题
对于这种题目,思考并回答下列问题:
1)题目的中文意思是什么?
2)题目问及的原文句子以及其上下文语境的中文意思是什么?
3)先不看选项,试着根据上一步中理解的句意,体会作者的意图。
4)阅读选项,找到正确选项并翻译中文意思。
托福阅读插入句子题
对于这种题目,思考并回答下列问题:
1)待插入句子的中文意思是什么?
2)这个句子有哪些关键词/关键信息,能够帮助我们确定正确位置前后的信息?
3)这个句子插入正确位置后,与前后文构成了什么样的联系?
托福阅读小结题
对于这种题目,思考并回答下列问题:
1)选项的中文意思是什么?
2)正确选项对应原文的哪段/那几段的主要内容?
3)错误选项为何错误?
错题分析这个步骤必然需要字典的帮助,依靠自己的努力想出来的题目、句子,才算是自己吸收了。解析什么的,请到万不得已的时候再使用。(还要有对解析好坏的判断能力)
托福阅读长难句实战向分析演练:The growth of the electric-power...
托福阅读长难句实例
The growth of the electric-power industry was the result of a remarkable series of scientific discoveries and developments in electrotechnology during the nineteenth century, but significant changes in what we might now call hydro (water) technology also played their part.
句子分析
本句中but表示转折关系引起了前后两个并列的分句,这两个分句的谓语动词分别是:was和played。在转折后的并列句中,又存在着一个名词性从句,就是what we might now call hydro technology的从句,它作前面介词in的宾语,所以也被叫作宾语从句。本句的主要意思是but前后的并列句中所阐述的两个因素,它们有助于当时电力行业的发展,分别是电工技术的科学发现和发展、水电技术的重大改变。
词汇总结
electric表示“用电的”,比如:an electric heater 电热器,本句中的electric-power industry指的就是“电力行业”。
remarkable作形容词,表示“值得注意的;显著的”,比如:She has made remarkable progress. 她取得了不起的进步。Finland is remarkable for its large number of lakes. 芬兰以湖泊众多而著称。remarkable是托福阅读词汇题所考查的高频词汇,与“notable”,“incredible”意思相近。另外,remarkable的副词remarkably是写作中可以常用的程度副词,比如:She plays the violin remarkably well for a child of her age. 与同龄的孩子相比,她的小提琴拉得特别好。
hydro表示“水的;氢化的”,比如:hydrotherapy 水疗法,本句中hydro technology指的是“水电技术”。
句子翻译
电力行业的发展是十九世纪电工技术领域中一系列显著的科学发现和发展的结果,但是我们现在称为水电技术的重大改变也同样为当时电力行业的发展作出了贡献。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析:Fuller devised a type...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
Fuller devised a type of dance that focused on the shifting play of lights and colors on the voluminous skirts or draperies she wore, which she kept in constant motion principally through movements of her arms, sometimes extended with wands concealed under her costumes.
词汇讲解:
voluminous/v?'l?m?n?s/adj.(指衣物)用料多的, 宽松的, 肥大的;
drapery/'drep?ri/n.布料
wand/wɑnd/ n. 棍; 棒; 杖; (尤指小仙子或魔术师用的)魔杖
costume/'kɑstum/ n. 服装, 服装式样
结构划分:
Fuller devised a type of dance (that focused on the shifting play of lights and colors on the voluminous skirts or draperies she wore), (which she kept in constant motion principally through movements of her arms), (sometimes extended with wands concealed under her costumes).
深度分析:
修饰一:(that focused on the shifting play of lights and colors on the voluminous skirts or draperies she wore),从句,修饰dance,大家注意skirts or draperies (she wore)这里还有一个从句。
中文:专注于灯光的变换和她所穿宽松的裙子或布料颜色
修饰二:(which she kept in constant motion principally through movements of her arms),从句,修饰前面skirts or draperies,其实是keep skirts or draperies inconstant motion…
中文:她主要通过手臂的移动使裙子或布料保持连续的移动
修饰三:(sometimes extended with wands concealed under her costumes),非谓语动词,修饰arms。注意with wands (concealed under her costumes)中concealed under her costumes修饰wands
中文:有时候手臂由于隐藏在衣服下面的手杖而变长
主干:括号外面的,Fullerdevised a type of dance
参考翻译:
Fuller设计了一种(专注于灯光的变换和她所穿宽松的裙子或布料颜色)的舞蹈,在舞蹈中,她主要通过手臂的移动使裙子或布料保持连续的移动,有时候手臂由于隐藏在衣服下面的手杖而变长。
托福阅读100个长难句精选汇总深度解析:Her dancing also attracted...
托福阅读100个长难句实例分析
原句案例:
Her dancing also attracted the attention of French poets and painters of the period, for it appealed to their liking for mystery, their belief in art for art’s sake, a nineteenth-century idea that art is valuable in itself rather than because it may have some moral or educational benefit, and their efforts to synthesize form and content.
词汇讲解:
appeal v.恳求,呼吁;(对某人)有吸引力~to sb; (使某人)感兴趣;上诉
for one’s sake为了…的缘故
synthesize/?s?nθ??sa?z/v. 合成,综合
结构划分:
Her dancing also attracted the attention (of French poets and painters) (of the period), (for it appealed to their liking for mystery, their belief in art for art’s sake, (a nineteenth-century idea that art is valuable in itself rather than because it may have some moral or educational benefit),and their efforts to synthesize form and content.)
深度分析:
修饰一:(of French poets and painters),介词短语,修饰the attention。大家注意英文喜欢把修饰成分放在后面,这个很重要。
中文:法国诗人和花季。
修饰二:(of the period) ,介词短语,修饰French poets and painters,也是放在后面哦。
修饰三:(a nineteenth-century idea that art is valuable in itself rather than because it may have some moral or educational benefit),同位语,用来解释说明前面的belief,这个同位语语放在这里分割了原句,大家断句的时候要注意。
中文:一个19世纪的思想:艺术本身比它所带来的道德或教育利益更有价值。
修饰四:(for it appealed to their liking for mystery, their belief in art for art’s sake , and their efforts to synthesize formand content.),从句,表示原因,大家注意我把同位语去掉了(因为不重要),这样更能看清重要内容。这里有一个并列结构,是一个A, B, and C结构,不知道大家在看的时候有没有看出来,A= their liking for mystery,B= their belief in art for art’ssake,C= their efforts to synthesize form and content,插入语解释B。
中文:因为它吸引了他们对于神秘的喜好、他们为艺术而艺术的信仰以及他们把形式和内容融合到一起所作的努力
主干:括号外面的,Her dancing also attracted the attentio
参考翻译:
她的舞蹈还吸引了当时法国一些诗人和画家的注意,因为它吸引了他们对于神秘的喜好、他们为艺术而艺术的信仰(这是一个19世纪的思想:艺术本身比它所带来的道德或教育利益更有价值)以及他们把形式和内容融合到一起所作的努力。
篇3:托福阅读长难句句子分析
托福阅读长难句:湖泊蓄水层的储量
原文:
Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.
参考翻译:
估计表明:蓄水层包含充足的水去填满Huron湖。但很不幸,在目前这个地区半干旱气候条件下,蓄水层的补水率很小,总计大约一年50毫米。
词汇讲解:
aquifer /'?kw?f?/ n. 含水土层
semiarid /?sem(a)?'?r?d/ adj. 半干旱的
结构划分:
Estimates indicate (that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron), but unfortunately, (under the semiarid climatic conditions) (that presently exist in the region), rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, (amounting to about half a centimeter a year.)
解析:
修饰一:(under the semiarid climatic conditions),介词短语,修饰后面红色主干部分
中文:在半干旱气候条件下
修饰二:(that presently exist in the region),从句,修饰conditions
中文:现在存在于这个地区
修饰三:(amounting to about half a centimeter a year. ) ,非谓语动词,修饰前面红色主干
中文:总计大约一年50毫米
主干:rates ofaddition to the aquifer are minimal
中文:蓄水层的补水率很小
托福阅读长难句:甘薯的来源考据
原文:
As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America.
翻译:
正如美国人类学家Patrick Kirch所指出的,甘薯并不是南美人用筏运来的,而是通过已经去过南美西海岸的玻利尼西亚返航者很方便就带来了。
以上就是托福阅读中长难句的训练分析介绍,希望大家能够学到有效的训练和提升方法,让自己更为轻松地面对长难句得到高分。
词汇讲解:
anthropologist /?nθr?'p?l?d??st/ n. 人类学家
rather than prep. 而不是
raft /rɑ?ft/ n. 筏 v. 用筏子载运(人或货物)
navigator /'n?v?ge?t?/ n. 航行者,航海者;领航员,导航员;导航仪
结构划分:
As Patrick Kirch, (an American anthropologist), points out, (rather than being brought by rafting South Americans), sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back (by returning Polynesian navigators) (who could have reached the west coast of South America.)
解析:
修饰一:(an American anthropologist),同位语,修饰Patrick Kirch
中文:美国人类学家
修饰二:(rather than being brought byrafting South Americans),介词短语,rather than是托福阅读里一个高频短语,大家记住它是一个介词,表示“而不是”
中文:不是南美人用筏运来的
修饰三:(by returning Polynesiannavigators),介词短语,修饰bringback
中文:玻利尼西亚返航者
修饰四:(who could have reached the westcoast of South America. ) ,从句,修饰navigators
中文:已经去过南美西海岸
主干:swee官方真题Officialtatoes might just have easily been brought back
托福阅读长难句:大气引擎的设计优缺点
原文:
This “atmospheric engine,” invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed.
翻译:
这个由Thomas Savery发明并由他的搭档Thomas Newcomen大力改善的“大气引擎”体现了革命性的原理,但它如此慢和浪费燃料以致于不能再煤矿的以外的地方使用,尽管原来是这么设计的。
以上就是托福阅读中长难句的训练分析介绍,希望大家能够学到有效的训练和提升方法,让自己更为轻松地面对长难句得到高分。
词汇讲解:
embody /?m'b?d?/ v. 体现(想法﹑ 感情等),使(想法﹑ 感情等)具体化;包括或含有某物
revolutionary /'r?v?'l???'n?ri/ adj. 革命的
employ = make use of sb/sth 使用
结构划分:
This “atmospheric engine,” (invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen,) embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel (that it could not be employed outside the coal mines) (for which it had been designed.)
解析:
修饰一:(invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen,) ,插入语,修饰this “atmospheric engine”,大家注意这里的断句,This “atmospheric engine” embodied revolutionary principles被隔开了,断句很重要
中文:由Thomas Savery发明并由他的搭档Thomas Newcomen大力改善的
修饰二:(that it could not be employed outside the coal mines) ,从句,so…that结构
中文:不能在煤矿的以外的地方使用
修饰三:(for which it had been designed.) ,从句,修饰coal mines
中文:引擎被设计
托福阅读长难句:水利驱动的局限性
Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.
结构划分:
Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and (although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills),it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed (where nature intended them to), and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks (whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.)
翻译:
只有最后一种完全适合持续运转的机器,虽然水力在Lancashire和Scotland十分丰富,能够运转谷物厂和纺织厂,但它有一个缺点:水的流向是自然决定的,所以水力驱动的工厂不得不位于河岸边,而不管这个位置由于其他原因是否合理。
以上就是托福阅读中长难句的训练分析介绍,希望大家能够学到有效的训练和提升方法,让自己更为轻松地面对长难句得到高分。
解析
修饰一:(although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills) ,从句
中文:虽然水力在Lancashire和Scotland十分丰富,能够运转谷物厂和纺织厂
修饰二:(where nature intended them to) ,从句
中文:水的流向是自然决定的
修饰三:(whether or not the location wasdesirable for other reasons.) ,从句
中文:而不管这个位置由于其他原因是否合理
托福阅读长难句:猴子的社会行为
Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups.
翻译
学习适当的社会行为特别重要,尤其是对于群居动物,比如猴子,它们需要学会控制自己的自私和攻击性,学会懂得在社会群体中互相忍让。
解析
本句的主句是Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species。主句之后有两个定语从句,首先是that引导的定语从句,修饰前面的species。而句中的like young moneys则是举例,在这个举例后有that引导的第二个定语从句,修饰前面的monkeys。
词汇
give-and-take作名词,表示“互相忍让”,比如:In any relationship there always has to be some give-and-take. 在任何关系中,总是必须有一些互相忍让。
involve作动词,表示“包含;牵涉”,是写作中可以经常使用的词汇,比如:Every day each of us makes decisions that involve taking a chance. 我们每个人每天做出的决定都包含碰运气的成分。These changes will involve everyone on the staff. 这些变化将涉及每个职员。
篇4:托福阅读中精彩句子分析讲解
托福阅读中精彩句子分析讲解
1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.
戴着面具身着盛装的人们,经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵,并且作为一个扮演者所能做的,就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临,阳光的重现的结果。
2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.
但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题,就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。
3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.
十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步,包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量,最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调——从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效果——的乐器。
4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.
虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的,但用一句完全感性的话来说,电影从来就不是没有声音的。
5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.
多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中,通常拥有这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而更多的是因为拥有大量的个人音乐素材库。
6.Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow.
更进一步,他们是由一个顶层是毛纺或光滑的精纺羊毛织物制作,包含光滑,紧凑的纱线来自长羊毛的纤维染成兰黑色、绿色、或褐色底层含有粗糙天然的和暗黄色的毛纺材料。
7.For good measure, during the spring and summer drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the weary growers.
在春季和夏季,要精确量度干旱、热量、冰雹、蝗虫和其他损失可能是一件疲劳的事情。
8.What we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.
我们今天所谓的美国民间艺术,实际上是普通老百姓的艺术、被普通老百姓创造的艺术和为普通老百姓和日常提到的“民间人士”的艺术,是一个他们在社会日渐繁荣和休闲情况下创建的一个包含各种各样尤其是肖像画种类的艺术的市场。
9.The people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut, and other varieties of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods.
他们没有农业,但是经过几千年,已经发展了探索自身环境的技术和设备。他们是基于大量出现鲑鱼、大比目鱼和其他多种鱼类的自身流域和水岸捕鱼的经济;基于从落基山水岸聚集了鲍鱼、蚌类、蛤和其他贝壳动物的经济;基于捕猎地域和海洋哺乳动物的经济;以及基于收集野生植物的食物的经济。
托福阅读主观题的常见错误
第一、马虎粗心导致丢三落四或添油加醋
例1:“据说,PMI可以在较短的时间内吸收较大剂量的甲基叔丁乙醚。”句中加横线的词语能否删去?为什么?
此题有两问,第一问应先回答“不能删去”,第二问再回答不能删去的原因,原因分三步来回答:一是先解释“据说”在句中的含义,即“‘据说’是引用别人的话,不一定是真实的”;第二点再说明删去该词后对原句的理解有何影响,即“去掉后,此观点就成了客观事实,与原意不相符”;第三步还要说明用该词后语言运用上有何特点,即“用该词,体现了说明文语言的科学准确性。”
第二、审题不清,答非所问
粗心的考生在答题时,有的根本就没回答第一问,直接从第二问作答;有的在回答第二问时,要点不全面,丢三落四,因而失分。
像此类失误还很多,如“文中有这样的话‘生活就这样,当你在为别人行善时也为自己储蓄幸福’。请你结合自己的生活体验谈谈你的感悟。”学生在作答时只谈感悟,不结合自己的生活体验。
例2:结合你所学过的陶渊明的其他作品,说说你对五柳先生“不慕荣利”的看法。
考生在答该题上的失误主要有两方面,一是没有结合学过的陶渊明的其他作品或是结合了作品,但作品中并没有体现“不慕荣利”的看法(如《桃花源记》);二是回答的并非考生本人对五柳先生“不慕荣利”的看法,而是五柳先生自己“不慕荣利”的思想和表现。
例3:假如董生处在当今社会,你对董生又有何建议?(《送董邵南游河北序》)
有的考生这样回答:我建议董生为朝廷效力,用自己的知识才干造福于黎民百姓。这个考生在审题时,就没有看清假设的前提——“处在当今社会”。
第三、不善概括,抓不住重点
例4:本文(《五柳先生传》)表现了五柳先生怎样的性格特点?
第四、文体不清,用语不当
记叙文语段《轻点关门》讲述了一对夫妇为了老人的身体健康,请求邻居们出入时轻点关防盗门,最后向邻居行重礼致谢的故事,揭示了邻里之间互相体谅、真诚相处的人性美。有的考生在回答上述问题时提出“加强思想教育,加强公民道德规范教育”,显然,这不是原文作者所提倡的,也不是出题者的意图所在。原文作者提倡的是:要以“礼”服人,以德感人,从自身做起,与人友善,待人真诚,共育人性的美丽之花。
中考阅读中一般都要涉及到三大文章体裁,有些同学混淆了不同文体的特点。
例5:第3段主要运用了的说明方法,作用是
(说明文《北京的园林》)
有的考生在第一个空格内填上“举例论证”(正确的答案是“举例子”),第二条横线上填的是“生动形象地揭示了文章的中心”(正确的答案是“用具体的事例来说明北京的园林建筑在细微之处见匠心的特点”)。显然,这个考生把三种文体的特点杂糅在一起,张冠李戴了。
即使是同一类型的题,在不同文体中回答的方法也是不一样的。同样是用词的恰当,但体现的是记叙文语言的生动形象性,说明文语言的科学准确性,议论文语言的逻辑严密性。
第五、找不准答题的立足点
例6:文中第2段李先生“静静地看着我们,眼里流露出一股浓浓的歉意。”请你根据上下文揣摩李先生此时的心理活动。
仔细推敲题目的要求可看出,题意是要求答题者以自己的身份去推测李先生的心理活动,所以作答的时候只能用第三人称“他”或“李先生”,不能用第一人称“我”、“我们”。如果要用第一人称的话也只能用“我认为李先生他心里想……”的形式。此类题的失误关键是没有找准答题的切入点,没有选好角度。
第六、不注意具体题型的行文模式
主观性问答题中,行文语言要通顺、简明、准确、得体。有些问答题应顺应问句顺水推舟而答。如:“假如董生处在当今社会,你对董生又有何建议?”应用“我建议董生……”的模式作答;“你认为怎样做才能让我们周围开满人性的美丽之花?”应用“我认为……”的形式入题作答。
第七、信马由缰,随心所欲
并非所有的主观性试题都可以由考生随心所欲地发挥。做阅读题时,应注意千万不能脱离阅读语段,不能与文段中作者提出的观点、揭示的中心、提倡的看法、做法相悖。
托福阅读的水平差距体现在哪里
对于托福阅读来说考生们的差距经常就体现在到底读到了什么水平,有些人在有限的托福阅读时间内与别人所读出来的东西要相差许多,这就会对托福阅读试题造成困扰。
很多考生在平时练习时习惯边读文章边在题目上划线,似乎不做记号 ,思维就无法跟上托福阅读的速度,但是到了真正上机考试,不能对文章做记号的时候,考生难免会乱了阵脚。
有些考生因为托福阅读时间紧,所以根本没等读完全文就直接做托福阅读试题,这种抱着侥幸心理的考生真的上了考场其实是很危险的,因为单凭对文章局部的理解,根本无法掌握文章的整体内容和观点。
而还有一些考生必须把文章一字不漏的阅读和翻译之后才能做题,往往忽视了阅读的速度,这种细读的方法之适用于两种情况:一种是考生已经具备相当强的阅读水平,而且长期运用这种方法,另外一种是这篇文章是你曾经读到过的,即使一字一句的读也不会花太多时间。
很多人都认为词汇题的做的好不好完全取决于自己的词汇量,事实上词汇量是占了相当一部分比重,但是不知道大家是否有过这样的经历,有时候不认识的词经过对上下文的理解和分析也可以作对,反而是那些认识的词汇经常出错,这是因为大家在面对自己有把握的词汇时,往往忽略了上下文的重要性,凭感觉选出了一个自认为理所当然的答案。所以,做好词汇题的关键就在于透彻分析上下文,有时候,个别词汇题也许需要在文章其他段落寻找线索。
其实阅读部分不仅是测试大家对托福文章的理解,还包括阅读的速度,这两方面都不能被忽视,光是具备扎实的基础还远远不够,还需要搭配运用巧妙的做题技巧才能取得阅读高分。
College courses aren’t all “Econ 1011”
and “The History of Europe: 1500-Present”. A trend among many colleges and universities is to offer courses that are slightly off the beaten track . Many of these courses draw their themes from pop culture or sports, or they may be the brainchildren of professors who want to share their passion with students. They may be no less serious than traditional courses, but they certainly cover new academic ground. Students take these off beat courses for a variety of reasons—hoping for an easy A, to try something fun, or to explore a new interest.
1) You can boldly go where no other philosophy student has gone before in Georgetown University ’s “Philosophy and Star Trek” course, where students discuss the nature of time travel, the ability of computers to think and feel, and other philosophical dilemmas facing the crew of the Starship Enterprise.
2) Discover how Brick really felt when Opal left him for his neighbor’s best friend’s sister in the University of Wisconsin’s course entitled “Daytime Serials: Family and Social Roles.” Students analyze
the plots, themes, and characters of daytime soaps and discuss their impact on modern life.
3) If you’ve been longing to research how hot dogs, theme parks, and the five-day workweek have impacted American leisure culture, check out the University of Iowa course “The American Vacation”. This course pays particular attention to how American families’ varying backgrounds shape their vacation experiences.
4) Bowdoin College students can delve into “The Horror Film in Context” in the school’s English Department. Students read Freud and Poe and watch Hitchcock and Craven, all while discussing the horror genre’ s treatment of gender, class, and family.
5) At Williams College, students can learn more about those in the cement shoe industry by enrolling in “Comparative History of Organized Crime”, which compares the work of goodfellas from the United States, Italy, Japan, and Russia.
6) If you’ve got a romantic urge for adventure, check out Barnard College’s course on “The Road Movie”, which studies Easy Rider and Thelma and Louise, while also discussing the genre’s literary precursors , like On the Road and The Odyssey.
7) If hitting the road doesn’t satisfy your rebellious streak, sign up for Brown University’s course on “American Degenerates”, in which students discuss how early British-American writers embraced the grotesque , monstrous, “not our kind” status bestowed on them by the mother country and reflected their zeal for cultural and physical degeneracy in their literature.
8) Those artsy types at the Rhode Island School of Design can put down their paintbrushes and take “The Art of Sin and the Sin of Art”, which contemplates the relationship between sin and the art world. The course catalog invites you to “lust with the saints and burn with the sinners ”.
9) If talking about death several times a week in class sounds like a good time to you, try Purdue University’s “Death and the Nineteenth Century” course. Every poem and novel in the course deals with the 19th-century conception of mortality and the world beyond.
10) At Centre College in Danville, Kentucky, students can take “Art of Walking”, in which students not only read literature by noted perambulators like Kant and Nietzsche, but go for neighborhood strolls with their professor and his dog.
Most college programs offer interesting courses to introduce you to new and fascinating subject matters. Take advantage of the many possibilities offered to you by sitting down with your advisor to talk about course options and then really thinking about the courses you choose to take.
例如当你看到一篇文章,首先要扫一下第一段,看看文章的难易程度,一般情况,平均每篇文章用时11分钟左右,5篇文章中一定有2篇难度稍微大一些,所以首先定位文章的难度和分数的比重,有助于合理的安排做题时间,以便在相同的时间内拿到最多的分数。
然后,建议大家从文章的结构入手。文章的首句尤为重要,首句经常涉及了文章的主题。其他段落也是主要看首句,后面的部分一般都是用来说明段落主题句的,所以略读带过即可,没必要每个句子都理解到位,白白浪费时间。这样掌握每段大意,就不至于出现大方向上的理解偏差。
如何提升托福阅读的答题正确率
许多考生难以理解托福阅读文章,原因有两点:
(一)、没有掌握一些熟词的生僻含义。
(二)、缺乏分析长难句结构的能力。
举例说明:
There is always hope that in its labyrinth of musty, dark, disordered rooms a real rarity will be found amongst piles of assorted junk that litter the floor.
该句是由两个that引导的从句,分别充当hope的同位语从句和piles of assorted junk的定语从句。第一个由that引起的同位语从句,是由一段地点状语“in its labyrinth of musty, dark, disordered rooms”来展开全句的,其主句的语态是一个由a real rarity做主语的被动语态。全句可以翻译如下:人们还常常幻想在发霉、阴暗、无序的迷宫般店堂里,从杂乱地堆放在地面上的、各式各样的垃圾中淘到一件稀世珍品。
我们再来看一下这个句子,它是这样写的:
In everyday life, people tend to have a different approach to those (whom) they consider their equals from that which they assume with people (whom) they consider higher or lower than themselves in the social scale.
Though my aunt pursued what was, in those days, an enlightened policy, in that she never allowed her domestic staff to work more than eight hours a day, she was extremely difficult to please.
托福阅读文章中曾出现过一个典型的长句。其难度更胜GRE:In everyday life, people tend to have a different approach to those they consider their equals from that which they assume with people they consider higher or lower than themselves in the social scale.
句子的主干为people tend to have a different approach from that,其中that为代词,指代approach,此处译为“方式”最为贴切,因此主干的意思很简单:“人们倾向于采用一种方式,与其它方式不同。”
句子开头为Though引起的状语,动词pursue的宾语是一个由what引起的名词性从句,在插入了一个非常书面的in that(意思相当于since)引起的从句之后,终于出现了主句she was extremely difficult to please。这种一步步将句子意思推向高潮的写法就是英文中非常有气势的“圆周句”,直到句子的末尾,作者最终的意思才被揭晓。全句可以这样理解:“(尽管)姑妈对待佣人们的做法在当时那个年代算是开明的,(因为她)从不让佣人们每天干活超过8个小时,但佣人们还是很难让她感到满意。”
代词that后紧跟which引导的从句充当that,即the approach的定语。此外,句中还有两个省略了whom的定语从句,将之补全如下:
全句直译如下:在日常生活中,人们用一种方式对待他们认为与自己社会地位同等的人,而用另一种的方式去对待他们认为比自己社会地位高或低的人。
对于这种长句的准确分析,需要日积月累的语言知识及良好语感,大家在托福阅读备考过程中,千万不能忽视真题演练。
篇5:托福阅读句子要点题的分析
托福阅读句子要点题的分析
托福阅读句子要点题,又称托福阅读句子简化题,是对长难句的简化筛出句子最精华的要点。
一般出题形式是在文章中高亮标示出一个句子,要求考生选择与原文基本信息最接近的选项,这类题目的提问方式一般为:“Which is the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.”
句子简化题的出题思路一般分为两类:一是对长难句的化繁为简,即原句比较长,逻辑关系复杂,选项只保留了原句的主要信息,而省略了原句的次要信息(如同位语、例子)等;二是对相对简单的句子的同义改写,即原句难度不大,逻辑关系简单,选项是原句的同义改写。
从做题方法上来说,对于第二种出题思路的题目,考生应该采用通读的办法,在理解原句意思的基础上再答题。
而针对第一种出题思路的题目,考生一般把握住原句的几个关键点就可以见微知著,找到_句子简化题的良方。
对于句子简化题,有一些题目如果句子不长,我们做题的基本原则就是:同义替换。
找到原句中的关键词在选项当中进行同义替换。如:
In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.
B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.
C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.
D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.
先来看题干:Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
该题要求从选项中选择一个能够表达原文阴影句子核心信息的句子。
很多同学采用翻译的方法做题,即首先翻译原句,然后逐个翻译四个选项。这种做法不仅浪费时间,而且对我们读句子的能力要求极高。
更好的做法是,首先判断句子的核心信息。
这是考题当中为数不多的原句比较简单的句子释义题,原句的核心概念在于强调区分(apart from)。因此找到同义替换,即是C 项当中的distinguished。但是大多数题目的原文不会是一个简单句,多数是带有逻辑关系的复杂句。那么简单的同义替换技巧就无法操作了。
其实,我们在读原句的时候并不需要完整的彻底的摄取信息,相反,我们通过快速浏览,只需要关注两个关键点:
一是原句当中的表示程度,频率的词;
二是原句当中的逻辑关系。并不需要吸收所有信息,只需要快速浏览将所关注的信息点抓住即可,这样便节省了大量的时间。
最后我们来回顾一下ETS对句子简化题的出题要求,简单来说,托福阅读句子要点题的关键就在于找到原文考查句子和选项各自的关键信息再进行比对。
一般来说题目中干扰选项的错误主要体现在两个方面:
一是从根本上改变了原句意思;
二是漏掉了原句中包含的重要信息。
托福阅读模拟题的练习
Hormones in the Body
Up to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas.
Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning “to excite” or “to set in motion.” A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.
As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.
Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual’s personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.
In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives.
Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.
27. The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) desire
(B) origin
(C) science
(D) chemical
28. The word it in the passage refers to
(A) secretin
(B) small intestine
(C) bloodstream
(D) pancreas
29. The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) remembered
(B) surprised
(C) invented
(D) motivated
30. To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must
(A) be part of the digestive process
(B) influence the operations of the nervous system
(C) affect processes in a different part of the body
(D) regulate attitudes and behavior
31. The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to
(A) whether scientists understand their function
(B) how frequently they release hormones into the body
(C) whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process
(D) whether they secrete chemicals into the blood
Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]
32. The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) misunderstood
(B) precise
(C) significant
(D) simple
33. The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) sudden
(B) small
(C) changing
(D) noticeable
34. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
(A) Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.
(B) Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure, scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions are.
(C) When the body is not producing enough hormones, urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage.
(D) The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure, but they can affect both people’s psychology and actions extensively.
35. The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) decreased
(B) advertised
(C) prescribed
(D) researched
36. Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?
(A) Adults of smaller statue than normal
(B) Adults with strong digestive systems
(C) Children who are not at risk from the treatment
(D) Children who may remain abnormally small
37.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?
These sentences are highlighted in the passage.
(A) The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging.
(B) A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.
(C) HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.
(D) Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.
38. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body is a complex machine, however, and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believing they aren’t aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.
39. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.
Answer Choices
The term hormone is based on a Greek word that means “to excite” or “to set in motion.”Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.
Hormones can be given artificially, but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.
Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but also certain chemicals can affect bodily processes far from their points of origin.Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of blood clots and heart disease in middle-age women.
Answer Keys
Reading:
27. B
28. A
29. D
30. C
31. D
32. C
33. B
34. D
35. A
36. D
37. A
38. third square
39.1) Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system….
2) Hormones can affect not only life processes…..
3) Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of ….
托福阅读文章要怎么做
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。
很多人在看到这句话的时候,经常翻译为“沙漠化是源于”或者翻译为“沙漠化导致”“很多的土地与很多的人去影响的原因。 ”这里面有两个点特别容易犯错误,一是result from是源于的意思,而不是单纯的导致的意思。二是affected在这里其实是后置定语,因此这里的意思是“被影响”,这里很多人又疑惑了,因为我们 以前看到的东西都是,人的因素导致沙漠化啊,怎么又会是被影响呢?这就是你的问题了,你被自己以前获得的信息给影响了,你只要知道文章的作者是这么认为的 就可以了,何必把自己脑中的信息强加在本文作者身上呢?
这句话其实是一个很浅显的例子,举这个例子,其实就是想告诉很多考生很多时候,只是认为自己已经把文章读懂了,但是实际上对于文章的理解上有无 数的错误,这其实就是语言的细节!这些细节点要想解决靠的是什么?靠的是单词的积累,靠的是语法的一步一步的打磨。
新托福阅读中如果你经常有看得懂文章,但不对题的感叹出现,考生们最好还是从自身下手,去检查自己的单词,以及语法,如果觉得不知道从哪里下手,到底该怎么提升,建议你做做老托福的语法,而且要多分析错题;并且多找一些文章多翻译一下,然后按照里面给出的译文去检查一下自己到底哪里理解 错了.
篇6:托福阅读题型分析须知
托福阅读题型分析须知
一、托福阅读中的基础信息题
具体分析起来,新托福阅读基础信息题中除插话题和修辞目的题外,主要仍是旧托福出现过的传统题型。基础理解题重点考查读者对基础项目的理解,特别是读者根据文章的词汇、句法和语义内容理解把握重要信息的能力。总结发现,它主要包括以下几个具体题型:
托福阅读的词汇题:考查读者根据上下文理解特定词和短语的能力。这种题型虽难度不大,但占每篇文章后所有题目的三分之一,故考生仍应重视起来。
托福阅读的指代关系题:考查读者认定代词与其它首语重复机制以及先行词/后置词的关系的能力。
托福阅读的句子简化题:考查读者认定文章中某一特定复杂句子所传达的基本内容,并不受细枝末节的干扰,用简化的句子表达原句基本内容的能力。
托福阅读的插话题:考查读者将特定的一句话插入文章顺序相连的四个句子之间的能力。这个题型是国内考试常见的Cloze Test的进一步发展,可谓技高一筹。要完成任务,读者必须深入理解各个句子间的词汇、语法和逻辑联系。这是新题型,有相当难度,考生应特别重视。
托福阅读的事实信息题:考查读者抓住文章中阐明的信息,并排除干扰回答问题的能力。读者的任务是在题中某意译的短语选出一个与文章中某相应句子建立对应关系。此题型虽然有难度,数量也较大,但属于老题型。
托福阅读的正误判断题:考查读者根据文章中阐明的信息,判断题中的短语哪些是正确的,哪些是错误的或文章没有提到的信息。
托福阅读的推论题:文章中有些论点/观点没有明确阐述,但却强烈暗示出来了。例如,结果引出了,推论题就可能问造成结果的起因。如果文中有比较,推论题就可能问及比较的基础是什么。如果文中有对某一新现象的明确阐述,推论题就可能要求推论旧现象的特征。推论题虽然是传统题型,但难度很大,需要考生花大功夫准备。
托福阅读的修辞目的题:考查读者透过表面特定的修辞方法/方式发掘潜在的目的能力。要求读者发现外在修辞特征背后的修辞目的。
二、托福阅读中的篇章应用题
新托福阅读篇章应用题不仅仅要求根据词汇、句法和语义内容理解具体的点和大意,而且要求认定文章的结构和目的。具体说来,要求将文章的信息升华组织成一个腹稿般的框架;区分主要和次要观点、根本内容与非根本内容;理解诸如因果关系、比较反衬关系和论证等修辞功能。要求读者根据原文内容,使用图表和/或总结表重构中心思想和重点支持信息。对全篇有系统深入的理解,从而进行重构是篇章应用题的关键目标。它要求读者能从文章提取和记忆重要的信息并将其应用在新的情境中。如果读者能在头脑中抽象出一个框架,他就必然能根据课文重构中心思想和相关重要信息。实际上篇章应用题是要求读者在篇章水平上对全文有一个总的把握。这对中国考生是一场全新的考验。它考察的是综合能力。是新托福阅读部分的难点和重点,要花大力气才能有所突破。归纳发现,它主要包括以下几个具体题型:
托福阅读的篇章总结题:考查读者理解全篇中心思想和相关重要信息的能力。读者通过区分主要和次要观点、以及文章没有提及的观点达到总结全篇的目的。实际上,这一题型要求通过对主旨句的选择和重组,完成一个完整的全篇总结。在篇章水平上对全文的综合理解和掌握, 以及瞬间的归纳总结能力是考查的重点。欲提高此题的分数, 考生应将功夫下在平时:经常锻炼自己在完成某篇章的阅读后,迅速赶写总结的能力。
托福阅读的图表题:考查考生从文章中归纳和组织主要但分散的观点和其他相关重要信息的能力。这种题型是听力部分填表题的在阅读部分的深化和发展。它同样是考查读者对分散信息点的进行简单的归类整理。
托福阅读怎样得高分
更多北美考试,不管是侧重用考察语言能力的TOEFL,IELTS,还是以语言为载体,考察思维能力的SAT,GRE,GMAT,在阅读这一部分,都会有对逻辑关系的考查。我们就以TOEFL为例,从本质上说,托福考试是一项结构化考试,如果你能抓住文章中的连接词,敏感而准确地把握逻辑关系,即使单词量不够,也不一定知晓每一个语法成分的称呼,获得一个理想的分数也不是完全没有可能,这也许就是很多学生一直在追求的传说中的“语感”吧。这种“结构感”,对于国内“变态级”英语考试——考研英语也有用武之地,我们做过一个测试,一个长期教授托福阅读的老师,用“结构法”解题,也可以获得75+的高分成绩,这是很多奋斗在考研中的考生都梦寐以求的一个分数。
具体来说,“linkers”可以用来表示因果、转折、比较、让步、递进、例证等逻辑关系,在托福阅读的考试中,考察最频繁的当属因果关系、转折关系、例证关系和类比/对比关系。在解题技巧的训练中,要着重抓住这四大逻辑关系和八类常见题型之间的联系。比如因果关系会普遍的出现在细节题和推理题当中,细节题重点考察的句子理解和同义替换的能力是突破其他题型的基础,除此之外,细节题是备考的重要原因还在于它在一套考题中所占的比重,在OG书上第38页有细节题的详细介绍,在真题中,一篇14道题的文章,细节题最多可以有7题之多,某种程度上,可以说成也细节,败也细节。推理题有时候和细节题也会发生交叉,有的细节题需要一点推理,而有的推理题则完全在解题方法和步骤上等同于细节题。在常见的表示因果关系的连接词中,诸如像“because/so”这种初级阶段的用词已不是考察的重点,到了托福阶段我们得关注像ascribe…to…; attribute…to…这类高级一点的表达。出现在题干当中的表达则有如:explain / account for / be responsible for 等等。很多同学在用be responsible for 的时候会忽视该短语体现因果的作用,这值得我们注意。另外还有一些比较高级的表达,比如放在句首的“Given”, “for the sake of”以及”by virtue of ”等。在解题过程中,问原因的题目大致可以分为两类,有因果关系提示词和没有因果关系提示词的。如果定位句的句首出现了“As a result”这样的表达,我们很自然的就会知道答案在这句话的前一句。如果没有提示词,则需要按照就近原则看上下文。很多时候,老外在写段落时还会出现这样的结构就是”Topic Sentence(conclusion)+ explanation +details”.段首是一个结论,第二句是这个结论得来的缘由,第三句开始陈述细节,这值得我们关注。
转折关系也是考察的重点,表示转折关系的短语在这儿就不一一列举了,转折关系里尤其要注意段中出现转折的情况,比如第四套真题中将Deer Population的内容,有一道细节题考察的了一段话中关于鹿的描述哪一个选项的表述是正确的,正确选项的同义替换就是段中的转折句,虽然在前半段,作者花了一定的笔墨讲述了人类活动导致了白尾鹿数量的急剧减少,但在转折后,却加大笔墨描述了人类活动对黑尾鹿产生的积极影响,可见作者的观点通过“But”这个词是偏向后者的。在修辞目的题中,转折关系也是影响答案出处的,在关于地质的一篇文章中,讲到了岩石的两个性质,一个是多孔性一个是渗透性,题目问我们作者写这一段的目的是什么,段首句后紧跟了一个But开头的转折句,而在选项里面B选项和D选项分别对应了第一句的内容和第二句的内容,答案是D选项,可见有转折词出现的地方就是老大,就是得分点。
托福阅读:加强词汇量
一般说高中基础的同学词汇量比较小,高中程度的英语词汇量是3500个,这离8千的量就少很多了,所以我们建议两步走。 第一步找一本词汇书背一些,同时因为你词汇量比较小,而且背单词比较枯燥,同时我也建议你在背单词书的同时,大量的精读托福阅读文章。因为我们知道你获得单词是从两个方面获得的,一方面是机械地获得这个词汇;第二块来自你阅读的文章中,每篇阅读文章中,如果是英语单词比较差的同学,甚至会发现100个单词不认识。
但是我们也发现,在阅读中背单词是特别快,而且不容易忘记。所以我建议两方面结合,第一个是背一本单词书,我们基本上要求新东方的学员或者叫托福备考学员在考试前一本单词书至少背7、8遍;第二个是大量阅读新托福的文章,包括老的托福的文章也是特别有意义的文章,同时把里面的单词全部都背下来,这对你是非常有利的。为什么这么强调单词呢?就在于新托福的阅读中有1/4的题目全部在于词汇上。
我也接触过即将参加SAT考试的同学,一般来说,SAT的阅读要比托福的难。比方说我们SAT的批判性阅读部分需要的词汇量是13000个词汇量,而托福的阅读需要8千个词汇量,从这个比例我们就可以看出来,SAT阅读比托福要难一些。但是整个的阅读的感觉和阅读的题材文章还是有一些差异的,托福的文章主要以科普类的为多,而SAT有很多的文章是文学类的,历史类的,所以这一方面需要更多准备。
所以你是完全可以用SAT阅读去准备托福阅读的,但是需要你做一个转变的过程,做一个什么事情呢?托福中有很多题型是SAT没有的,所以我建议考完SAT以后,最好再买两本新托福备考的书,大量做一下练习题,尽快熟悉托福的题型和做题的感觉
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