下面是小编整理的考研阅读：词义句意题解题锦囊，本文共6篇，欢迎大家阅读借鉴，并有积极分享。本文原稿由网友“骗子大王”提供。
篇1：考研阅读：词义句意题解题锦囊
考研阅读：词义句意题解题锦囊
词义句意题是考研阅读的基本题型，虽然所占分值不高，但阅读中对于词语和句子的考查却无处不在，所以掌握这类题型的解题技巧对于同学提升阅读能力大有裨益！
1. 词义句意题命题形式，一般会出现引号加某个词或某一短语。如：
（1）The phrase （word， sentence） “……” （in line……） most probably means .
（2）By “……”， the wrier （probably ） means .
（3）What does the author probably mean by “……” in…… paragraph？
（4）From the passage， we can infer that the word “……”is .等等
2. 考查分类：词义句意题考查范围一般分为两类。
（1）纲内词汇词义引申。考察同学对所熟悉的词汇在特定语境下正确含义的理解。这类题型能较好地考查考生对语言的领悟能力，具有较高的区分度，因此这类词汇在词汇短语题中考查的比重较大。对于这类词汇，一般而言，该词的本义不是解（这也可以应用到短语或谚语推断等题型），但仍然可以找到其引申意义的影子。
（2）纲外词汇词义的推断：根据上下句的逻辑关系进行推测。
3.解题技巧
同学必须明确，不管所考的词语有多超纲，都能够通过上下文得出其意思；不管这个词有多熟悉，都必须通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。在克服畏惧心理的同时，也要避免直接用自己熟悉的意义去解释词义。对句子的理解也要通过前后关联的句子进行推测。比如利用前后的并列、转折关系、利用文中给出的定义或对它进行的重述、利用所举的例子进行归纳、利用同义/近义/反义词、利用特殊标点符号等等。
[ Text 4]People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery： They worked until exhausted， lived with few protections and died young. In the West， before mass communication and literacy， the most powerful mass medium was the church， which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this， they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.
The word “bummer”（Line 5， Paragraph 5） most probably means something________.
[A] religious [B] unpleasant [C] entertaining [D] commercial
分析：bummer的本意是流浪汉。但是考研文章中出现的生词一般都不会是原意，所以要根据上下文的逻辑关系来猜。由划线词bummer后面的.too，可以断定bummer和它的上一句是并列关系。然后通过分析得知上一句是说，“在西方，在大众传媒和读写普及之前，最强大的大众媒介是教堂，它提醒信徒们，他们的灵魂处于危险之中，他们总有一天会成为蛆虫的食物”。后面一句是说，“知道了这些事情，他们不需要他们的艺术也做同样的事情”。所以根据并列关系，就可以推测出bummer的意思和B unpleasant 相近。
[ Text 1] Instead， the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database； when you get E-mail， consider it a reminder to check the database again.
The expression “tip service” （Line 3―4， Paragraph 3） most probably means________.
[A] advisory [B] compensation [C] interaction [D] reminder
分析：tip 的意思很多，比如“顶端，小费，提示”等，但是考研文章中出现的生词一般都不会是原意，所以要根据上下文的逻辑关系来猜。由句中的分号，可判断上下两句之间的关系是并列。上一句提到，可以把代理当作一种tip service， 下一句则对这个词进行了解释：当你收到电子邮件时，把它当作是提醒再次检查资料库的提示，所以reminder和tip service 是前后呼应，互为其解。
最后，选出选项后一定要代入文章，看其是否与文中的语境、句子的结构相符，语义是否流畅来进行检验。
篇2：高考英语阅读理解猜测词义题解题方法
猜测词义时，一般可利用以下四个方面的线索：
一是针对性的解释
针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。
1.根据定义（definition）猜测词义
如果生词有一个句子（定语从句或是同位语<同位语前常有 or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i.g. 等>或是同位语从句）或段落来定义,或使用破折号，冒号，分号后的内容和引号括号中的内容加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。
例1.Do you know what a “territory” is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims（声称）as its own.（湖北卷）
[分析]由定义可推知，这里territory指的是：“动物的地盘”。
例2.In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today．（20浙江卷）
[分析]由同位语an endangered wild cat我们很快猜出生词ocelots的义域：一种濒临灭绝野猫。
例3. Here is The Pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as caribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces . （福建卷）
According to the passage ,The Pines is a .
A．place in which you can see many mobile homes
B．mountain where you can get a good view of the valley
C．town which happens to be near the Banff National Park
D．restaurant where you can ask for some special kinds of food
[分析]通过whose引导的定语从句，我们可以推测到：The Pines 是一家餐馆的名字，由此不难推出理解题的答案为：D。
2.根据举例猜测词义
恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。
例4. The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.（20辽宁卷）
[分析]根据such as 后面列举的一系列例子，我们应该能推断出句中的issue 是指“议题”。
二是内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。
1.根据对比、比较关系猜测词义
在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示对比关系的句子结构：while 引导的并列句。同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。
例5.A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.
What does the underlined word “hassle” (paragraph 1) probably mean? （NMET）
A.a party designed by specialists B.a plan requiring careful thought
C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble D.a demand made by guests
[分析]根据对比关系，这里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为C。
例6.Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.
该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk和loquacious 之间的比较关系，其意义相近。由此我们可推断出loquacious的意思是“健谈的”。
2.根据因果关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。
例7.feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”
（年上海卷）
The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “ ” .
A．full of respect B．too confident and rude C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet
[分析]根据since 引导的原因状语从句的内容（“既然你是我的上司”），我们可以推断这里presumptuous的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：B。
例8.Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots,or young leaves.（2005年江西卷）
根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以判断Pruning的意思是：“修剪（树枝等）”的意思。
3.根据说明、并列、同等同义近义、、反义等关系猜测词义
在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表面的关系猜测词义。
例9.William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill together.” （2005年江苏卷）
The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means .
A．simple B．mixed C．sad D．happy
[分析]句中good and ill together 更具体地说明了a mingled yarn的意义，据此我们不难推测mingled的意思是：“混合的，交织的”。
例10.Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? The answer is “yes”, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers. （2004年湖北卷）
[分析]根据and three other medical centers 这种并列关系，我们很容易推断出：Johns Hopkins是一家医疗中心。
例11.There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree with him.
[分析]根据与insult“侮辱”的同等关系猜测defame为“诋毁” ，“中伤”或“诽谤”
例12.The game Americans call soccer is known around the world as football.
[分析]运用与football的同义关系推断为“足球”。
例13.The house stood at the end of a quiet neat street. The little dwelling,however,looked neglected and cheerless.
[分析]运用与The house近义关系可以推断dwelling与住所有关
例14.Most women in China ---educated and illiterated, urban and rural, the young and old-----work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.
[分析]后面的urban and rural, the young and old之间都有反义关系，运用这个关系可以推断illiterated为“未接受过教育的，即文盲”
三是通过构词法
在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。
1.根据前缀猜测词义
例15.Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?
根据词根educational （教育的），结合前缀co-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：“男女同校教育的”意思。（2005年江西卷）
2.根据后缀猜测词义
例16. It's a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized Cornish fishing village on England's most southerly point．（2005年广东卷）
后缀 -ise/ize意思是“使成为…；使…化”，结合词根commercial（商业的），不难猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是：“未被商业化的”。
3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
例17.Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well – designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions.（2005年北京卷）
Well-designed 或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。它由well （好，优秀）和design （设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是“设计精巧的”意思。
例18. We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手艺) no longer exists. （2004年浙江卷）
根据合成词中的mass （大量的）和produce （生产），我们可以推测 mass-produce的意思是：“大批量生产；规模生产”的意思。
4.猜测词性变换新词含义
例19.The other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home. （2004年山东卷）
head本为名词，表头。由the bus和home的语境逻辑可以推断，该句head为动词，表方向，结合全句可译为“开往、驶向”。
例20.I had first known she was wrong, that her anxiety had clouded her judgment. （2004全国卷Ⅱ）
cloud本为名词，表云。分析语境逻辑可知，忧虑会影响一个人的判断，因此该句clouded应译为使难以……。
四是根据生活常识
运用自身的生活经验及生活常识，根据上下文能读懂的部分，可以正确猜出词义。下面文字中划线单词的词义你能猜出来吗？
例21.Birds fly with their wings, and they pick up their foods, and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws for tearing, seizing, pulling or holding objects.
例22.Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold.
句子的已知部分和我们的常识告诉我们：beaks是“喙”；claws是“爪子”；wither表示“枯萎”。
结合以上指导解下列两道阅读理解题
A
Ever since news of widespread food recalls caused by a carcinogenic dye broke, there has been confusion（混淆） over possible links to the country of the same name, but Sudan officials say there is no connection whatever.
Sudan?1 is a red industrial dye that has been found in some chilli powder, but was banned in food products across the European Union (EU) in July .
Since the ban was put in place, EU officials have been striving to remove some food products from the shelves. So far 580 products have been recalled.
Last week Sudan’s Embassy in the United Kingdom asked the Food Standards Agency (FSA) for clarification of the origin of the dye’s name.
Omaima Mahmoud Al Sharief, a press official at Sudan’s Embassy in China, explained the purpose of the inquiry was to clear up any misunderstanding over links between the country and the poisonous dye.
“We want to keep an eye on every detail and avoid any misunderstanding there,” she said. “Our embassy to Britain asked them how the dye got that name and whether the dye had something to do with our country. But they told us there was no relationship.”
The FSA, an independent food security watchdog in Britain, received a letter from the Sudanese embassy last week.
“They asked us why the dye is named Sudan, however, we also do not know how it got the name,” she said. “People found the dye in 1883 and gave it the name. Nobody knows the reason, and we cannot give any explanation before we find out.”
Sudan dyes, which include Sudan?1 to 4, are red dyes（颜料） used for colouring solvents（溶剂）, oils, waxes, petrol, and shoe and floor polishes. They are classified as carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
1. What does the underlined word mean in paragraph one?
A. Causing cancer. B. Having side effect. C. Containing poison. D.Poisonous.
2. How did the Sudan?1 get its name?
A. The dye is often produced in Sudan.
B. The dye has something to do with the country named Sudan.
C. Nobody is sure of the origin of the name.
D. Many foods produced in Sudan contain the dye.
3. We can infer from the passage that.
A. the Sudan government is paying much attention to the food safety
B. Sudan?1 is often used to be added to the food
C. people didn’t realize the danger of Sudan?1 until 2003
D. many food shops will be closed down
4. Which of the following is the best title?
A. Keep away from Sudan?1
B. No Sudan?1 dye links to the country
C. How Sudan?1 dye got its name?
D. Pay attention to the food safety
B
The Man of Many Secrets — Harry Houdini — was one of the greatest American entertainers in the theater this century. He was a man famous for his escapes — from prison cells, from wooden boxes floating in rivers, from locked tanks full of water. He appeared in theaters all over Europe and America. Crowds came to see the great Houdini and his “magic” tricks.
Of course, his secret was not magic or supernatural powers. It was simply strength. He had the ability to move his toes as well as he moved his fingers. He could move his body into almost any position he wanted.
Houdini started working in the entertainment world when he was 17, in 1891. He and his brother Theo performed card tricks in club in New York. They called themselves the Houdini Brothers. When Harry married in 1894, he and his wife Bess worked together as magician and assistant. But for a long time they were not very successful. Then Harry performed his first prison escape, in Chicago in 1898. Harry persuaded a detective to let him try to escape from the prison, and he invited the local newspapermen to watch.
It was the publicity(宣传) that came from this that started Harry Houdini’s success. Harry had fingers trained to escape from handcuffs and toes trained to escape ankle chins. But his biggest secret was how he unlocked the prison doors. Every time he went into the prison cell, Bess gave him a kiss for good luck — and a small skeleton key, which is a key that fits many locks, pass quickly from her mouth to his.
Harry used these prison escapes to build his fame. He arranged to escape from the local prison of every town he visited. In the afternoon, the people of the town would read about it in their local newspapers, and in the evening every seat in the local theater would be full. What was the result? World-wild fame, and a name remembered today.
5. According to the passage, Houdini’s success in prison escapes depends on _______.
A. his special tricks and supernatural powers B. his unusual ability and a skeleton key
C. his magic tricks and unhuman powers D. his wisdom and magic tricks
6. In the fourth paragraph, the underlined word “this” refers to _______.
A. his first prison escape B. the year 1898 C. the publicity D. Harry Houdini’s success
7. It can be inferred from the passage that Houdini became famous _______.
A. in 1894 B. before he married C. at the age of 17 D. when he was about 24
8. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A. A Skeleton Key B. A Man of Many Secrets
C. World-wild Fame D. Great Escape
A篇【答案与解析】
1. A词义猜测题。根据They are classified as carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. 可知这个词与癌症有关，故可推出carcinogenic意为“致癌的”。
2. C细节题。根据People found the dye in 1883 and gave it the name. Nobody knows the reason, and we cannot give any explanation before we find out.可知还没有人知道“苏丹红”名称的由来。
3. B推断题。根据EU officials have been striving to remove some food products from the shelves. So far 580 products have been recalled.可知某些食品因含有“苏丹红”而被召回。故可推断“苏丹红”经常用作食品添加剂。
4. B主旨大意题。根据there has been confusion over possible links to the country of the same name, but Sudan officials say there is no connection whatever. 可知本文主要讲“苏丹红”与苏丹这个国家是否有联系的问题，故B最佳。
B篇【答案与解析】本文介绍了Harry Houdini特技成功的经历和方法。
5. B。细节题。根据第4段第2句：Harry把手、脚都训练得很灵活来摆脱手链脚铐及第4句后半部分：妻子通过接吻传给他万能钥匙，可推知此题答案为B。
6. A。单词理解题。根据语境，this指上文所表演的事情：第一次越狱成功。由此可推知此题答案为A。
7. D。推断题。第3段第1句：他步入娱乐圈时是1891年，17岁；倒数第2句：第一次成功是18，时隔七年，应是24岁，可推知此题答案为D
8. D。主旨题。由文章第1段第2句：He was a man famous for his escapes — from prison cells, from wooden boxes floating in rivers, from locked tanks full of water，可知Harry 因逃脱出名，后面列举的例子谈的是他从监狱成功地逃出，所以答案为D。
篇3：高考阅读理解词义、句义猜测题应试技巧
高考阅读理解中，经常出现一定量的生词，并且每年总有二至四题直接考查词义、句义猜测。这充分体现了《教学大纲》和《考试说明》的要求，意在考查考生根据上下文推测生词短语含义的能力，突出考查语境的分析和把握能力。猜词能力不仅涉及到学生的语言知识水平，还涉及到学生的语言应用能力和综合素质水平。
在阅读理解中，猜测词义、句义题的特点是对生词、短语、指示代词和句子的猜测。
一、常用设问形式：
1.The underlined word“...”refers to(means) ____.
2.Which of the following words can take the place of the word“...”?
3.What is the meaning of“...”as the words are used in the text?
4.Which of the following has the closest meaning to...(paragraph...)?
二、应试技巧
(一)词义猜测题
1.同义法：通常在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or，这些词或短语在句中作相同的成分，并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的,由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，甚至推知它的大致词义。
例①(NMET2003,C篇,65)
Fermat's Last Theorem(定理). First put forward by the French mathematician Pierrede Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique.
65.Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word“baffle”as it is used in the text?
A.To encourage people to raise questions.
B.To cause difficulty in understanding.
C.To providea person with an explanation.
D.To limit people's imagination.
解析:由句中不难看出Fermat的定理使得最具数学头脑的科学家绞尽脑汁(beat)，并且在句中beaten和baffled处于同等并列关系，据此推断出baffle为“使困惑、难倒、难以理解”的意思。故答案为B。
2.反义法：利用反义词说明生词的意义。如反义词hot and cold, give and receive, perfect and imperfect,甚至前、后句为肯定与否定、或是与不是等，在句内词与词之间，在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。
例②(NMET,E篇,74)
A child's birthday party doesn't have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months.
74.What does the under lined word “hassle”probably mean?
A.a party designed by specialists
B.a plan requiring careful thought
C.a situation causing difficulty or trouble
D.a demand made by guests
解析:由前句的否定doesn't与后句的肯定can be这一对比关系，可以推断出,为了庆祝孩子的生日,又不至于麻烦,可以买一个生日开心包。hassle的意思应该与fun相反,而与difficulty, trouble等相近。故答案为C。
3.释义法：在文中的字里行间，对生词以定语(从句)、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。
例③(NMET,D篇,68)
In 1066 the Norman sled by William defeated the Saxons and began their rule over England. For about a century, French became the official language. England while Old English became the language of peasants. As a result, English words of politics and the law come from French rather than German. In some cases, modern English even shows a distinction(区别)between upper-class French and lower-class Anglo-Saxon in its words. We even have different words for some foods, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming, while the upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating.
68.Which of the following groups of words are,by inference, rooted in French?
A.president, lawyer, beef
B.president,bread,water
C.bread,field,water
D.folk,field,cow
解析：由English words of politics and the law come from French rather than German.可知英语的政治和法律词汇多来源于法语，所以president, lawyer来源于法语。由meat, at home ready to be cooked, shows the fact that the upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating.可知英语涉及食品的词汇具有一种特殊的区分：是在农田中放牧饲养的，还是在家庭里屠宰烹饪后端上餐桌的。例如：猪、牛、羊、鹿在放牧饲养时用本族语称为swine,ox,sheep,deer；但在屠宰烹饪后就用法语称呼为pork,beef,mutton,venison。所以beef来源于法语。故答案为A。
4.情景推断法：猜测任何词义都离不开文章的语言情景，词义可以从上下文的具体语言环境中推断出来。
例④(NMET2002,B篇,62)
“Organic produce is always better,”Gold said.“The food is free of pesticides(农药),and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. And more often than not it is locally(本地)grown and seasonal, so it is more tasty.”Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business.
62.What is the meaning of“the organic trend”as the words are used in the text?
A.growing interest in organic food
B.better quality of organic food
C.rising market for organic food
D.higher prices of organic food
解析：由Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying...可以推断出，越来越多的顾客像Gold一样开始购买有机食物，其实也就是对这类食物产生了越来越浓厚的兴趣。故答案为A。
5.代词替代法：一般来讲，代词所指代的内容多在这一句话的前后句中。找到指代的内容后把它放在那个代词的位置上，看一看这句话是否合理，与前后的内容是否一致，然后再最后判定它是否为正确答案。
例⑤(NMET2001,C篇,66)
Only a few years ago, it was impossible to find green products in super markets, but now there are hundreds. Some supermarket products carry labels(标签)to show that the product is green. Some companies have made the manufacturing(生产)of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.
66.The under lined word“it”in the fourth paragraph refers to ____.
A.a selling point
B.the company name
C. a great demand for health foods
D. the manufacturing of green products
解析：只要能分析出句中含有make+名词作宾补的准确语义。就可以得出在广告宣传中的卖点it是the manufacturing of clean and safe products=green products，故答案为D。
(二)句义推测
1.同义法
例⑥(NMET2001,B篇,60)
Holiday makers who are bored with baking beaches and overheated hotel rooms head for a big igloo. Swedish businessman Nile Bergqvist is delighted with his new hotel, the world's first igloo hotel. Built in a small town in Lapland, it has been attracting lots of visitors, but soon the fun will be over.
In two weeks' time Bergqvist's ice creation(作品)will be nothing more than a pool of water.“We don't see it as a big problem,”he says.“We just look forward to replacing it.”
60.When the writer says“the fun will be over,”he refers to the fact that ____.
A.hotel guests will be frightened at the thought of the hard test
B.Bergqvist's hotel will soon become a pool of water
C.holidaymakers will soon get tired of the big igloo
D.a bigger igloo will replace the present one
解析:由文中可以看出,igloo hotel在两周内将不复存在，而变成一泓清水(be nothing more than a pool of water)。游客住进冰屋是一种冒险的体验。A、C、D在文中未出现,故答案为B。
2.因果关系
在上下文中，由从属连词because,since,so等连接。据此，可根据已知的“因”推出未知的“果”。
例⑦(NMET,E篇,73)
Excused from recycling(回收利用)because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute(垃圾道)? You won't before long. Miami's Mark Shantzis has made it simple for those living in tall buildings to use the chute and recycle too.
73.When he says“You won't before long”the writer means that____.
A.you'll soon be living in a cleaner building
B.rubbish chutes will become out of date before long
C.you won't wait long for your turn to recycle rubbish
D.it won't belong before you'll have to recycle your rubbish
解析：首先弄懂be excused from意为“被免于做某事”。而Mark Shantzis对垃圾道进行了改造，装上了垃圾分装盒，使居住在高层的人们免于对自家的垃圾分类并进行回收利用。因此，住高层的人们不久也要对垃圾进行分类回收利用了。由于文中未提到高层住宅卫生状况差以及本装置并未过时,而且在对垃圾的回收利用中,不会有轮着哪一家的情况。所以A，B，C皆不对,故答案为D。
3.情景推断法
例⑧(NMET'99,D篇,62)
Maybe ten-year-old Elizabeth, put it best when she said to her father,“But Dad, you can't be healthy if you're dead.”
Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his safety belt-a mistake 75% of the US population make everyday. The big question is why.
There have been many myths about safety belts ever since their first appearance in cars some forty years ago.
62.Why did Elizabeth say to her father,“But,Dad, you can't be healthy if you're dead”?
A.He was driving at greatspeed.
B.He was running across the street.
C.He didn't have his safety belt on.
D.He didn't take his medicine on time.
解析：因匆忙回家，忘记系安全带。Elizabeth跟父亲说：“爸，如果人死了就谈不上健康了”可以推知答案为C。
文/李秀东
篇4：考研英语二阅读：段落排序题解题步骤及方法
段落排序题
段落排序题仍然是今年的备考重点，全部做对该题目的可能性微乎其微，所以就需要讲究方法，在考场上多快好省的确保拿到6～8分。拿分要领为：答对首段(如果没有给)和第二段，以及已知段后面的一段，即对2-3个，剩下的，不要做了，直接选一个肯定入选但不确定排哪里的答案。
【解题步骤】
1.阅读已经固定的段落
如果固定段落是首末段，那么通过阅读首末段就可以得知整个文章的主旨大意，还要注意将已经确定的两个选项从卷子上划去，防止引起不必要的混乱;如果是首段+中间段，那也可以知道大意和文章部分内容信息。
但是，如果首段没有要先选出首段。 2.如何选首段 首段的特点： 1)首句不含有代词，不含有总结性、过渡性词(转折、因果、顺延等) 2)一般不含有最高级、第一或最后意思的词语，因为首段没有比较的对象。 3.阅读选项，尤其是首尾句。给段落作初步的位置预知和组块 考生做不到一次性排出来，能排出来的就排，一时定不了的，做如下工作： 1)位置预知：含so, conclude等表示结束的词，可能作为尾段。但是也要警惕未必，总之还是要综合看。
2)组块：
有些段一看就觉得应该一个前一个后，比如A段末提到... there are two branches.F段末提到了，the first one is...。那么A和F就属于明显的总分关系，应该前后连贯。
例如的E段末出现了
[E]... at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.而A段开头则是
[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out: consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about...
所以明显的顺序是E >A。
3)精确排列各个段落的顺序，利用其它关联词进行验证。
【例题】
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable - for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.
[B] In another case, American archaeologists René Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacán in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city's vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.
[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.
[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copán, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copán collapsed.
[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.
[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans combed antique dealers' stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans's interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knosós), on the island of Crete, in 1900.
[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two- and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.
41. → A → 42. → E → 43. → 44. → 45.
【解题步骤】
1.精读首段：
本题没有给出首段，需要考生先判断。具体方法要根据下步每段开头的关键词而定。
2.通读段首尾，模块组合+位置预知。
根据上述的八大方法，找出各个段落段首/尾的关联词，具体分布为：
[A] Some archaeological sites
[B] In another case(明显代词+名词)
[C] How.....?
[D] ... in one case
[E] ...find their sites....
[F] most archaeological sites, however
根据如上的关键词，考生首先能判断出来的是D和B的关系，根据代词应该是D>B。根据题干的矩阵41. → A → 42. → E → 43. → 44. → 45.
D>B肯定不能让在41或者42，肯定是43，44,45中的两个。因此首段的可能性只能是C和G中的一个。而C句首又是明显的用特殊疑问句提出问题，符合首段的特点。
D和B的特点是one和another的代词关系发生连贯。类似的连贯词还有one-the other,其复数形式是some - others，同样some和others会有些类似的同义词替换。根据这个原理，A和F也是前后关联A>F。因此42选F。
最后三个空。E的开头提到了on systematic survey，各种研究调查。E的段落也提到了Aerial surveys(航空研究，空中研究)而G的开头则提到了ground survey(地面研究)，正好是总分关系，所以顺序为E>G。因为43-45是GDB。所以答案为
CFGDB
篇5：考研英语：阅读理解之观点态度题解题秘籍
考研英语：阅读理解之观点态度题解题秘籍
根据历年考研英语大纲规定可知，考查考生理解作者的意图、观点或态度。这种题型要求考生把握作者写作某篇文章的目的，搞清作者对文章所论述的观点和中心是什么态度。考研英语试卷对这一部分的考查主要表现为情感态度题。考研提醒大家，该题型常问作者对某事是什么态度：主观(subjective)还是客观(objective) ;肯定(positive)还是否定(negative) ;赞成(approval)还是反对(opposition)等等。解题的关键是要看作者在文中用了什么样的口气。若用褒义词，显然是赞成。若用贬义词，显然是反对。若客观陈述，则是中性的立场，不偏不倚。注意：作者态度常常在转折词后表明出来。所以，but一词至关重要(还有类似的yet， however， although，nevertheless等)。
这种题目对考生而言难度较大，迷惑性也较强，因为命题专家是针对整篇文章设问，考生很难找到具体对应的语言点，所以要把握整篇文章。例如作者在谈一件事时是用反讽的口气，还是赞成的语气，此类题所给的答案选项一般是四个形容词，考生应在审题时就把握好这四个形容词所表达的意思，然后返回文章去寻找信息。特别提醒考生要牢记所遇到的构成作者态度题选项的每一个形容词。做文章作者态度题时，千万不要把考生自己的态度揉进文章中，同时要注意区分作者本人的态度与作者引用的观点态度。
理解作者的意图、观点和态度是近几年考试的热点题目，考生在做此类题时要把握这样的判断原则：既纵观全文，掌握主题思想有要注意文章的措辞，把握文章的基调或主旨(tenor)，又要分清文章的话语范围(field)及话语方式(mode)。
该题型常见的提问形式有：
1) The tone of the passage can best be described as ____
2) The tone of the passage would be _____
3) Which of the following best describes the tone of thepassage____
4) What is the attitude of the author towards____
5) How does the writer feel about______
6) The writer is of the opinion that_____
7) The author seems to be _____
情感和态度在考研中大致可分为三类：happy/unhappy;security/insecurity; satisfaction/
dissatisfaction， 它们作为标记语反映出作者对某个现象采取的姿态，并从情感的角度评价该现象。因此，考生既要依靠文章的中心思想作为前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是作为修饰语的形容词。
我们以的阅读Text 4为例具体说明这一点：
Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit.As a physician， I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffectiveand painful. I also know that people in Japanand Sweden，countries that spend far less on medical care， have achieved longer， healthierlives than we have. As a nation， we may be overfunding the quest for unlikelycures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improvepeople‘s lives.
59. In contras to the U.S.，Japan and Sweden are funding their medicalcare .
[A] more flexibly
[B] more extravagantly
[C] more cautiously
[D] more reasonably
作者用limits，ineffective， painful这些消极的词语暗示了美国医疗卫生系统的缺憾，通过把握这些词语，我们就能得出D为正确选项。所以我们对语言的理解是有一定差异的，又如尼克松签订1972年公报时，对“一个中国”原则，他手下的修辞专家用了acknowledge 而不用recognize.因为后者是正式的，外交的，打心底里的承认，而前者是一种模糊，对某种既成事实的有限度接受，但在中文里出现的就是我们理解的“承认”。
可见考生在平时的单词理解中要结合不同的语境，不同的文章体裁，综合地认知寓意，才能透彻地理解作者的.意图。
另外，判断作者情感态度除了关注作者的措辞，还要可以通过关注作者的举例角度和讲解角度，来判断文章作者的态度倾向：如果作者的一直论述某事物的积极地向上的方面，其态度基本上是积极乐观的;如果作者举例论证某观点时，给的例子是正面的，那么我们同样可以判断作者的态度是积极乐观的;如果作者的论述有好有坏，举例有正面有反面，我基本上可以判断作者的态度是客观的。同样，我们通过具体的真题案例进一步解释这一点。
再例第54题：
It was 3：45 in the morning when the vote was finallytaken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentarydebates， Australia‘s Northern Territorybecame the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the livesof incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincingvote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and waspicked up， half a world away， by John Hofsess， executive director of the Rightto Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group’s on-line service， DeathNET. Says Hofsess： “We posted bulletins all day long， because of course thisisn‘t just something that happened in Australia. It’s world history.”
The full import may take awhile to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally IIIlaw has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral andpractical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief， others， includingchurches， right to life groups and the Australian Medical Association， bitterlyattacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely toturn back. In Australia―― where an aging population， life extending technology and changing communityattitudes have all played their part ―― other states are going to considermaking a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the USand Canada，where the right to die movement is gathering strength， observers are waitingfor the dominoes to start falling.
Under the new Northern Territory law，an adult patient can request death ―― probably by a deadly injection or pill ――to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill bytwo doctors. After a “cooling off” period of seven days， the patient can sign acertificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For LloydNickson， a 54 year old Darwinresident suffering from lung cancer， the NT Rights of Terminally III law meanshe can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering： aterrifying death from his breathing condition. “I‘m not afraid of dying from aspiritual point of view， but what I was afraid of was how I’d go， because I‘vewatched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at theirmasks，” he says.
54.The author‘s attitude towards euthanasiaseems to be that of ________.
[A]opposition
[B]suspicion
[C]approval
[D]indifference
我们通过阅读该文，不难发现文章首段记述了安乐死法案通过以及当时在全球引起的反响，首段作者使用“it is world history”，来表达他对该事件的态度，认为它意义重大;紧接着在第二段，作者首先讨论世人对此态度不一，但是作者通过转折，指出这个潮流不太可能被逆转了。第三段，作者用一个肺癌病人为例，该病人认为安乐死法案的通过意味着自己可以平静地度过最后的时光，不用担心临死前要遭受的折磨。很明显这个事例是认识安乐死法案的通过是一件好事。那么文章就作者的态度命题，答案肯定是approval.
篇6：【解题技巧】实例讲解托福阅读句意解释题答题策略
在备考托福阅读之前，最为重要的除了词汇和句型的掌握之外，就是托福的阅读中的各种题型的解题技巧。在以下的内容中，小站教育将为大家带来关于句意解释题的解答方法，希望对于题型的解答方法能为大家的备考带来帮助。
【解题技巧】实例讲解托福阅读句意解释题答题策略
在托福阅读中，有一类题目就是用自己的语言来改写文章中的句子或者段落，以不同的方式重新陈述另一句话，这样的题目，也通常被称为句意解释题也有人称其为变换措辞题。其答题的关键要点就是保留其内容，而不改变原来句子的意思。应对这样类型的题目，我们有应对策略呢?下面为大家进行详细的分析一下。
这类型题目的题干表达为：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
解决这类题目的三种方法：
第一种：在保持原句序基本不变的前提下进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;
第二种：在句序不变的前提下再进行重点词汇或者词组的同义替换;
第三种：对原句进行总结性重复。
下面我们通过一个例子来看这些方法的具体应用：
Small marketers should be less concerned with whether U.S. and European consumers are alike and more concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences. Attention to the dynamic nature of those factors will produce opportunities for the alert marketer.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A marketer who is not so smart should be more concerned with the difference of eating habits between U.S. and European consumers and less concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences.
It is not important whether U.S. and European consumers have a similar eating habit. I t is the potential similarities and differences that people should be more concerned with.
Marketers should focus on the factors that account for difference rather than the difference themselves.
Monitoring the variety of foods could explain the potential similarities and differences.
解题：
首先，我们来分析这个句子，整个主句的主语为Small-marketers，谓语为be-concerned-with，宾语为factors，这个分析完成之后，我们采用同意替换的方法，替换其中的重点词组-谓语be concerned with，其同义词为focus on。这样替换完之后把两个句子的意思进行比较，得出正确答案C。这道题目采用了第一种方法。
托福阅读真题1
Prehistoric mammoths have been preserved in the famous tar pits of Rancho La Brea (Brea is the Spanish word for tar) in what is now the heart of Los Angeles, California. These tar pits have been known for centuries and were formerly mined for their natural asphalt, a black or brown petroleum-like substance. Thousands of tons were extracted before 1875, when it was first noticed that the tar contained fossil remains. Major excavations were undertaken that established the significance of this remarkable site. The tar pits were found to contain the remains of scores of species of animals from the last 30,000 years of the Ice Age.
Since then, over 100 tons of fossils, 1.5 million from vertebrates, 2.5 million from invertebrates, have been recovered, often in densely concentrated and tangled masses. The creatures found range from insects and birds to giant ground sloth's, but a total of 17 proboscides (animals with a proboscis or long nose) — including mastodons and Columbian mammoths — have been recovered, most of them from Pit 9, the deepest bone-bearing deposit, which was excavated in 1914. Most of the fossils date to between 40,000 and 10,000 years ago.
The asphalt at La Brea seeps to the surface, especially in the summer, and forms shallow puddles that would often have been concealed by leaves and dust. Unwary animals would become trapped on these thin sheets of liquid asphalt, which are extremely sticky in warm weather. Stuck, the unfortunate beasts would die of exhaustion and hunger or fall prey to predators that often also became stuck.
As the animals decayed, more scavengers would be attracted and caught in their turn. Carnivores greatly outnumber herbivores in the collection: for every large herbivore, there is one saber-tooth cat, a coyote, and four wolves. The fact that some bones are heavily weathered shows that some bodies remained above the surface for weeks or months. Bacteria in the asphalt would have consumed some of the tissues other than bones, and the asphalt itself would dissolve what was left, at the same time impregnating and beautifully preserving the saturated bones, rendering them dark brown and shiny.
1. What aspect of the La Brea tar pits does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The amount of asphalt that was mined there
(B) The chemical and biological interactions between asphalt and animals
(C) The fossil remains that have been found there
(D) Scientific methods of determining the age of tar pits
2. In using the phrase the heart of Los Angeles in line 2, the author is talking about the city's
(A) beautiful design
(B) central area
(C) basic needs
(D) supplies of natural asphalt
3. The word noticed in line 5 closest in meaning to
(A) predicted
(B) announced
(C) corrected
(D) observed
4. The word tangled in line 10 is closest in meaning to
(A) buried beneath
(B) twisted together
(C) quickly formed
(D) easily dated
5. The word them in line 13 refers to
(A) insects
(B) birds
(C) cloths
(D) proboscideans
6. How many proboscideans have been found at the La Brea tar pits?
(A) 9
(B) 17
(C) 1.5 million
(D) 2.5 million
7. The word concealed in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) highlighted
(B) covered
(C) transformed
(D) contaminated
8. Why does the author mention animals such as coyotes and wolves in paragraph 4?
(A) To give examples of animals that are classified as carnivores
(B) To specify the animals found least commonly at La Brea
(C) To argue that these animals were especially likely to avoid extinction.
(D) To define the term scavengers
托福阅读真题2
One area of paleoanthropological study involves the eating and dietary habits of hominids, erect bipedal primates — including early humans. It is clear that at some stage of history, humans began to carry their food to central places, called home bases, where it was shared and consumed with the young and other adults. The use of home bases is a fundamental component of human social behavior; the common meal served at a common hearth is a powerful symbol, a mark of social unity. Home base behavior does not occur among nonhuman primates and is rare among mammals. It is unclear when humans began to use home bases, what kind of communications and social relations were involved, and what the ecological and food-choice contexts of the shift were. Work on early tools, surveys of paleoanthropological sites, development and testing of broad ecological theories, and advances in comparative primatology are contributing to knowledge about this central chapter in human prehistory.
One innovative approach to these issues involves studying damage and wear on stone tools. Researchers make tools that replicate excavated specimens as closely as possible and then try to use them as the originals might have been used, in woodcutting, hunting, or cultivation. Depending on how the tool is used, characteristic chippage patterns and microscopically distinguishable polishes develop near the edges. The first application of this method of analysis to stone tools that are 1.5 million to 2 million years old indicates that, from the start, an important function of early stone tools was to extract highly nutritious food — meat and marrow — from large animal carcasses. Fossil bones with cut marks caused by stone tools have been discovered lying in the same 2-million-year-old layers that yielded the oldest such tools and the oldest hominid specimens (including humans) with larger than ape-sized brains. This discovery increases scientists' certainty about when human ancestors began to eat more meat than present-day nonhuman primates. But several questions remain unanswered: how frequently meat eating occurred; what the social implications of meat eating were; and whether the increased use of meat coincides with the beginnings of the use of home bases.
1. The passage mainly discusses which of the following aspects of hominid behavior?
(A) Changes in eating and dietary practices
(B) The creation of stone hunting tools
(C) Social interactions at home bases
(D) Methods of extracting nutritious food from carcasses
2. According to the passage , bringing a meal to a location to be shared by many individuals is
(A) an activity typical of nonhuman primates
(B) a common practice among animals that eat meat
(C) an indication of social unity
(D) a behavior that encourages better dietary habits
3. The word consumed in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) prepared
(B) stored
(C) distributed
(D) eaten
4. According to paragraph 2, researchers make copies of old stone tools in order to
(A) protect the old tools from being worn out
(B) display examples of the old tools in museums
(C) test theories about how old tools were used
(D) learn how to improve the design of modern tools
5. In paragraph 2, the author mentions all of the following as examples of ways in which early
stone tools were used EXCEPT to
(A) build home bases
(B) obtain food
(C) make weapons
(D) shape wood
6. The word innovative in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) good
(B) new
(C) simple
(D) costly
7. The word them in line 15 refers to
(A) issues
(B) researchers
(C) tools
(D) specimens
8. The author mentions characteristic chippage patterns in line 16 as an example of
(A) decorations cut into wooden objects
(B) differences among tools made of various substances
(C) impressions left on prehistoric animal bones
(D) indications of wear on stone tools
9. The word extract in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) identify
(B) remove
(C) destroy
(D) compare
10. The word whether in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) if
(B) how
(C) why
(D) when
托福阅读真题3
Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.
If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.
Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis — that is, they become diseased and die — after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site. Several theories have been put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms
(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms
(C) How plant defense mechanisms function
(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ
2. The phrase subject to in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) susceptible to
(B) classified by
(C) attractive to
(D) strengthened by
3. The word puncture in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) pierce
(B) pinch
(C) surround
(D) cover .
4. The word which in line 12 refers to
(A) tissues
(B) substances
(C) barriers
(D) insects
5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to
the Colorado beetle?
(A) resins
(B) tannins
(C) glycosides
(D) alkaloids
6. Why does the author mention glycoproteins in line 17?
(A) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals
(B) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants
(C) to illustrate how chemicals function in plant defense
(D) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense
7. The word dramatic in line 23 could best be replaced by
(A) striking
(B) accurate
(C) consistent
(D) appealing
8. Where in the passage does the author describe an active plant-defense reaction?
(A) Lines 1-3
(B) Lines 4-6
(C) Lines 13-15
(D) Lines 24-27
9. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on
(A) the basis of passive plant defense
(B) how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.
(C) how plants produce toxic chemicals
(D) the principles of the hypersensitive response.
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