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高考总复习三写作..

时间：2025年05月05日

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这次小编给大家整理了高考总复习三写作..，本文共8篇，供大家阅读参考。本文原稿由网友“peri”提供。

篇1：高考总复习三写作..

高考总复习（三）写作..

空空书斋

一、教学目标

总的目标是通过系统复习，达到会写记叙文、议论文、说明文及常用应用文。具体说来有三个方面的要求。

（一）整篇作文：

（1）准确全面地理解题意；（2）思想健康，中心明确，材料充实；（3）语言规范、准确、连贯、得体；（4）结构完整，条理清楚；（5）符合文体要求；（6）字体端正，卷面整洁。

（二）单项能力：

（1）记叙能清楚完整，详略得当；描写能具体生动；说明能把握特征，语言简明；议论能论点明确，论据比较充分，论证合理。（2）观察准确，联想恰当，想象合理。

（三）应用文的写作符合格式及行文习惯（应掌握的应用文种类：书信、启事、通知、新闻、电报稿、广播稿、申请书、说明书）。

二、难点、重点分析

（一）怎样提炼好议论文的观点？

观点是议论文的灵魂。一篇议论文，若提不出正确深刻的观点，就构不成一篇议论文。而观点不明确，则是同学们议论文中较普遍存在的问题。

怎样才能提炼出正确而深刻的观点呢？当然，从根本上来说，是要加强学习，努力提高知识水平。但在同样理论水平的情况下，如果我们能掌握一些从具体材料中提炼观点的方法，善于用抽象概括的方法分析所写的事物，则会有助于正确观点的提炼。这里，介绍几种提炼观点的方法。

第一，从现象中抓本质。面对一些具体材料，要进行深入的分析，思考，透过现象，抓住事物的本质，提炼出自己的观点来。比如有一篇《从“一条街”做起》的短文，所根据的材料是这样一个事实：最近，珠市口至广安门这条大街，日见清洁整齐起来，这是宣武区环卫局的同志们为改变全区清洁卫生面貌，首先抓好一条街做出的初步成绩。这则材料，人们会当作一般的一件好事来看待，甚至也可能根本引不起注意。而该文作者却从中看到了一种可贵的精神：“这一条街的‘一’里面包含着千百件艰苦细致的工作。34座公厕的墙壁、门窗一一进行了油漆、粉刷；430个垃圾桶都是一一除锈喷漆，排放整齐的……他们始终如一地埋头苦干着，这种精神是可贵的！”进而，文章又从中总结、概括出所要阐述的观点：“当然，他们也是不满足于“一”的……他们认真地从“一”做起。“一”比“0”来说是无限大的倍数，是发展成百、千、万……的实际起点。如果我们每个单位、每个人都是这样不说空话，兢兢业业，扎扎实实，一个一个地解决问题，四化的步伐肯定会大大加快”。这样从本质上来看问题，提出来的观点就比较深刻了。

第二，深入开拓，以小见大。从一人、一事、一物生发开去，从一滴水中可以见太阳。有些材料，看来似乎很平常，但其含义却有普遍性、典型性。所以，我们应当掌握从一点到全面，由个别到一般，由常见的现象中发掘其深刻意义的'方法。例如邓拓杂文《事事关心》，文章开头先引用了明朝东林党人的一副对联：“风声、雨声、读书声、声声入耳；家事、国事、天下事、事事关心。”然后，作者对这副对联加以阐释：“上联的意思是讲书院的环境便于人们专心读书”，“下联的意思是讲在书院中读书的人都要关心政治”，“把上下联贯串起来，它的意思更加明显，就是说一面要致力读书，一面要关心政治，两方面要紧密结合。”接着，对这副对联加以评论，既指出东林党人历史的局限性：“他们当然还是站在封建阶级的立场上，为维护封建制度而进行政治斗争，”又肯定其进步性：“他们比起那一班读死书和追求功名利禄的人，总算进步了。”通过以上解释和评论，作者得出这样的结论：“不读书而空谈政治的人，只是空头政治家，决不是真正的政治家。……同样，不问政治而死读书的人，那是无用的书呆子，决不是真正有学问的学者。”因此，“既要努力读书，又要关心政治”，这个大道理，是从一副对联引申出来的。全文说“小”显“大”，说“大”不离“小”，这就是善于以小见大的范例。

第三，类比推理，触类旁通。有一篇《着眼于无名之辈》的短文，在赞扬了《青春》杂志发表关于“着眼于无名之辈，就是着眼于明天，着眼于未来。”接着又用类比推理的方法提出论点说：“着眼于无名之辈”，是真正有见识、有魄力的表现。鲁迅茅盾这些大师，工作那么忙，在无名之辈身上倾注了多少心血啊！继而，又类推到其他行业说；“如果我们的眼睛只看到少数名人，我们的作品只是在几个名人中打圈子，我们的事业就不会兴旺发达。文学如此，科学如此，体育如此，其他战线也如此。”这样由此及彼，类比推理，就把在一切现实工作中要“着眼于无名之辈”这一观点由浅入深地提出来了。

第四，开拓思路，推陈出新。有些材料不一定新鲜，但如果能别出心裁，从另一角度深入开拓，也能提出新的见解，新的观点。例如“同情弱者”这句话，在旧社会是一句赞语，延续了多少年。但有一篇题为《“同情弱者”析》的短文，则结合现实，从另一角度，对具体问题作具体分析，推陈出新，提出了新的观点。文章说：“同情弱者”，在剥削阶级掌权的旧社会，多数是正义的，对人民是有益的。如今，劳动人民当了国家主人，情况发生了根本变化，批评是人民内部互相帮助的一种形式，因而不宜于一味奉行“同情弱者”的哲学。如果无原则的站在被批评者一方，反对批评者，这是不正常的。它不利于批评和自我批评的正常开展。

第五，通过事理，引申一步。例如1990年高考作文，是根据所提供的材料，自拟题目展开议论。材料是：一对孪生小姑娘走进玫瑰园，不多久，其中一个小姑娘跑过来对母亲说：“妈妈，这里是个坏地方！”“为什么呢，我的孩子？”“因为这里的每朵花下面都有刺。”不一会儿，另一个小姑娘跑来对母亲说：“妈妈，

[4]

篇2：高考总复习三写作..

高考总复习（三）写作..

空空书斋

一、教学目标

总的目标是通过系统复习，达到会写记叙文、议/论文、说明文及常用应用文。具体说来有三个方面的要求。

（一）整篇作文：

（二）单项能力：

（三）应用文的.写作符合格式及行文习惯（应掌握的应用文种类：书信、启事、通知、新闻、电报稿、广播稿、申请书、说明书）。

二、难点、重点分析

（一）怎样提炼好议/论文的观点？

观点是议/论文的灵魂。一篇议/论文，若提不出正确深刻的观点，就构不成一篇议/论文。而观点不明确，则是同学们议/论文中较普遍存在的问题。

第一，从现象中抓本质。面对一些具体材料，要进行深入的分析，思考，透过现象，抓住事物的本质，提炼出自己的观点来。比如有一篇《从“一条街”做起》的短文，所根据的材料是这样一个事实：最近，珠市口至广安门这条大街，日见清洁整齐起来，这是宣武区环卫局的同志们为改变全区清洁卫生面貌，首先抓好一条街做出的初步成绩。这则材料，人们会当作一般的一件好事来看待，甚至也可能根本引不起注意。而该文作者却从中看到了一种可贵的精神：“这一条街的‘一’里面包含着千百件艰苦细致的工作。34座公厕的墙壁、门窗一一进行了油漆、粉刷；430个垃圾桶都是一一除锈喷漆，排放整齐的……他们始终如一地埋头苦干着，这种精神是可贵的！”进而，文章又从中.总结、概括出所要阐述的观点：“当然，他们也是不满足于“一”的……他们认真地从“一”做起。“一”比“0”来说是无限大的倍数，是发展成百、千、万……的实际起点。如果我们每个单位、每个人都是这样不说空话，兢兢业业，扎扎实实，一个一个地解决问题，四化的步伐肯定会大大加快”。这样从本质上来看问题，提出来的观点就比较深刻了。

第二，深入开拓，以小见大。从一人、一事、一物生发开去，从一滴水中可以见太阳。有些材料，看来似乎很平常，但其含义却有普遍性、典型性。所以，我们应当掌握从一点到全面，由个别到一般，由常见的现象中发掘其深刻意义的方法。例如邓拓杂文《事事关心》，文章开头先引用了明朝东林党人的一副对联：“风声、雨声、读书声、声声入耳；家事、国事、天下事、事事关心。”然后，作者对这副对联加以阐释：“上联的意思是讲书院的环境便于人们专心读书”，“下联的意思是讲在书院中读书的人都要关心政治”，“把上下联贯串起来，它的意思更加明显，就是说一面要致力读书，一面要关心政治，两方面要紧密结合。”接着，对这副对联加以评论，既指出东林党人历史的局限性：“他们当然还是站在封建阶级的立场上，为维护封建制度而进行政治斗争，”又肯定其进步性：“他们比起那一班读死书和追求功名利禄的人，总算进步了。”通过以上解释和评论，作者得出这样的结论：“不读书而空谈政治的人，只是空头政治家，决不是真正的政治家。……同样，不问政治而死读书的人，那是无用的书呆子，决不是真正有学问的学者。”因此，“既要努力读书，又要关心政治”，这个大道理，是从一副对联引申出来的。全文说“小”显“大”，说“大”不离“小”，这就是善于以小见大的范例。

第五，通过事理，引申一步。例如1990年高考作文，是根据所提供的材料，自拟题目展开议论。材料是：一对孪生小姑娘走进玫瑰园，不多久，其中一个小姑娘跑过来对母亲说：“妈妈，这里是个坏地方！”“为什么呢，我的孩子？”“因为这里的每朵花下面都有刺。”不一会儿，另一个小姑娘跑来对母亲说：“妈妈，这里是个好地方！”“为什么呢，我的孩子？”“因为这里的每丛刺上面都有花。”听了两个孩子的话，望着那个被刺破指头的孩子，母亲陷入了沉思。对这样一个材料，我们可以从各个角度展开议论。一般考生议论的主题是要正视困难，他们将刺比作困难、挫折，从而提出“要树立正确的人生观，自觉地面对挫折，”“要成功，必须先流汗”，“敢于拼搏，做生活的强者”等等。这些观点无疑是正确的，但这些都是一般人的思路共集之处。但能不能在此基础上，引申一步，提出更新更深的观点呢？有一个同学就经过引申，提出了“人生抉择在于取舍得当”的观点。文章说：

世界是美的，恰如玫瑰花，但同时也有扎手的玫瑰刺，这就要看你如何取舍。人生的抉择在于取舍得当。

人的一生短暂又漫长，如何有价值地度过人生是人们一直关心的问题。我们会面临许多选择，比如升学就业，比如个人利益与国家利益间的冲突……

据一本报告文学记载，有一位伐木工被大树压住双腿，拔出来是不可能了，又无他人帮助，于是他自己锯断双腿，尔后存活下来。生命是可贵的，如果这位伐木工没有正确的选择，他可能逃不过灭顶之灾……

被玫瑰刺伤的人也会喜欢玫瑰吗？这需要怎样的.气魄。巴金的《随想录》为我们作了很好的例证。在动荡的年代，巴金也是一位受害者，但他却以惊人的胆识坦白自己的心胸，让人们看到了他的高风亮节。用他的话说，取的是良心，舍的是面子。正因为如此，这位文艺界的前辈就更赢得了人们的尊敬。由此可见，人生的正确选择在于取舍得当。

这位考生由“母亲陷入了沉思”，引申开去，确定了“人生的正确选择在于取舍得当”这样的观点，就比前边提到的一些观点更新颖，更深刻，因而更容易给人以启迪。

（二）议论怎样避免“空”、“浅”。

议/论文，顾名思义是要议事论理，以理服人的，所谓“主在析理，理尽后已”。但是，有些同学写议/论文，往往是“论点+实例+结论”完事。既不会对论点作分析，也不善于对论点与论据之间的关系作议论。使人读后的印象是既“空”且“浅”，如隔靴搔痒，不解决问题。

怎样才能避免议/论文的“空”和“浅”呢？这可以从两个方面入手。一是要掌握写议/论文的基本要领；二是要学会进行分析。

写议/论文的基本要领是：从大处着意，从小处落笔。所谓“大处着意”，是说议/论文讲的道理要“大”。所谓“大”，一是指对读者要有较大的教育意义；二是指这样的教育意义适用的范围要大，给人的启发要大。比如有篇题为《现代笑话一则》的文章，写的是读过一则古代笑话：一个富翁要工匠给他盖一栋楼房，竣工后，富翁前往看房，楼上楼下走了一圈儿，对工匠说：“我只要二楼，你给我把底层拆了吧！”当时，不禁为这个富翁的愚蠢无知而暗暗失笑。觉得这样的愚蠢该是天下无双了，孰知不久前却听到一件类似的真人真事。某高等学府分配住房，教授学者住一层五层，年逾花甲的知识分子天天要爬几

篇3：高考总复习写作

一、教学目标

总的目标是通过系统复习，达到会写记叙文、议论文、说明文及常用应用文，高考总复习（三）写作..。具体说来有三个方面的要求。

（一）整篇作文：

（二）单项能力：

（三）应用文的写作符合格式及行文习惯（应掌握的应用文种类：书信、启事、通知、新闻、电报稿、广播稿、申请书、说明书）。

二、难点、重点分析

（一）怎样提炼好议论文的观点？

观点是议论文的灵魂。一篇议论文，若提不出正确深刻的观点，就构不成一篇议论文。而观点不明确，则是同学们议论文中较普遍存在的问题。

第一，从现象中抓本质。面对一些具体材料，要进行深入的分析，思考，透过现象，抓住事物的本质，提炼出自己的观点来，高中三年级语文教案《高考总复习（三）写作..》。比如有一篇《从“一条街”做起》的短文，所根据的材料是这样一个事实：最近，珠市口至广安门这条大街，日见清洁整齐起来，这是宣武区环卫局的同志们为改变全区清洁卫生面貌，首先抓好一条街做出的初步成绩。这则材料，人们会当作一般的一件好事来看待，甚至也可能根本引不起注意。而该文作者却从中看到了一种可贵的精神：“这一条街的‘一’里面包含着千百件艰苦细致的工作。34座公厕的墙壁、门窗一一进行了油漆、粉刷；430个垃圾桶都是一一除锈喷漆，排放整齐的……他们始终如一地埋头苦干着，这种精神是可贵的！”进而，文章又从中总结、概括出所要阐述的观点：“当然，他们也是不满足于“一”的……他们认真地从“一”做起。“一”比“0”来说是无限大的倍数，是发展成百、千、万……的实际起点。如果我们每个单位、每个人都是这样不说空话，兢兢业业，扎扎实实，一个一个地解决问题，四化的步伐肯定会大大加快”。这样从本质上来看问题，提出来的观点就比较深刻了。

[高考总复习写作]

篇4：高考总复习三、标点..

高考总复习三、标点..

一、教学目标

复习标点符号用法，正确使用标点符号。

二、难点、重点分析

(一)标点符号和语气、口气有怎样的关系？

分析：

(1)点号和语气的关系。

每个句子，不论单句还是复句，都有统贯全句的语气，在书面语里用句号表陈述语气，是平调；用问号表疑问语气，是升调；用感叹号表感叹语气，是降调；用感叹号或句号表语气强弱不一的祈使语气，是降调或平调。使用点号以表语气时，常见的毛病是句号用得太少，感叹号用得太滥，问号有时是当用而不用，有时不当用反而用上了。为了避免出现上述毛病，分清句子的语气就显得特别重要。

(2)标号同口气的关系。

破折号一是表示后边是补充说明的话，补充说明的话如果在一个句子当中，一般在话的前后两处用破折号；二是表示后边是忽然转到旁边的话。

省略号一是表示引文或引述的话里有所省略；二是表示重复的或者类似的语句的省略；三是表示话未说完或语意未尽；四是表说话的断续。

引号一是表示放在引号里边的话是实际那样说的，或是想说的，或是引用来的；二是表示引号内的话含有特殊意味：或意义突出的，或字里别有含义的，或作者不同意的`，或作者怀疑这种说法的，或表示讽刺、反语等。

(二)标点符号和句子结构有什么关系？

分析：标点符号与句子结构的关系表现在三个方面。

(1)某些结构要求必须用某些点号；

(2)某些结构要求不能用某些点号；

(3)某些结构可以用某些点号，但有一定条件。

例如：

①句子各部分之间用点号情况：

主语和谓语之间能用逗号。如果谓语在前，这个逗号便非用不可。

动词和宾语之间一般不能用逗号，宾语是较长的主谓短语时，有时可以用逗号隔开；如果要突出宾语，逗号便改用冒号。

②联合短语中用点号的情况：

联合短语中各成分之间如果没有显著的停顿，当中不用点号；如果当中有明显的停顿，可以用顿号或逗号；并列的各项如果有层次，有些顿号就要升为逗号。

③分句之间用点号的情况：

分句之间多用逗号，有时兼用分号。分号运用应注意：

二重以上的复句，第一重如果是并列关系，这种并列关系又没有关联词语表示，必须用分号。

只有一个层次的并列复句，如果分句内部已有逗号，又没有关联词语表示并列关系，要用分号。

偏正关系复句，偏句的独立性较强，并且偏句或正句内部又用上了逗号，这时偏句后边可以用分号。

(三)当冒号与引号连用时，须注意什么？

分析：要注意三点：一是“××说”之类放在引用的话的前边，用冒号，放在引用的话的后边或者中间，不用冒号；二是引号前边用冒号(或逗号)的，下引号放在逗号、句号等的后边，不用冒号(或逗号)的，下引号放在前边；三是冒号后边有作者的话，紧接着是引文，这时下引号宜放在句号之前。例如：

“绕二三里地有小路。”石得富提议。(属于“××说”之类的话放在引用的话的后边一类)

“好吧，”老李说，“就照你的意见办。”(属于“××说”之类的话放在引用的话的中间一类)

老杨最爽快，也最勇敢，布置任务给他的时候，他多了不说，只回答一个“行”。(属于下引号放在句号或逗号之前一类)

毛泽东同志说：主动权“是要有意识地争取的东西，不是现成的东西”。(属于冒、引连用的第三种情况。)

三、教学过程设计

(一)掌握常用标点符号的基本用法及注意事项。

1．句号表示陈述句末尾的停顿。使用句号时，应注意：

(1)凡能独立成句、意思完整的句子，应用句号点断。

(2)书名或篇名与标题和章节题目的末了不用句号。

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篇5：高考总复习写作建议

空空书斋

一、教学目标

总的目标是通过系统复习，达到会写记叙文、议论文、说明文及常用应用文，高考总复习（三）写作..。具体说来有三个方面的要求。

（一）整篇作文：

（二）单项能力：

（三）应用文的写作符合格式及行文习惯（应掌握的应用文种类：书信、启事、通知、新闻、电报稿、广播稿、申请书、说明书）。

二、难点、重点分析

（一）怎样提炼好议论文的观点？

观点是议论文的灵魂。一篇议论文，若提不出正确深刻的观点，就构不成一篇议论文。而观点不明确，则是同学们议论文中较普遍存在的问题。

第一，从现象中抓本质。面对一些具体材料，要进行深入的分析，思考，透过现象，抓住事物的本质，提炼出自己的观点来。比如有一篇《从“一条街”做起》的短文，所根据的材料是这样一个事实：最近，珠市口至广安门这条大街，日见清洁整齐起来，这是宣武区环卫局的同志们为改变全区清洁卫生面貌，首先抓好一条街做出的初步成绩。这则材料，人们会当作一般的一件好事来看待，甚至也可能根本引不起注意。而该文作者却从中看到了一种可贵的精神：“这一条街的‘一’里面包含着千百件艰苦细致的工作。34座公厕的墙壁、门窗一一进行了油漆、粉刷；430个垃圾桶都是一一除锈喷漆，排放整齐的……他们始终如一地埋头苦干着，这种精神是可贵的！”进而，文章又从中总结、概括出所要阐述的观点：“当然，他们也是不满足于“一”的……他们认真地从“一”做起，高中三年级语文教案《高考总复习（三）写作..》。“一”比“0”来说是无限大的倍数，是发展成百、千、万……的实际起点。如果我们每个单位、每个人都是这样不说空话，兢兢业业，扎扎实实，一个一个地解决问题，四化的步伐肯定会大大加快”。这样从本质上来看问题，提出来的观点就比较深刻了。

[高考总复习写作建议]

篇6：高考总复习指导：英语写作部分-人教版

20高考总复习指导：

英语写作部分

之一：英语写作的过渡手段归纳

众所周知，要写出清晰流畅的文章，需要把段落中各部分巧妙地连接在一起。这样可使文章自然而别致，并能层层展开主题句，完整地表达中心思想。

起连贯作用的过渡词语可以用来连接段落中的各个句子，也可以用来连接文章中的各个段落。下面是在段落中连接句子的例子（段中黑体字为过渡词）

To many foreigners, the American word family is confusing. Foreigners often hear an American say “My family is coming to visit.” In this sentence, family means grandparents and perhaps other relatives. However, at other times, the same American might say, “I'm going to stay home with my family this weekend.” In this case, he is talking about his wife and children. This is a much narrower meaning than the first one. Using family in this way makes a foreigner wonder which term really describes an American family. The answer, of course, is that there are two meanings for the word family in the United States -- a narrow one and a broad one. And there is another term ---- immediate family ----- to describe something in between.

这一段中出现的过渡手法有两种：一种是过渡词或词组，如however, in this case, of course；另一种是起过渡作用的代词，如this, one.

段与段之间也可以用过渡词连接，比如but可以连接两个为转折关系的段落．

2. 过渡词语的分类常用的过渡词根据意思和作用的不同，可以分为以下十一类：

1) 用以解释的过渡词，比如：now, in addition, for, in this case, furthermore, in fact

1. The problem, in this case, is hard to solve.

2. Furthermore, several people telephoned the same night.

2) 表示强调的过渡词，如：certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important

1. Indeed, a dessert is always enjoyable.

2. Above all, do not build an open fire in a forest.

3) 表示限制的过渡词but, however, although, though, yet, except for

1. Yet there was still a chance that he would win.

2. Except for one girl, all the hikers returned.

4) 用以举例的过渡词for example, for instance, thus, such, next

1. For instance, a telegram often costs more than a telephone call.

2. Thus the trip finally began.

5) 表示递进或补充的过渡词in addition，furthermore，also，moreover，yet

1. In addition, the tour stops in Vancouver.

2. Furthermore, the time for registration has been extended.

6) 表达顺序的过渡词first, second, third, afterward(s)（后来）, meanwhile（几乎同时）,

thereafter（在那以后）, last, finally, eventually（终于）

1. First, you mail in an application. Second, you ask for an appointment. Third, you send

them three personal references.

2. Then you come to a traffic light and turn right.

7) 用以表示比较的过渡词like, in the same way, similarly, equally important, too

1. In the same way, we look for a good doctor.

2. Similarly, the Thais enjoy spicy foods.

8) 用以表示对比的过渡词unlike, in contrast, whereas, on the other hand, instead

1. In contrast, the red fluid does not lose its color.

2. The husband wanted a boy, whereas the wife wanted a girl.

9) 表示让步的过渡词although, nevertheless, of curse, after all, clearly, still, yet

1. He planned, nevertheless, to ask for a promotion.

2. After all, you learn to cook many foods in this job.

10) 用以表述结果的过渡词therefore, as a result, consequently,

then，thereby，therefore，thus，hence，accordingly, so, otherwise

1. As a result, she became the prince's bride.

2. Consequently, we opened an account at the bank.

11) 用以表示总结的过渡词to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in short，in a word，in

the long run，in summary

1. To sum up, Christmas is the most important holiday.

2. In conclusion, a consulate offers more services.

上文已经讲过，除了过渡词或词组之外，起过渡作用的还有代词、同义词、连接词和词的重复等。下面分别举例说明。

1. 起过渡作用的代词

例：He asked what that meant.

We watched the hikers. They climbed slowly.

以上两句中的深蓝体字分别起句内和句间的过渡作用。

起过渡作用的代词在下面例子中的作用很大，没有它，这段文字就不能成立。

It is the most talked-of subject in town. Every family in the community discusses It half a dozen times a day. You mentioned It to at least one of your friends before you came into the room today. You think about It at least once during every class. Its passage is steady. It touched everyone. What isIt? It is Time.

2. 起过渡作用的同义词

同义词用得好，不仅有助于文章的连贯，也增加了文采。例如下文：

Community colleges are like the two-year colleges called junior colleges, or “j.c.'s”. Both schools prepare students for four-year colleges. J.c.'s offer all the courses most four-year colleges ask their freshmen and sophomores to take. Community colleges also give such required courses. But community colleges are also like other institutions called trade schools. Both schools offer technical training. Trade schools give courses in such areas as carpentry, nursing, television repairing, or photography. Community colleges have complete technical courses for students who do not plan to go on to a university.

3．重复词起过渡作用

词的重复是常用的连接手法，它可强调你所要表达的意思。按方式，还可进一步分为绝对重复和相对重复。

Gulls, as they soar, are not always searching for food but merely having fun on the wing. A gull flying along the shore is taking advantages of wind current formed when the sea air strikes the warm land and rises. Gulls also love the lower, weaker air currents that form about three feet above the waves. They ride them for hours, tipping from one current to the next. Most people think that gulls ride behind boats for the food. But garbage is only a small part of what they eat. Clams and fish make up most of their diet. The sea gulls follow boats for the tide on the thermal currents the ships create at sea.

上面文章中的黑体字就是通过重复来起承上启下的作用，与同义词类似。

4.平行结构起承上启下的作用

My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Don't argue with parents; they will think you don't love them. Don't argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Don't argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Don't argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mother's rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words. Don't argue.

文中的don't argue反复出现，形成平行结构，有助于段落的流畅和连贯。

之二：英语写作中的常用句型归纳

作文中常用句套：

下文中出现的 A,B, “...”(某事物), “sb”( somebody),

要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换.

开头：

When it comes to ..., some think ...

There is a public debate today that ...

A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one?

Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus.

提出观点：

Now there is a growing awareness that...

It is time we explore the truth of ...

Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.

进一步提出观点：

... but that is only part of the history.

Another equally important aspect is ...

A is but one of the many effects. Another is ...

Besides, other reasons are...

提出假想例子的方式：

Suppose that...

Just imagine what would be like if...

It is reasonable to expect...

It is not surprising that...

举普通例子：

For example(instance),...

... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)

A good case in point is...

A particular example for this is...

引用：

One of the greatest early writers said ...

“Knowledge is power”, such is the remard of ...

“......”. That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).

“......”. How often we hear such words like there.

讲故事

（先说故事主体），this story is not rare.

..., such delimma we often meet in daily life.

..., the story still has a realistic significance.

提出原因：

There are many reasons for ...

Why .... , for one thing,...

The answer to this problem involves many factors.

Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...

The first reason can be obiviously seen.

Most people would agree that...

Some people may neglect that in fact ...

Others suggest that...

Part of the explanation is ...

进行对比：

The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of...

Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...

Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.

A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...

承上启下：

To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...

A study of ... will make this point clear

让步：

Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...

I do not deny that A has its own merits.

结尾：

>From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw

the conclusion that ...

In summary, it is wiser ...

In short...

在作文中引用合适的名言警句，会给你的文章增色许多。这里收集了我本人喜爱的一些名言，可能会对你有用。我们使用引用的位置可以在开头结尾或正文段落中，

常见的使用形式如下：

One of the greatest early writers said ...

“Knowledge is power”, such is the remard of ...

“......”. That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).

“......”. How often we hear such words like there.

Useful quotations

逆境

by Robert Collier

In every adversity there lies the seed of an equivalent advantage. In every defeat there is a lesson showing you how to win the victory next time.

努力与成功

by Ann Landers

Opportunities are usually disguised as hard work, so most people don't recognize them.

坚持

by Ralph Waldo Emerson

No one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves.

Confucius 孔子

Our greatest glory is not in never falling...

but in rising every time we fall.

坚持

Mother Teresa

To keep a lamp burning we have to keep putting oil in it.

Henry Ford

Nothing is particularly hard if you divide it inuo small jobs.

Winston Churchill

Never, never, never, never give up.

Albert Einstein

In uhe middle of difficulty lies opportunity.

努力与成功

by Crassus

Those who aim at great deeds must suffer greatly.

Thomas Edison

There is no substitute for hard work.

Leo Tolstoi

The strongest of all warriors are these two- Time and Patience.

Thomas Jefferson

I'm a great believer in luck,

and I find the harder I work...

the more I have of it.

Robert Collier

Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.

Ray A. Croc

Luck is a dividend of sweat. The more you sweat, the luckier you get.

实际经验与间接经验

You'll learn more about a road by traveling it...

than by consulting all the maps in the world.

动机与结果

Vince Lombardi

Winning isn't everything...

but wanting to win is.

John F. Kennedy

We choose to go!to the moon and other things , oot because they are easy, but because they are hard.

Thucydides

The strong do what they will.

The weak do what they must.

为人态度：

John Wooden

Talent is God given--Be Humble.

Fame is man given-- Be Thankful.

Conceit is self given --Be Careful.

行动：

Theodore Roosevelt

Do what you can , with what you have , with where you are.

Publilius Syrus Maxim

No one knows what he can do till he tries.

Terence

There is nothing so easy but that it becomes difficult when you do it reluctantly.

Thomas Fuller

A wise man turns chance into good fortune.

William Hazlitt

Prosperity is a great teacher;

adversity is a greater.

William Penn

No pains, no palm;

no thorns, no throne;

no gall , no glory;

no cross, no crown.

Will Rogers

Even if you're on the right track, you'll get run over... if you just sit there.

Opportunity rarely knocks on your door.

Knock rather on opportunity's door if you ardently wish to enter.

成功与失败

Vince Lombardi

It's not whether you get knocked down.

...It's whether you get up again.

Winston Churchill

An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity;

a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity.

热情（年轻/年老）

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.

信心

James Allen

The will to do springs from the knowledge that we can do.

Samuel Johnson

Few things are impossible to diligence and skill.

Aughey

Lost time is never found again.

Voltaire

No problem can stand the assault of sustained thinking.

Napoleon

Victory belongs to the most persevering.

细心

Euipides

Leave no stone unturned.

计划与工作

Norman Vincent Peale

Plan your work for today and every day;

then work your plan.

Henry Ford

Failure is only the opportunity to more intelligently begin again.

Thomas Edison

I start where the last man left off.

理想与现实

What the mind of man can conceive and believe,

the mind of a man can achieve.

勤奋

Benjamin Franklin

Plough deep while sluggards sleep.

目标

Henry David Thoreau

In the lone run men hit only what they aim at.

幸运

Emily Dickinson

Luck is not chance...

It's toil...

Fortune's expensive smile is earned.

勤奋

Thomas Edison

Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.

Useful Quotations

想象力

Albert Einstein

Imagination is more important than knowledge.

挑战：

Walter Begehot

The great pleasure in life is doing what people say you cannot do.

机会与准备

Abraham Lincoln

I will prepare and some day my chance will come.

信心与事实

Henry Ford

Whether you think you can or think you can't -- you are right.

English Proverb

Where there's a will there's a way.

There is no failure excepting no longer trying.

Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity.

之三：英文作文52活用句型

I. 用于文章主题句

1. 不用说…

It goes without saying that子句

= (It is) needless to say (that)子句

= It is obvious that子句

= Obviously, S. + V.

例︰不用说早睡早起是值得的。

It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.

2. …是不可能的; 无法…

There is no Ving

= There is no way of Ving.

= There is no possibility of Ving.

= It is impossible to V.

= It is out of the question to V.

= No one can V.

= We cannot V.

例︰不可否认的成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。

There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind.

3. 我深信…

I am greatly convinced (that)子句

= I am greatly assured (that)子句

例︰我深信预防是于治疗。

I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure.

4. 在各种…之中…

Among various kinds of …, …

= Of all the …, …

例︰在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。

Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.

5. …是很容易证明的。

It can be easily proved (that)子句

例︰时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。

It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time.

6. …无论如何强调都不为过

… cannot be overemphasized

例︰交通安全的重要性无论如何强调都不为过。

The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.

7. 就我的看法…；我认为…

In my opinion, …

= To my mind, ….

= As far as I am concerned, …

= I am of the opinion that子句

例︰就我的看法打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。

In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.

8. (A) 每个人都知道…

Everyone knows (that)子句

(B) 就我所知…

As far as my knowledge is concerned, …

例︰就我所知下列方法对我帮助很大。

As far as my knowledge is concerned, the following ways are of great help to me.

9. 毫无疑问地…

There is no doubt (that)子句

例︰毫无疑问地近视在我国的年轻人中是一个严重的问题。

There is no doubt that near-sightedness is a serious problem among the youth of our country.

10. 根据我个人经验…

According to my personal experience, …

= Based on my personal experience, …

例︰根据我个人经验微笑已带给我许多好处。

According to my personal experience, smile has done me a lot of good.

11. 在我认识的人当中也许没有一个人比…更值得我尊敬。

Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than …

例︰在我认识的人当中也许没有一个人比我的英文老师张老师更值得我尊敬。

Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than Miss Chang, my English teacher.

12. 在我的求学过程中我忘不了…

In the course of my schooling. I will never forget …

例︰在我的求学过程中我忘不了学习英文所遭到的大困难。

In the course of my schooling. I will never forget the great difficulty I encountered in learning English.

13. (A) 随着人口的增加… With the increase/growth of the population, …

(B) 随着科技的进步, … With the advance of science and technology, …

例︰随着台湾经济的快速发展许多社会问题产生了。

With the rapid development of Taiwan's economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.

14. (A) 在这信息的年代…扮演重要的角色。

In the age of information and communication, … plays an important role.

(B) 在今日工业社会中…是生命不可或缺的。

In today's industrial society, … is indispensable to life.

例︰在这信息的年代计算机扮演非常重要的角色。

In this age of information and communication, the computer plays an extremely important role.

15. 在讨论…一个人不得不承认…。

In dealing with …, one cannot but admit (that)子句

例︰在讨论未来的职业一个人不得不承认尽早决定未来的职业很重要。

In dealing with one's future career, one cannot but admit that it is very important to decide one's future career as early as possible.

16. 世上没有什么比…更令我高兴。

Nothing in the world can delight me so much as …

例︰世上没有什么比到快餐店吃汉堡更令我高兴。

Nothing in the world can delight me so much as having hamburgers in fast-food restaurants.

17. … 是必要的 It is necessary that S (should) V

… 是重要的 It is important/essential that S (should) V

… 是适当的 It is proper that S (should) V

… 是紧急的 It is urgent that S (should) V

例︰我们当保持公共场所清洁是应当的。

It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean.

18. 每当我听到…我就忍不住感到兴奋。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited.

每当我做… 我就忍不住感到悲伤。 Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel sad.

每当我想到…我就忍不住感到紧张。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous.

每当我遭遇…我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened.

每当我看到… 我就忍不住感到惊讶。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised.

例︰每当我想到我家附近那一条清澈的小溪我就忍不住感到悲伤。

Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.

= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.

19. 据说… It is said (that)子句

一般认为… It is thought (that)子句

大家都知道… It is known (that)子句

据报导… It is reported (that)子句

一般预料… It is expected (that)子句

一般估计… It is estimated (that)子句

一般相信… It is believed (that)子句

例︰一般相信阅读增加我们的知识、扩大我们的心胸。

It is believed (that) reading increases our knowledge and broadens our mind.

20. …的主要理由是…

The main reason why ….. is (that)子句

例︰青少年犯罪的主要理由是社会环境日一败坏。

The main reason why the juveniles commit crimes is that social environment is becoming worse.

21. 俗语说得好：「…」。

Well goes an old saying, “…”

= As an old saying goes(runs, says), “…”

= An old saying goes, “…”

= It's an old saying (that)子句

例︰俗话说得好：「诚实为上策」。

As an old saying goes, “Honesty is the best policy.”

22. (A) …用下列方法… … in the following ways.

(B) …有三个主要理由。 … for three major reasons.

例︰(A) 我用下列方法增加信心。

I increase my confidence in the following ways.

(B) 人们学外语有三个理由。

People learn a foreign language for three major reasons.

To keep healthy, there are at least three things we can do every day.

II. 用于文章承转句

23. 那就是(说)…；亦即…

That is to say, …

= That is, …

= Namely, …

例︰我们生活需有规律。也就是说早睡早起戒除烟酒。

We need to live a regular life. That is, we can keep good hours and refrain from smoking and drinking in the daily activities.

24. (A) 基于这个理由… For this reason, …

(B) 为了这个目的… For this purpose, …

例︰基于这个理由我已决定把行医作为未来的职业。

For this reason, I have decided to take practicing medicine as my future career.

25. 我们有理由相信…

We have reasons to believe (that)子句

例︰我们有理由相信体罚应该严格禁止。

We have reasons to believe that corporal punishment should be strictly prohibited.

26. 事实上…

As a matter of fact, …

= In fact, …

例︰事实上健康才是最重要。

As a matter of fact, it is health that counts.

27. (A) 例如… For example, …

(B) 拿…做例子 Take … for example.

例︰例如我们盲目地提高生活水准却降低生活品质。

For example, we elevate the living standards blindly, but lower the quality of life.

28. 此外我们不应忽视…

Besides (In addition), we should not neglect …

例︰此外我们不应忽视每个人都想要一个温馨祥和的社会。

In addition, we should not neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society.

29. 相反地…

on the contrary, …

= by contrast, …

例︰相反地少数学生似乎还在鬼混。

On the contrary, a few students, it seems, are still fooling around.

30. 另一方面…

on the other hand, …

例︰政府应严格执法另一方面大众也应该培养减少污染的好习惯。

The government should enforce laws strictly. On the other hand, the public also should develop the good habit of reducing pollution.

31. 然而很可惜的是…

However, it is a pity that子句

例︰然而很可惜的是他总是临时抱佛脚。

However, it is a pity that he should always cram at the eleventh hour.

32. 换言之…

in other words, …

= to put it differently

例︰换言之我会尽最大的努力达成我的目标。

In other words, I will try my best to attain (gain, live up to) my goal.

33. 别人可能认为这是事实但我不是。我认为…

It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't. I believe that子句

例︰别人可能认为这是事实但我不是。我认为…

It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't. I believe that if you have strong determination and perseverance, the success will certainly come to you in the end.

34. 从此之后我已发现…

Ever since then, I have found that子句

例︰从此之后我已发现…

Ever since then, I have found smile the best way to avoid any possible conflicts in our daily lives.

35. 这样说来假如...当然毫无疑问地…。

In this light, if…, there can surely be no doubt (that) 子句

例︰这样说来假如我们能善用时间当然毫无疑问地我们会成功。

In this light, if we can make good use of time, there can surely be no doubt that we will get somewhere.

36. 更严重的是…。

What is more serious is (that)子句

例︰更严重的是我们不珍惜野生动物。

What is more serious is that we do not cherish the wildlife.

37. 鉴于社会的实际需要…。

In view of the practical need of society, ….

例︰鉴于社会的实际需要愈来愈多人对学英语有兴趣。

In view of the practical need of society, there are more and more people interested in learning English.

III. 用于文章结论句

38. 如果能实践这三点…。

If one can really put the three points into action (practice), …

例︰如果能实践这三点…。

If one can really put the three points into action(practice), he will surely be able to live a healthy and happy life.

39. 做这些简单之事我们一定可以…。

By doing these simple things, we surely can ….

例︰做这些简单之事我们一定可以快乐出门平安回家。

By doing these simple things, we surely can go out of the door happily and come back home safe every day.

40. 如此我相信…。

In this way, I believe (that)子句

例︰如此我相信大家能够像我一样享受乘坐公车的乐趣。

In this way, I believe that all the people may be able to enjoy the bus ride like me.

41. 实践这些…。

By putting them (the above) into practice, ….

例︰实践这些在智育方面我一直能不断进步。

By putting them(the above) into practice, I have been able to make constant progress in intellectual education.

42. (A) 唯有符合此三项要求我们才能…。

Only by living up to the three requirements, can we ….

(B) 唯有通力合作我们才能…。

Only with combined efforts, can we ….

例︰唯有通力合作我们才能期望台湾不久有新的面貌。

Only with combined efforts, can we expect Taiwan to take a new face in due course.

43. 最后但并非最不重要…。

Last but no least, ….

例︰最后但并非最不重要教育上的缺失是助长青少年犯罪的原因。

Last but no least, the shortcoming in education is the cause contributing to juvenile delinquency.

44. 这证据显示～的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。

This evidence shows that the importance of ～ cannot be overemphasized.

例︰这证据显示交通安全的重要性在怎么强调都不为过。

This evidence shows that the importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.

45. 由于这些理由我…。

For these reasons, I ….

例︰由于这些理由我认为在台湾接受大学教育是明智的。

For these reasons, I think that receiving college education in Taiwan is wise.

46. 总而言之…。

In conclusion, …

= To sum up, …

例︰总而言之好国民应该遵守交通规则。

In conclusion, a good citizen should abide by traffic regulations.

47. 因此我们能下个结论那就是…。

We can, therefore, come to the conclusion (that)子句

例︰因此我们能下个结论那就是世上自由罪珍贵。

We can, therefore, come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as freedom in the world.

48. 如果我们能做到如上所述毫无疑问地…。

If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt (that)子句

例︰如果我们能做到如上所述毫无疑问地我们就能精通英语。

If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt that we can master English

49. 因此这就是…的原因。

Thus, this is the reason why ….

例︰因此这就是我重感冒的原因。

Thus, this is the reason why I caught a bad cold.

50. 所以我们应该了解…。

Therefore, we should realize (that)子句

例︰所以我们应该了解学英文不能没有字典。

Therefore, we should realize that in learning English we cannot do without a dictionary.

51. 因此由上列的讨论我们可以明了…。

We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion (that)子句

例︰因此由上列的讨论我们可以明了毅力可以克服任何困难。

We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion that perseverance can overcome any difficulty.

52. 1. 从～观点来看…。 From the ～ point of view, ….

2. 根据～的看法…。 According to ～ point of view, ….

例︰从政治的观点来看这是一个很复杂的问题。

From the political point

之四：英语写作常用句式菁华荟萃

以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式，每组句式的功能相同或相似，考生可根据自己的情况选择其中的1－2个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。

1．表示原因

1）There are three reasons for this．

2）The reasons for this are as follows．

3）The reason for this is obvious．

4）The reason for this is not far to seek．

5）The reason for this is that．．．

6）We have good reason to believe that．．．

例如：

There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life．

注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。

2．表示好处

1）It has the following advantages．

2）It does us a lot of good．

3）It benefits us quite a lot．

4）It is beneficial to us．

5）It is of great benefit to us．

例如：

Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us．

3．表示坏处

1）It has more disadvantages than advantages．

2）It does us much harm．

3）It is harmfulto us．

例如：

However，everything dividesinto two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion．

4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能

1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb．to do sth．

2）We think it necessary to do sth．

3）It plays an important role in our life．

例如：

Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon， computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．

5．表示措施

1）We should take some effective measures．

2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties．

3）We should do our utmost in doing sth．

4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with．

例如：

The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it．

6．表示变化

1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．

2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications．

3）The computer has brought about many changes in education．

例如：

Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．

7．表示事实、现状

1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．．

2）No one can deny the fact that．．．

3）There is no denying the fact that．．．

4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in．

5）However，that’s not the case．

例如：

We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．

8．表示比较

1）Compared with A，B．．．

2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV．

3）There is a striking contrast between them．

例如：

Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise．

9．表示数量

1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．．

2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000．

3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％ compared with that of January．

例如：

With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased．

再如：

From the graph listed above，itcan be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in ．

注：“From the graph listed above，it can be seen that”见句式12。考生将句式9和句式12结合在一起，便可较好地写出6月CET －4、6短文写作的第一段。

10．表示看法

1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth．

2）People have different opinions on this problem．

3）People take different views of（on）the question．

4）Some people believe that．．．Others argue that．．．

例如：

People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success．

Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers．

再如：

Do“lucky numbers箁eally bring good luck？Different people have different views on it．

注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。

11．表示结论

1）In short，it can be said that ．．．

2）It may be briefly summed up as follows．

3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ．．．

例如：

From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved．

注：例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3则多用文章结论段的第一句。

12．套语

1）It’s well known to us that ．．．

2）As is known to us，．．．

3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about．

4）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that ．．．

5）As aproverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way．

例如：

As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus．

The reason for this is obvious．Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an“ivory tower梗瓵s college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus．Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate．

再如：

Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it.

之五：英语写作11类常见错误分析

一．不一致（Disagreements）

所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等．

例1． When one have money ,he can do what he want to .

(人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么．)

剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has ;同理，want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致．

改为： Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)

二．修饰语错位（Misplaced Modifiers）

英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化．对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解．例1． I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.

剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末．

三．句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）

在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解．可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生．

例1． There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .

剖析：本句后半部分＂for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句．

改为：There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.

四．悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers）

所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清．例如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中＂at the age of ten＂只点出十岁时，但没有说明” 谁”十岁时．按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了．

改为：

When I was ten, my grandfather died.

例1． To do well in college, good grades are essential.

剖析：句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚．

改为：

To do well in college, a student needs good grades.

五．词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)

“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等．

例1． None can negative the importance of money.

剖析：negative 系形容词，误作动词。

改为：

None can deny the importance of money.

六．指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)

指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句：

Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.

(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。)

读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：

Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.

例1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.

剖析：句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为：

We can also know society by serving it ourselves.

七．不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)

什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。

例1． There are many ways we get to know the outside world.

剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。

改为：

There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或：

There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside

world

八．措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)

Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。

例1． The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.

(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)

剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍”，“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。

改为：

The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.

九．累赘(Redundancy)

言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。如：

In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.

本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：In spite of his laziness, I like him.

例1． For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.

剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。

改为：

Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.

十．不连贯(Incoherence)

不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。

例1． The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.

剖析：The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。

改为：

Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.

十一．综合性语言错误(Comprehensive Misusage)

所谓“综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述十种错误以外，还有诸如时态，语态，标点符号，大小写等方面的错误。

例1．Today, Money to everybody is very importance, our’s eat, cloth, live, go etc.

篇7：高三生物高考总复习知识点

一、基本概念

1.交配类:自交、杂交、测交、正交、反交、自花或异花传粉、闭花受粉

杂交:指基因型不同的生物个体间的相互交配，一般用×表示。

自交:指基因型相同的生物个体间的相互交配，一般用表示。自交是获得纯种系的有效方法，也是鉴别纯合子与杂合子的常用方法之一，尤其是植物。

自由交配:群体中的个体随机地进行交配，包含自交和杂交。

测交:让需要确定基因型的个体与隐性个体交配。用于遗传规律理论假设的验证实验，也用于纯合子与杂合子的鉴定。

特别提醒:自交和测交都可用来鉴别一个个体是否是纯合子，自交较简便，测交较科学。

正交与反交:正交与反交是相对而言的，正交中的父本与母本恰好是反交中的母本和父本。常用来检验某一性状的遗传是细胞核遗传还是细胞质遗传，是常染色体遗传还是伴X染色体遗传。

自花传粉:_花的花粉，落到同一朵花的雌蕊柱头上的过程，交配方式为自交。

异花传粉:指不同花朵之间的传粉过程，分同株自花传粉(属自交)和异株异花传粉(属杂交)。

闭花受粉:某些植物在花未开时已经完成了受粉，这样的受粉方式为闭花受粉。

2.性状类:性状、相对性状、完全显性、不完全显性、共显性、显性性状、隐性性状、性状分离

性状是生物体所表现的形态特征和生理特性。如豌豆的一些性状:种子形状、子叶颜色、茎的高度、种皮的颜色(有些种皮颜色为子叶透过种皮的表现)。

相对性状是指同种生物的同一种性状的不同表现类型。如豌豆的高茎与矮茎，狗的直毛与卷毛。

完全显性:指具有一对相对性状的两个纯合亲本杂交，F1的全部个体，都表现出显性性状，并且在表现程度上和显性亲本完全一样，如豌豆的高茎与矮茎。

不完全显性:指在生物性状的遗传中，F1的性状表现介于显性和隐性的亲本之间，如紫茉莉花色。

共显性:指在生物性状的遗传中，两个亲本的性状，同时在F1的个体上显现出来，而不是只单一的表现出中间性状，如马的毛色中混毛马、ABO血型中的AB型。

显性性状和隐性性状:在完全显性中，两个具有相对性状的纯合体亲本杂交，在杂合子一代(F1)中显现出来的性状叫显性性状，未显现出来的性状叫隐性性状。

3.染色体类:同源染色体、非同源染色体(略)

4.基因类:等位基因(显性基因、隐性基因、相同基因)、非等位基因、复等位基因

等位基因:位于一对同源染色体的相同位置上，控制相对性状的基因，叫做等位基因。

显性基因和隐性基因:控制显性性状的基因叫做显性基因，同大写字母表示;控制隐性性状的基因叫做隐性基因，用小写字母表示。

相同基因是指在一对同源染色体的相同位置上的两个相同的基因。

特别提醒:不论等位基因还是相同基因，在形成配子时，均随着同源染色体的分开而分离，进入到不同的配子中。只不过具有一对等位基因的个体可形成两种不同类型的配子，自交后代出现性状分离，而具有相同基因的个体(纯合子)只形成一种配子，自交后代不发生性状分离。

非等位基因:是指存在于非同源染色体上或一对同源染色体的不同位置上的基因。

复等位基因:如果在同源染色体的相同位置上，控制某一性状的基因有多种，这些基因被称为复等位基因。如ABO血型中的IA、AB和i。

5.个体类:表现型、基因型、杂合子、纯合子

表现型:生物个体表现出来的性状。

基因型:与表现型有关的基因组成。

特别提醒:生物个体的表现型是基因型和环境条件共同作用的结果，基因型是性状表现的内在因素，表现型则是基因型的外在表现形式，基因型在很大程度上决定个体的表现型。表现型相同，基因型不一定相同，如DD和Dd两种基因型均表现出为高茎;基因型相同，环境条件不同，表现型也不一定相同，如鸡胫的颜色，遗传物质是黄胫，若饲料不含_素，鸡胫为白色。

纯合子:个体每一对性状的基因是相同的。自交时，不发生性状分离，能稳定遗传。分为显性纯合子(AA)和隐性纯合子(aa)。

杂合子:一对或多对性状时，只要具有一对等位基因就属于杂合子。自交时，发生性状分离，不能稳定遗传。

特别提醒:对多个基因控制的具有多对性状的个体，无论基因的显隐性如何，只要控制每一对性状的基因都纯合就是纯合子，如AABBCC、AABBcc、aaBBcc。否则，就是杂合子，如AaBBCC、AABbcc、aaBBCc。

二、基本方法

1.显性性状与隐性性状的判定:

方法一:根据定义判断。让具有相对性状的纯合亲本杂交，F1中显现出来的为显性性状，隐而未现的叫隐性性状。

方法二:根据自交结果判断。让具有同一性状的两个亲本杂交，子代出现性状分离或子代出现不同于亲本的性状，则亲本性状为显性性状，不同于亲本的性状为隐性性状。

应注意:不完全显性自交后代可出现3种性状表现类型，如紫茉莉花色;共显性自交后代最多可出现3种(如马的毛色)或4种(如ABO血型)性状表现类型。

方法三:根据频率高低判断。在群体中随机选择多对具有相对性状的亲本杂交，子代出现双亲的性状，则子代某一性状出现的频率高的为显性性状，出现频率低的为隐性性状。

2.统计分析法:对个体的表现型进行统计分析，找出规律的方法。

3.假说——演绎法:是现代科学研究的常用方法，是在观察和分析基础上提出问题以后，通过推理和想像提出解释问题的假说，根据假说进行演绎推理，再通过实验检验演绎推理的结论。如果实验结果与预期结论相符，就证明假说是正确的，反之，则说明假说是错误的。这也是孟德尔豌豆杂交实验的基本方法。

4.分枝法:将两对或两对以上独立遗传的相对性状分别进行讨论，然后将控制各对性状的基因组成相加、概率相乘得到各种基因型及概率，将各对性状的表型种类相乘得到表型种类及其比例。

三、基本规律

1.基因分离定律——一对相对性状的遗传

⑴遗传试验:让具有相对性状的纯合高茎和矮茎豌豆杂交，F1全为高茎，F1自交所得F2中，不仅出现了高茎，矮茎重新出现，且比例接近于3:1。

⑵解释:一对相对性状由一对等位基因控制，减数_时，成对的基因彼此分离，分别进入不同的配子，这样F1产生的雄配子和雌配子就各有两种，两种不同配子(含显性基因或隐性基因)的数目相等。受精时，雌雄配子随机结合，F2会出现:4种组合、3种基因型、2种表现型，并且显性性状与隐性性状的数量比接近3:1。

⑶假说推理与验证:若解释正确，则让F1(高茎)与隐性亲本矮茎豌豆杂交，其后代应该是2种表现型——高茎和矮茎，比例接近1:1。实验结果与预期相符，证明了假说的正确性。

⑷实质:在杂合子的细胞中，位于一对同源染色体上的等位基因，具有一定的独立性，生物体在进行减数_形成配子时，等位基因会随着同源染色体的分开而分离，分别进入到两个配子中，独立地随配子遗传给后代。

2.基因的自由组合定律——两对及两对以上相对性状的遗传

⑴遗传试验:让具有两对相对性状的亲本:_圆粒和绿色皱粒豌豆杂交，F1全为_圆粒，F1自交所得F2中，不仅出现了亲代原有的性状——亲本类型:_圆粒和绿色皱粒，还出现了新的性状——重组类型:_皱粒和绿色圆粒，且比例接近于9:3:3:1。

⑵解释:两对性状分别由两对位于非同源染色体上的等位基因所控制，减数_时，会形成4种等比例的雌雄配子，由于受精时，雌雄配子随机结合，从而产生:16种组合、9种基因型、4种表现型，表型比例接近于9:3:3:1。

⑶假说推理与验证:若解释正确，则让F1与双隐性亲本绿色圆粒豌豆杂交，其后代应该是4种表现型，比例接近1:1:1:1。实验结果与预期相符，证明了假说的正确性。

⑷实质:位于非同源染色体上的非等位基因的分离或组合是互不干扰的。在进行减数_形成配子的过程中，同源染色体上的等位基因彼此分离，同时非同源染色体上的非等位基因之间自由组合。

3.实践应用

⑴指导育种:通过杂交可使不同亲本的优良性状组合到一起，通过连续自交可获得同时具有两个及两个以上不同优良品种的优良种性的新品种。

⑵医学方面:预测和诊断遗传病的理论依据，可判定遗传病方式及患病风险，确定适宜的优生方式。

⑶基因型、表现型及其比例的推断。基本步骤是:①根据亲子代的表现型，确定性状的显隐性，并大致书写基因型;②根据特殊个体的表现型，准确写出基因型，如隐性个体为纯合;③由已知个体的基因型结合未知个体的表现型及其比例，确定相关个体的基因型。注意:对几对性状的遗传问题，应学会用分枝法处理。

4.孟德尔获得成功的原因

⑴正确地选择实验材料

⑵由单因素到多因素的研究方法

⑶应用统计学方法对实验结果进行分析

⑷科学地设计实验程序:问题→实验→假设→验证→结论

篇8：高三生物高考总复习知识点

第1节微生物发酵及其应用

微生物发酵即是指利用微生物，在适宜的条件下，将原料经过特定的代谢途径转化为人类所需要的产物的过程。微生物发酵生产水平主要取决于菌种本身的遗传特性和培养条件。发酵工程的应用范围有：⑴医药工业，⑵食品工业，⑶能源工业，⑷化学工业，⑸农业：改造植物基因;生物固氮;工程杀虫菌生物农药;微生物养料。⑹环境保护等方面。

高三生物选修2微生物发酵及其应用知识点(人教版)

第2节酶在工业生产中的应用

酶指具有生物催化功能的高分子物质，在酶的催化反应体系中，反应物分子被称为底物，底物通过酶的催化转化为另一种分子。几乎所有的细胞活动进程都需要酶的参与，以提高效率。

高三生物选修2酶在工业生产中的应用知识点(人教版)

第3节生物技术药物与疫苗

生物技术药物是指采用DNA重组技术或其他创新生物技术生产的治疗药物。如：细胞因子、纤溶酶原激活剂、重组血浆因子、生长因子、融合蛋白、受体、疫苗和单抗、干细胞治疗技术等。生物技术药物是生物经济的重要载体。可以医病。生物技术药物包括细胞团子、重组蛋白质药物、抗体、疫苗和寡核苷酸药物等，主要用于防治肿瘤、心血管疾病、传染病、哮喘、糖尿病、遗传病、心脑血管病、类风湿性关节炎等疑难病症，在临床上已经开始广泛应用，为制药工业带来了革命性的变化。我国自1986年实施“863”计划以来，生物技术药物的研究、开发和产业化获得了飞速发展。

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