以下是小编整理的深度解析托福阅读中的同义替换，本文共7篇，欢迎阅读分享，希望对您有所帮助。本文原稿由网友“津轩阡”提供。
篇1：深度解析托福阅读中的同义替换
深度解析托福阅读中的同义替换
以TPO为例，来看一下一篇文章中究竟会出现多少种同义替换。
第一种：单词替换
这一类型替换其实是语言中最容易辨别的，也就是单词会以原形进行不同的变化。总共有两种不同的变化;
1. 同义词/近义词
原文：The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in594B.C.,when he broke the aristocracy's strangle hold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding...
题目：According to paragraph3.an important effect of making wealth the basis of office holding was to
[A]make fewer people qualified to be members of the assembly
[B]make it possible for non-aristocrats to hold office
[C]help the aristocrats maintain power
[D]Increase economic opportunities for all Athenian citizens
原句中的broke the aristocracy’s strangle hold on elected offices 这句话中的broke 为否定词，替换成近义词否定，成为否定前缀non-， 而aristocracy 则替换成同义词，替换成aristocrats。
TPO40 P1T9中也考察了类似变化
原文：Cleisthenes' principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures...
题目：According to Paragraph 4. one effect of making the demes the point of entry for civic life was to
[A]ensure that every region had the same number of commissioners
[B]distribute the population more equally throughout the Athens region
[C]limit the number of aristocratic clans
[D]reduce the importance of family connections
不难发现原文中的weakening 同义替换成D选项中的reduce，近义词变化，因此答案选D。
这一类型同义替换最主要是考察对于单词的认知，最常见就是相近相似单词的变化，所以在辨识度上面比较容易，对于这样的同义替换现象，其实只要针对固定的单词进行背诵，也就是托福常考的单词类型背诵，其实就可以大大避免错误量。
2. 词组同义替换
TPO40P1T8
原文：By the end of the century,the time was ripe for more change: the tyrants were driven out,andin508B.C.a new reformer, Cleisthenes gave final form to the developments reducing aristocratic control already underway.
题目：The tyrants were driven out, and in 508B.C. Cleisthenes put in place the structures that completed the weakening of the aristocracy
本题中出现的同义替换是词组的同义替换，gave final form替换成completed the weakening , 虽然单词不是特别的难，但是重点在于阅读时不能只阅读单词，而是要以意群式阅读，以词组或者是短语为阅读单位，这样就不容易被此类干扰项混淆。
第二种：逻辑关系词变化
这一种同义替换经常出现在逻辑关系的句子中，也就是句子主语和宾语在单词上并不会有很大的变化，但是关系词变化比较明显，一般在平行结构(and, but,or )或者在因果关系上最为明显。
如：TPO33P3T3
原文：However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today.
题目：3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?
A.The dominance of dinosaurs came to an end 65 million years ago, at which time mammals began to flourish and diversify.
B.Because no group of species can remain dominant forever, mammals became the dominant group when dinosaurs became extinct.
C.After being the dominant group for more than 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end 65 million years ago.
D.The diverse group of mammals that we know today, including bats and whales, evolved from small terrestrial forms that had been dominated by dinosaurs.
该长句其实是2个长句的并列;主要分成2个意思：第一是没有任何一种生物能永远地统治，第二是恐龙灭亡之后，哺乳动物开始发展统治，且两层意思之间可以构成因果关系。所以只有B选项满足所有条件。从此题不难发现在备考过程中一定要熟悉句子内部的逻辑关系，如让步，转折，对比还有因果等关系等。
这一类型的同义替换最重要是能判别出前后二者的关系为何，一旦明确关系后就可以根据逻辑连接词进行干扰项的排除，快速解题。
第三种：句子信息概括
这一类型的同义替换是所有变形中最难也是托福阅读中最难的一部分，大多数情况下这类型句子原文会比较长，甚至有可能是两句话， 而答案会稍短一些，将两句话中的内容综合就可以得出答案。
举例说明：
TPO 40 P1T1
原文：One of the most important changes in Greece during the period from 800B.C.to500B.C.was the rise of the polis, or city-state,and each polis developed a system of government that was appropriate to its circumstances.
题目：Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about the Greek city-states?
A. Most city-states followed the model provided by Athens.
B. Most city-states were based on aristocratic rule.
C. Different types of government and organization were used by different city-states.
D. By 500B.C.the city-states were no longer powerful.
题目中的句子是针对原文中那么长的一句内容进行概括， 每一个城邦有一种适应其特征的政权概括起来就是不同的城邦有不同的政权，因此答案应该为C。
本题的概括性其实并没有很难，重点在于了解句意， 并且知道该句的重点内容究竟在何。
如果遇到更长一点的句子，那么重点就在反复讨论的内容和重点细节为何，这一点在TPO31P3T3上特别明显：
原文：In many characteristics, savanna soils are similar to those of some rain forests, though more extreme. For example, savanna soils, like many rain forest soils, are typically oxisols (dominated by certain oxide minerals) and ultisols (soils containing no calcium carbonate), with a high acidity notably low concentrations of such minerals as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and potassium, while aluminum levels are high. Some savannas occur on wet, waterlogged soils; other dry, sandy, well-drained soils. This many seem contradictory, but it only means that extreme soil conditions, either too wet or too dry for forests, are satisfactory for savannas. More moderate conditions support moist forests.
According to paragraph 3. rain forests and savannas differ in that
A.the soils in rain forests contain fewer minerals than savanna soils do.
B.savannas affect soil conditions more than rain forests do.
C.unlike rain forests, savannas prefer sandy, well-drained soils to soils that are very wet.
D.unlike rain forests, savannas may develop under both very dry and very wet soil conditions.
本题的答案其实就是根据该段中的for example一句内容进行概括后得出，不难发现原句句子很长且单词比较具体，而答案中信息则是简洁明了。这就是典型的概括性同义替换，同时题目难度也增加了。应对这一类型题目，需要了解句子中的相关关系，摈弃过于细节的内容，抓主干即可。
托福查询分数可能出现哪些问题?
问1：考完考试分数多久出来，可以刷分(就是考多次考试)吗?
答：考试结束后，一般10-13个工作日ETS官网上就可以查询成绩了。托福考试的分数是没有记录的，也就是说考生无论参加多少次的托福考试，申请是都可以用自己的最高成绩进行申请，其他次的考试不会对成绩造成任何影响，但是两次考试要间隔12天以上。
问2：考试之后的正式成绩单如何寄送?
答：托福考试的成绩单的寄送是指将托福成绩单邮寄给考生自己，而并非将成绩单邮寄给美国大学。一般成绩单在考试完成后8周左右会邮寄到考生手里。
问3：什么是口语成绩的“复议”?
答：口语“复议”的概念是：提出口语部分重新评分的申请。同时需要交纳一定的费用。
复议的收费分下面两种
第一种，如果你只是想要对口语或者是写作部分进行成绩复议的话，那么你所要交纳的费用是535元人民币。
例如：口语复议申请单项：535元。
例如：作文复议申请单项：535元。
第二种，如果你想要对两项都进行成绩复议的话，就是说，你也想复议口语也想复议作文，那么你就要交1067元人民币。
例如：口语与作文同时申请双项：1067元。
问4：何种情况适合复议?
答：以下两种情况比较适合复议：
1)其它分数很高，单项成绩很低，比考生自己预想的成绩低。
2)申请的时间允许，因为复议需要较长的时间。
注意：复议可能会加分同样可能会降分一旦降分将无法修改!
如果考生判断自己应高于或等于此分，可选择复议。只有口语和作文是可以复议的。但许多同学遇到听力或阅读只得到个位数成绩的情况。想口语复议的考生可以回忆一下考试时的发挥，以及对照高分的EXAMPLE ANSWER来决定是否复议。也有说法是说如果其他三项的分数都很高，口语复议加分的可能性比较大。作文方面，有的时候自己认为写的很不错的文章，拿给别人一看就会被挑出很多毛病，所以作文的主观感觉有时不是很准。作文可以把自己平时的文章拿来参照OG上的评分标准。如果平常的文章就有一些语法错误和拼写错误的话，真正考试的时候只会多不会少，提分的可能性就不大。
问5：申请复议的时间有要求吗?
答：自10月10日起托福网考成绩复议申请期限开始调整改变，由原来的考试结束后的三个月内变为考试结束后30天内提出申请。与此同时，如果考生已申请了向机构或者学校或寄送成绩单，包括免费和付费申请，那么就不能再对该次考试成绩提出复议。
托福阅读考试七个高分技巧
(1)概括地观察 Survey
首先略读每章或每页的大概内容，例如：可从书本的序言和目录开始，通常作者会在序言中交代撰述的重点及动机，而目录则可帮助你了解课本的组织架构及章节层次;阅读课文的名称 title，主题 main。
headings 及副题 sub-headings;注意每一主题的头一句，导言 introduction 和本章提要 summary(如果有的话)，图片说明 captions to all graphics 等，这样，你不用十五分钟便对内容有概略的了解。
(2)提出一个全面的问题 Write a general question
观察课文内容后，提出一个包含所有新托福阅读数据的问题，把问题写在每章节的开首，令自己可以看到此问题时，便忆起全部内容。
(3)提出各别问题来引导阅读 Write questions to guide your reading
当你看到主题、副题、图片及首句时，由此而提出有关问题，写在题目或图片旁边，帮助你阅读文章内容。
(4)寻求问题的答案 Read to answer the questions
阅读章节时，尽量跟随你的问题来找答案，把握课文重点。
(5)在答案下划线 Underline words that answer the question
在了解一段内容后，找出解答问题的重要字key words及短语phrases，并划记下来。在划记时可选用荧光笔，既方便又快捷。
(6)修正问题 Revise the questions
如果在阅读时，发现问题并未得到解答或不明确，可重新写下问题，并将有关答案的字词划记。再重读文章，遇到不明白的地方，再请教导师或同学。
(7)举一反三 Use examples
当你理解全文时，便可将知识整理起来，同时，学习类推的方法，将知识应用于其它类似事情或日常生活上，利用联带关系，才能把文章内容融会贯通，大大提高你的阅读兴趣和能力。例如：当银行利率提高时，会使银行的存款利息增加，而你可能会联想到投资受影响，或是你会类推更多其它事项。
关于托福阅读备考的八个建议
托福阅读复习TIPS：
1.考试采取早签早考原则，所以对于害怕听力部分受到别人影响的同学尽量早到考场排队，早点开考。不过如果过早的话，就很难在厕所偷听口语题了。
2.一进考场在托福阅读之前就要调试话筒。捕获晚来的同学在其他同学开考阅读的时候调试话筒，会有些影响，一定要集中注意力;
3.每个人开始的时间不一样，所以具体休息的时间不一样，具体休息时间是在听力结束以后。
4.休息的时候就要缠住监考老师，因为上厕所原则上要求一个人回来，下一个人才能去，所以缠住老师为了让他会记住你，这样就会让你先出去，否则要等很长时间;
5.虽然每个人开始的时间不一样，但是各部分可以答题的时间是固定的，不要跨去做题，顺序是阅读、听力、口语、作文;
6.写完作文之后问你是否提交本次成绩，不要点错，否则就白考了。
7.中间根本没有时间吃东西，考试之前要吃饱。考下来很累，接近虚脱状态。
8.很多同学发现北美或者其他地区的已经考过的IBT考题在大陆地区有重复，甚至有位同学发现10月6号新加坡的新托福考试和10月8号大陆地区一模一样。我们姑且保守的猜测ETS在全球的考试时间排的时很满的，但是分配到每个国家，时间就分散了。所以请大家要注意观察机经，可能为我们的成功再增添一份筹码。
篇2：托福阅读词汇题同义词替换解析
托福阅读词汇题同义词替换解析
elaborate=complex
elaborate=develop
对于这组词汇，很多同学在初次遇见时，很难直接把他们进行同义的对应。
complex和develop的意思大家应该还是比较明确的，但是elaborate的确切含义很多同学其实不是很清楚，即使是背过也只是脑海中有个模糊的意思，记得好像，大概，也许是指“详细地……”这类意思。很多同学会觉得“详细地……”和“复杂的”以及“发展”看起来并没有什么同义的关系。
其实elaborate
作为形容词时的意思是made or done with great care or with much detail; marked by complexity精心制作的复杂的;
作为动词时的意思是to give more details about something; to bring something to a more advanced or developed state详细制定，详尽阐述
从它的英文释义中就不难看出它和complex以及develop的同义之处了。
respectively=in that order
Wind pollination does, of course, require a lot of pollen. Birch and hazel trees can produce 5.5 and 4 million grains per catkin, respectively.
The word “respectively” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. over time
B. separately
C. in that order
D. consistently
对于这组词汇，想必大家疑惑的是respectively这个词。在我们记忆的中文意思中，respectively这个词就是指“分别地”, 所以在选择上面的词汇题时，无数同学都会前赴后继地掉入separately这个大坑里。
殊不知此“分别”并不是彼“分别”。
respectively意为in the order given。
【例子】
Mary and Anne were respectively 12 and 16 years old. Mary和Anne分别是12岁和16岁。(Mary12岁，Anne16岁)。
而separately意为apart from others， not joined or connected。
【例子】
He had insisted that we went separately to the club. 他坚持我们不要一块儿去俱乐部。
了解清楚这两个“分别地”的意思之后，再结合文章语境去选择，答案就一目了然了。
afford=provide
这是一组部分意思重复的词汇配对，也是对熟词僻义的考察。
afford作为动词时有两层意思，第一个大家熟悉的“买得起，负担得起”，第二个“提供”，This affords us the opportunity to ask questions about how the systems might change. 这给我们提供了就系统可能如何改变进行提问的机会。
pronounced=marked
这也是一组让大家大跌眼镜的同义配对，表示“发音”的pronounce加了个d怎么就变成“明显的”了。
一方面，pronounced作为形容词本身就有strong marked的意思，另一方面，pronounce作为动词时还可以指“宣称，宣布”，根据这个意义再去体会上下文语境，就能感悟到这组同义配对之间的奥秘了。
Citizens of prosperous, essentially middle-class republics --- whether ancient Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans --- have always shown a marked taste for portraiture.
The word “marked” is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) pronounced
(B) fortunate
(C) understandable
(D) mysterious
pursue=engage in
Whereas the East could pursue war and diplomacy more effectively with their enemies on the long eastern frontier, the West was exposed to the more volatile tribal Germanic peoples on a frontier that stretched along the Rhine and Danube rivers for 1,000 miles.
The word “pursue” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. expand
B. engage in
C. control
D. avoid
同学们应该都知道pursue有“追求，继续，追捕”的意思，然而满怀期待地去浏览选项时，却并没有发现体现这个意思的答案，不禁又一次因为ETS对人生产生了怀疑。
其实本题考察的也是一个pursue的不常用的意思“执行，实行”。
【例子】
The government will be free to pursue its economic policies. 政府将可不受限制地实行其经济政策。
所以本题对应engage in，表示“从事，实行”之意。
通过上述的分析，我们再来做几个词汇题的小练习，看看你还会不会中招?
1)Doorways were larger and more decorative. Fireplaces became decorative features of rooms. Walls were made of plaster or wood, sometimes elaborately paneled.
The word “elaborately” is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) done in great detail
(B) put together carefully
(C) using many colors
(D) reinforced structurally
2)People in such places would have had at least two reasons to pursue cultivation and animal raising; they would have had access to new information, plants, and animals brought in by traders, and they would have had a need for something to trade with the people passing through.
The word “pursue” in the passage is closet in meaning to
(A) practice
(B) encourage
(C) prefer
(D) combine
3)The linsey-woolsey covering was found in the colder regions of the country because of the warmth it afforded.
The word “afforded” is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) provided
(B) spent
(C) avoided
(D) absorbed
4)On clear still nights when the heat island is pronounced, a small thermal low-pressure area forms over the city.
The word “pronounced” in the passage is closet in meaning to
(A) examined
(B) relative
(C) strongest
(D) darkest
做完再看答案哦：AAAC
托福阅读做题误区：不读完读完直接做题
托福阅读做题误区强调，详细解析如下：
考生做旧托福考试(TOEFL)阅读或者平时的阅读练习时，时常表现出一些不良的做题习惯。有些考生读文章时喜欢在试题上划线，似乎不做记号，阅读就无法进行，思维就停止活动。不过在新托福网络考试中，考生面对电脑就做不了任何标志记号。
有些考生文章根本不读完，直接做题。这种方法相当于瞎子摸象，对文章只有局部的感觉，整个文章的概念无法获得。要提醒考生的是，近年考试中针对整个文章提问的题量有所增加。所以，这种不看文章直接做题的方法是极其危险的。
有些考生则喜欢把文章一字不漏地细读之后再做题。这种方法仅适合于两种情况，其一，考生已具备相当的阅读水平，长期以来运用这种方法效果甚佳;其二，某一篇具体的文章是考生所熟悉的内容，细读文章并不会花太多的时间。一般来说，大部分考生采用细读文章方法，做题时间严重不足。考生不应该忘记，阅读理解测试速度和理解两个方面。
在做托福阅读词汇题时，许多考生认为做不对题与自己的词汇量有关，认识单词能做对，不认识单词就会做错。事实上，那些认识的单词经常做错，不认识的单词反而能做对。原因是，做不认识单词时，考生会仔细研读词汇题的上下文，力求在上下文中突破。而做认识单词时，忽略上下文的重要性，往往是装模作样的看一下上下文，便匆匆做出抉择。所以，做好词汇题关键在于透彻分析上下文——词汇题的句子以及上下一句话，
有时候，个别词汇题也许需要在文章其他段落寻找线索。托福阅读做题误区会影响大家的做题效率，那么其他的生活中的一些不良习惯同样会影响到大家的办事效率，希望大家可以以托福考试为契机，培养自己这种良好的阅读习惯，从而在学习和研究中达到事半功倍的效果。
五组托福阅读题材术语综述
同学们反映托福阅读是不好啃的一块硬骨头，有的文科同学甚至向我抱怨说部分文章连中文译文都不好理解。那么应对这样一个学术性考试，大家是不是要考试每天钻研核物理、天文和生物化学呢?这当然是不可行，也是没有必要的。所谓考试，就是要调动一切能够利用的资源和知识，用已知的部分去推测理解未知的部分，最终达到对整个文章的把握。在这里和同学们分享五组托福阅读题材术语。
1. 人：学术阅读中最常出现的就是各种科学家，以ist和er结尾居多。
例如：anthropologist，archaeologist，paleontologist，zoologist，geographer，astronomer
(人类学家，考古学家，古生物学家，动物学家，地理学家，天文学家)
这类的词汇大家无需记住拼写，只要在阅读中出现可以辨认就足以。在面对未知的专有名词时，至少要判断他们存在于那个学科，才好进行下一步的推理。
2. 地质、地貌：这类文章在托福学术阅读中比重很大。建议大家对常用词汇进行积累。
例如：volcano，layer，conglomerate，karst，porous，permeable，meteorolite，asteroid
火山，(地)层，砾岩，喀斯特地貌(石灰岩的一种地形)，多孔的(有透气性与透水性)，可渗透的，陨石，小行星
3. 气候、动物与生态：与生物和地球有关的话题是托福永远的宠儿。
例如：unpredictable，vary，range from，extinction，endangered，tropical，jungle，equatorial
不可预测的，改变(动词)，变化幅度(动词)，灭绝，濒危的，热带的，丛林，赤道附近的
4. 历史、考古，这类题材是分水轮流转的对象，也要加以注意。尤其是历史文章的考法不是单纯的讲古，而是从各个层面切入，有很多的表现形式。可能是古人类的迁徙，那就是人类历史。贸易和交通运输的发展，那就是经济史，等等。
例如，relics，remains，mausoleum，handicraft，cohesiveness，territorial，civilization
遗迹，遗迹或残骸，陵墓，手工艺品，凝聚性，领土的，文明
5. 关键副词，这类词往往很不显眼，但是会左右整个句子的含义，他们是最需要加以注意的对象。一些看起来含有否定前缀的词可能是肯定含义，而一些完全没有否定词缀的副词却可能是真正的杀手!
例如：rarely，merely，undeniable
很少地，仅仅，不可否认
以上五类词汇在托福阅读题材中高频重现，这类词汇的掌握需要同学们的日积月累。在日常的练习中，尤其是对TPO的精读非常重要，大家千万要杜绝一知半解的解题方式。要记住一句话，一道题目，如果你是蒙对的，那和没有做是一样的。脚踏实地方能事半功倍。祝大家在考试中发挥出最好的水平!能够去往自己的理想学府!
篇3：深度解析托福阅读的规律
深度解析托福阅读的规律
首先，新托福阅读考试所考察的，就是你是否理解“I am fine.”或者“I am good.”的准确意思。准备听力和阅读的一切时间，都要花在让自己快速准确的理解文章或者原文上。这就是新托福考试阅读和听力的规律。当然，你会觉得这一点很简单，那么试着来翻译一下这句话试试，看看你能不能在30秒之内翻译准确。It is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive packaging rumpus started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and narrower, with a decline of weight from 12 to 10 1/2 ounces, without any reduction in price.
准备好了么?
正确的疑问应该是：据说：公众和议会对于欺骗性包装的喧嚣的担心开始了，因为参议员哈特发现，他与他的妻子和孩子所购买的那些谷物的盒子正在越来越高越来越窄，重量从12盎司减少到10.5盎司，但是在价格上却没有任何的减少。
可能错误的点：1 是“担心”开始，而不是“喧嚣”开始。 2 consume不是谓语动词，而是一个后置定语。 3 这里并不是妻子和孩子越来越高，越来越瘦，而是麦片的盒子越来越高，越来越瘦。
看到这里，很多考友该明白了自己在托福阅读备考中努力的方向了吧。多背单词，多分析语法，才是正路!新托福阅读考试考的就是有没有读懂，理解的都是错的，怎么做题!
托福阅读练习：英语不是美国的官方语言?
Two conservative Republican lawmakers, Congressman Steve King (R-Iowa) and Senator Jim Inhofe (R-Okla.), introduced the English Language Unity Act of on Friday, a bill that requires that all official United States government functions be conducted in English.
美国共和党众议员Steve King和参议员Jim Inhofe最近提案(the English Language Unity Act of 2011)，要将英语定为美国政府的官方工作语言。
“A common language is the most powerful unifying force known throughout history,” King said in a release. “We need to encourage assimilation of all legal immigrants in each generation. A nation divided by language cannot pull together as effectively as a people.”
King说：“历史上拥有最强的凝聚力的无疑就是统一的语言，我们要促进合法移民尽快融入美国社会。一个语言众多纷乱的国家无法团结一致。”
Added Inhofe: “This legislation will provide much-needed commonality among United States citizens, regardless of heritage. As a nation built by immigrants, it is important that we share one vision and one official language.”
Inhofe补充道：“这项立案将在不同文化背景的美国公民间建立起共通性。美国这样拥有很多移民的国家，更加需要一种统一的官方语言和目标。”
In response to the measure, Democratic Rep. Jose Serrano of New York addressed reporters in Spanish Friday, asking them, “como esta?” (That's Spanish for “how are you?”) He said the bill reflects a non-issue that nonetheless comes up every once in a while.
纽约的民主党众议员Jose Serrano唱起了反调，在周五的记者会上用西班牙语向大家问好。他说这项议案完全毫无意义，而这种东西每隔一段时间就会有人拿出来炒冷饭。
Serrano added that while it's natural for grandparents speak Spanish, second generations are completely bilingual. With the third generation, he said, the grandmother is always complaining about the kids' Spanish and why they don't play soccer.
Serrano说上一辈的移民或许只会讲西班牙语，但年轻一代差不多都是讲双语的。上一辈的人会对年轻人糟糕的西班牙语表示不满，不明白他们为什么不玩足球，不沿袭自己的传统。
According to the advocacy group U.S. English, Inc., more than 700 members of Congress have co-sponsored or voted for measures on making English the official U.S. government language dating back to 1981. The English Language Unity Act attracted 140 co-sponsors when introduced in the last Congress.
倡导学英语的组织U.S. English, Inc.统计表明，自1981年起，有超过700名国会成员参与共同提案或同意将英语定为美国的官方语言。上一次同样的议案在国会赢得了140人的共同提案。
托福阅读：让我们 一起来看“星星”
忙碌的寒假刚刚结束，而随着结束的还有前段时间一直在热播的韩剧《来自星星的你》。在这部韩剧中，我们一下子迷上了外星人“都教授”，就如同成语爱屋及乌这句话所说的，既然迷恋“都教授”，那么咱们就趁热一块来看看托福阅读中与“星星”有关的背景知识，一块来对这些“星星”着迷吧。
天文学的文章在托福阅读中出现的频率并不是特别高，比如 已经出现的5场托福考试中(截止到3月2日)，天文学的文章并未出现，就是的43场考试中天文学的文章在咱们阅读中也仅仅出现过10篇。虽然出现的文章不多，但每一篇文章的内容都涉及的不一样，所以可以说我们通过这10篇文章可以获得相当多的天文学知识。
首先咱们先来一块熟悉一下八大行星 (Planet : 行星 )：
Mercury: ['m?kj?ri] 水星
Venus : ['vi?n?s] 金星
Earth: [??θ] 地球
Mars: [mɑrz] n. 火星
Jupiter : ['d?u?p?t?] n. [天] 木星
Saturn: ['s?t(?)n] n. 土星
Uranus: ['ju?r?n?s] n. 天王星
Neptune: ['n?ptjun] n.海王星
对于这八大行星，我们再进行细分的话可以分成两组，分别是：the terrestrial planet (类地行星)和the Jovian planet (类木行星)。类地行星包括：水星，金星，地球和火星;类木行星包括：木星，土星，天王星和海王星。这两大类行星的区别在于它们的大小、密度和构成成分各不相同。类地行星的结构大致相同：一个主要是铁的金属中心，外层则被硅酸盐地幔所包围。它们的表面一般都有峡谷、陨石坑、山和火山。相比较类木行星来说，类地行星的体积要小的多。而类木行星也称作气体行星，它们的共同特点是其主要由氢、氦、冰、甲烷、氨等构成。是不是同学们会感觉上面的知识很熟悉，是的，这部分知识在咱们TPO16的Planets in our solar system中就有介绍。
简单的了解完这八大行星的分类之后，咱们再来看看机经中所涉及到的几个行星。在20出现的机经中所涉及到的行星有：火星，木星和金星以及咱们人类所居住的地球。
那咱们先来了解一下火星。火星Mars这颗行星的名字取自罗马神话战神马尔斯的名字。之所以用战神的名字来命名火星，是因为火星地表的氧化铁使得火星的整个表面看起来是猩红色的，而猩红色则是好战的战神所喜欢的颜色。火星两极皆有水冰与干冰组成的极冠，极冠会随着季节消长。与地球相比，火星的地质活动并不活跃，地表地貌大部份于远古较活跃的时期形成，有密布的陨石坑、火山与峡谷，包括太阳系最高的山：奥林帕斯山Olympus Mons和最大的峡谷：水手号峡谷 Valles Marineris。另一个独特的地形特征是南北半球的明显差别：南半球是古老、充满陨石坑的高地，北半球则是较年轻的平原。除此之外，在有关火星的文章中还会出现的两个名词：Tharsis: 火星表面的一个巨大凸起，有大约4000千米宽，10千米高。Hellas Planitia: 处于南半球，6000多米深，直径为千米的冲击环形山。
当然说起火星，我们还不得不提起一个人，这人就是商人及天文学家帕西瓦尔·洛厄尔 (Percival Lowell)。帕西瓦尔·洛厄尔在美国的亚利桑那州自建了一个天文望远台，研究火星，而且通过观察发现火星上存在水从而推测火星上存在生命。所以在我们学到的TPO8的Running water on Mars或是阅读机经(.3.24ML)中就针对火星上的水和是否有生命出过相关的文章。当然目前的科技研究得出的信息告诉我们火星上曾经有过水的痕迹，但是确未发现有任何生命迹象。对于帕西瓦尔·洛厄尔来说，他在观测星星的过程中，还计算出了另外一颗星星的存在，这颗星星就是已经被降级为矮行星(dwarf planet)的冥王星(Pluto)。虽然在帕西瓦尔·洛厄尔在世的时候他本人并未真正找到冥王星，最终发现冥王星的人是克莱德·威廉·汤博。汤博把这颗新星星取名冥王星，这名字的头两个字母P和L正好是珀西瓦尔·洛厄尔的姓名的开头字母。
大体了解完火星之后咱们再来看一下木星。木星是 太阳系八大行星中体积和质量最大的行星，也是自转最快的行星。可能由于它的这些特点所以才会用罗马神话中主神朱庇特Jupiter的名字来命名它。(罗马神话中的主神朱庇特相当于希腊神话中的宙斯)。木星的卫星(卫星：satellite或是moon)特别多，现在已发现的就有66颗卫星了。在这些卫星中当属木卫一到木卫四这四颗卫星最亮，而这四颗卫星则是由非常著名的物理学家及天文学家伽利略发现的。木星的这些卫星的名字也特别有意思，并且已经有50多颗木星卫星拥有了自己的名字，而它们的名字则都是用与主神朱庇特有关系的女人的名字命名的，在这之中仅有木卫三是以一男人的名字命名的除外。在2013年9.14的大陆考试中就出现了一篇文章提到了木星的两颗卫星：木卫三(Ganymede)和木卫四(Callisto)。
最后咱们再来了解一下金星。金星是最亮的一颗星星，它的亮度要比著名的天狼星(sirius )还要亮14倍，就如同一颗耀眼的钻石，所以我们用罗马神话中最美的神仙维纳斯(Venus)的名字来命名它。金星没有卫星，它和我们居住的地球称为“姊妹星”，因为金星跟地球有很多的形似的地方，比如从结构上看，金星的半径约为6073公里，只比地球半径小300公里，体积是地球的0.88倍，质量为地球的4/5;平均密度略小于地球。虽说如此，但两者的环境却有天壤之别，因为金星距离太阳比较近的缘故，所以金星的表面温度很高，不可能存在液态水。金星的大气成分多为二氧化碳，因此它的地表具有强烈的温室效应其大气压大约是地球的90倍。极高的大气压力和严重缺氧等残酷的自然条件，表明金星上不可能存在生命。在2013年10月12日的大陆考题中就有一篇阅读是讲金星，火星和地球的。
篇4：新托福阅读推理题深度解析
新托福阅读推理题深度解析
推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。
推理题大概有三个解题思路：一般对比推理、时间对比推理、集合概念推理。一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。集合概念推理 ：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。
在这里我们先来看一个例子：
Passage：…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century， a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils， so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles...
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
a.They did not smoke when they were burned.
b.They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
c.They were not available to all.
d.They contained sulfuric acid.
正确答案是C.这一段的第一句就告诉我们：19世纪的一些新发明和发现也对蜡烛工业产生了一次巨大的革命，这次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。从这句话中我们可以得到两层信息：19世纪蜡烛工业有了一次革命性的变化;在没有这次变革之前，也就是在19世纪以前，照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因为作者在谈论的是蜡烛的变革，所以这里所说的“lighting照明”一定是与蜡烛有关的照明，其实也就是告诉我们19世纪以前并不是所有人都能够使用到蜡烛带来的照明，这一推论出的信息正好与选项C吻合。文章第一句同时也是一个时间的分水岭，告诉我们19世纪蜡烛工业的变革是怎么样的。“在19世纪早期到中期，蜡烛处理工艺使用alkali 和 sulfuric acid 来提炼 tallow，提炼后的产品就是 stearin，stearin 比未经提炼的tallow坚硬而且燃烧得更久。这一巨大的变化意味着制造出不产生烟和rancid味道的蜡烛是可能的。”在这里的一个关键词是 rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味道、气味)不新鲜的;腐臭的;正好与选项b的pleasant odor相反。19世纪前的蜡烛产生usualsmoke(经常有烟)，这与选项a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世纪用来处理fallow的材料，在19世纪以前是没有使用的，这与选项d相反。
解答这类题目时要注意这些关键信息点：日期和数字、关键词： 表示多少的副词: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情态动词：may, can , could…;表示过去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。
在此，我们再来看一道例题：
It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales , porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
a. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like
b.There were great numbers of them.
c. They lived in the sea only.
d.They did not leave many fossil remains.
首先我们来对题目的出题范围进行定位，题干的blowhole可以作为定位词汇，定位到原文的第四句话：“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.” 在这句话里交代了“unlike the casess of sea otters”，即与sea otters 不一样的是，whales 的陈述是：it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. 即，不容易看出第一头鲸长什么样子。而sea ottter 是和鲸鱼相反，所以选择A选项，即不难看出第一头sea otter 长什么样子。所以实际上，这种题目虽然叫做推理题，但是并不需要同学们在做题的时候推的过远，基本考察的还是对原文信息概括和总结的能力。
托福阅读TPO31第2篇:Early Children Education
【1】Preschools—educational programs for children under the age of five—differ significantly from one country to another according to the views that different societies hold regarding the purpose of early childhood education. For instance, in a cross-country comparison of preschools in China, Japan, and the United States, researchers found that parents in the three countries view the purpose of preschools very differently. Whereas parents in China tend to see preschools primarily as a way of giving children a good start academically, Japanese parents view them primarily as a way of giving children the opportunity to be members of a group. In the United States, in comparison, parents regard the primary purpose of preschools as making children more independent and self-reliant, although obtaining a good academic start and having group experience are also important.
【2】While many programs designed for preschoolers focus primarily on social and emotional factors, some are geared mainly toward promoting cognitive gains and preparing preschoolers for the formal instruction they will experience when they start kindergarten. In the United Stated, the best-known program designed to promote future academic success is Head Start. Established in the 1960s when the United States declared the War on Poverty, the program has served over 13 million children and their families. The program, which stresses parental involvement, was designed to serve the “whole child”, including children’s physical health, self-confidence, social responsibility, and social and emotional development.
【3】Whether Head Start is seen as successful or not depends on the lens through which one is looking. If, for instance, the program is expected to provide long-term increases in IQ (intelligence quotient) scores, it is a disappointment. Although graduates of Head Start programs tend to show immediate IQ gains, these increases do lot last. On the other hand, it is clear that Head Start is meeting its goal of getting preschoolers ready for school. Preschoolers who participate in Head Start are better prepared for future schooling than those who do not. Furthermore, graduates of Head Start programs have better future school grade. Finally, some research suggests that ultimately Head Start graduates show higher academic performance at the end of high school, although the gains are modest.
【4】In addition, results from other types of preschool readiness programs indicate that those who participate and graduate are less like to repeat grades, and they are more like to complete school than readiness program, for every dollar spent on the program, taxpayers saved seven dollars by the time the graduated reached the age of 27.
【5】The most recent comprehensive evaluation of early intervention programs suggests that, taken as a group, preschool programs can provide significant benefits, and that government funds invested early in life may ultimately lead to a reduction in future costs. For instance, compared with children who did not participate in early intervention programs, participants in various programs showed gains in emotional or cognitive development, better educational outcomes, increased economic self-sufficiency, reduced levels of criminal activity, and improved health-related behaviors. Of course, not every program produced all these benefits, and not every child benefited to the same extent. Furthermore, some researchers argue that less-expensive programs are just as good as relatively expensive ones, such as Head Start. Still, the results of the evaluation were promising, suggesting that the potential benefits of early intervention can be substantial.
【6】Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academic skills during the preschool years are a good thing. In fact, according to developmental psychologist David Elkind, United States society tends to push children so rapidly that they begin to feel stress and pressure at a young age. Elkind argues that academic success is largely dependent upon factors out of parents’ control, such as inherited abilities and a child’s rate of maturation. Consequently, children of a particular age cannot be expected to master educational material without taking into account their current level of cognitive development. In short, children require development appropriate educational practice, which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.
1.According to paragraph l, parents in Japan tend to think of preschool primarily as a place where children can
A.get a good academic start.
B.expand their emotional development.
C.become more independent.
D.experience being part of a group.
2.The word “Whereas” in the passage is closet in meaning to
A.Although.
B.Because.
C.Moreover.
D.Already.
3.The word “focus” in the passage is closet in meaning to
A.consider.
B.respect.
C.concentrate.
D.advise.
4.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the Head Start program was designed to serve children who
A.come from families that do not have a lot of money.
B.are not doing very well in kindergarten.
C.were born in the 1950s.
D.need programs that focus primarily on social and emotional factors.
5.According to paragraph 3, the Head Start program had NOT been successful at which of the following?
A.Helping children adjust to school.
B.Providing long-term increase in IQ scores.
C.Improving school performance throughout high school.
D.Preventing children from being placed in special-education classes.
6.In paragraph 4，the author mentions the “results from other types of readiness programs” to
A.provide support for the idea that preschool readiness programs have been somewhat successful.
B.question the idea that Head Start is more effective than other preschool readiness programs.
C.indicate school completion is usually the most reliable indicator of success in most readiness programs.
D.emphasize that participation in readiness programs can be increased if costs are reduced.
7.According to paragraph 4, a cost-benefit analysis of one preschool readiness program revealed that
A.only one dollar's worth of benefit was gained for every seven dollars spent on the program.
B.the benefits of the program lasted only until the participants reached age 27.C.taxpayers saved seven dollars for every dollars spent on the program.
D.to be successful, the program would need to receive about seven times as much money as it currently receives.
8.The word “comprehensive” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A.easily understood.
B.thorough.
C.respectable.
D.objective.
9.Paragraph 5 mentions that participants in early intervention programs have been shown to do all of the following better than nonparticipants EXCEPT
A.Take care of there health.
B.Support themselves financially.
C.Take care of their own children.
D.Have increased emotional development.
10.According to paragraph 5, which of the following is true about the benefits of early intervention programs?
A.These programs produce good short-term benefits but few long-term benefits.
B.Only the most expensive programs provide substantial benefits.
C.The Head Start program provides a range of benefits that no other program can provide.
D.Some children benefit more than others do from these programs.
11.The word “seek” in the passage is closet in meaning to
A.claim.
B.manage.
C.fail.
D.attempt.
12.The passage mentions “developmental psychologist David Elkind” in order to
A.give an example of an expert who has designed an effective early childhood education program.
B.introduce an alternative view about the value of early childhood education.
C.explain why early childhood education programs are less effective in the United States than in other countries.
D.refute the claim that academic success is dependent on factors outside parents' control.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? According Elkind, not only does this cause the child emotional distress, it also fails to bring the intended cognitive gains.
Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academic skills during the preschool years are a good thing. ■【A】 In fact, according to developmental psychologist David Elkind, United States society tends to push children so rapidly that they begin to feel stress and pressure at a young age. ■【B】 Elkind argues that academic success is largely dependent upon factors out of parents'control, such as inherited abilities and a child's rate of maturation. ■【C】Consequently, children of a particular age cannot be expected to master educational material without taking into account their current level of cognitive development. ■【D】ln short, children require development appropriate educational practice, which is education that is based on both typical development and the unique characteristics of a given child.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passages or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Preschool programs provide opportunities for young children to develop socially, emotionally, and cognitively.
A.In addition to stressing academic development, preschools should be enjoyable, since studies show that children benefit from programs they find fun.
B.Preschool programs such as Head Start have been shown to help prepare children for school and may also have long-team benefits in helping children become effective adults.
C.Studies have shown that preschool programs are most effective when they focus on only one area of development rather than trying to serve the “whole child”.
D.The primary purpose of preschool programs varies by country, with some stressing the importance of group experience, and others self-reliance or getting a good academic start.
E.Critics of preschool programs argue that these programs put undue pressure on children and may not be effective of children are not developmentally ready for academic work.
F.David Elkind is a critic of publicity funded preschool programs, arguing that the parent cannot control their children's emotional development.
托福阅读答案
1.根据题目中Parents in Japan，定位可直接得到答案D。
2.这里对比了Chinese和Japanese家长之间的差别，所以A最合适。
3.focus是集中的意思， 另外这里和focus配合的介词是on，concentrate也用 on，所以这里帮助推断。
4.根据Head Start定位， 后面的内容就是对Head Start这个program的介绍，首先是 I960年开始的，和C矛盾， 然后说是在US宣布了 War on Poverty (贫穷)的时候，所以是为穷人设计的，符合A。 B没提到，D在这段的开头提到了，但是不是针对Head Start的描述，Head Start目标 是“whole child”，德智体美劳全面发展。
5.只有B不对应，其他的几个选项根据后文中的内容都是正确的。
6.利用 results of readiness programs定位到本段第一句，本句内容：参加这些 program留级的可能性小，而且还能省钱，所以选A。
7.A改变了原文意思，B文章没说只到27, D和原文意思正好相反。
8.comprehensive是全面的，综合的意思，使用代入法，A最易懂的，B完整的，C值得尊敬的，D客观的 中，AC可以排除，不通顺，B和D之间就需要理解 comprehensive的词意来确定。
9.根据关键词定位至For instance开始的内容，其中不包括C。
10.A对应 “reduction in future costs〃证明是 long term 的 benefit，所以A错误。B对应 ”less-expensive programs are just as good as relatively expensive ones〃说明便宜和贵的一样好，B选项也不对。 C没提到。D对应not every child benefited to the same extent，正确。
11.seek本身是寻找，追求的意思。A是要求，B是设法，管理， C是失败，D是尝试，所以D 最合适。
12.关键词对应后，根据本段的第一句，Elkind是作为反面观点的例子出现的，所以是为了阐述另外一面的观点，选B。
13.要插入的句子中有not only，also的结构，那么起到的就是承上启下的作用。句子前面一定出现emotional distress的内容，后面要引出的就是 intended cognitive gains的相关内容，所以选B。
14.BDE
托福阅读译文
【1】由于不同社会持有的关于儿童早教目的观点的不同，学前班(5岁以下儿童的教育项目)的形式在不同国家也大不相同。比如说，在一项中、日、美三国的跨国学前班调査中，调査者发现这三个国家的父母对学前教育的看法大相径庭。中国的父母大都认为上学前班可以帮孩子们打开学术上的大门，日本父母则把其看做是一个使孩子融入集体的好机会。相比之下，美国父母认为学前班最主要的目的是让孩子减少依赖性并变得更加自立，尽管获得一个良好的学业开端和团队经验同样重要。
【2】许多为学龄前儿童设计的课程项目主要集中在社会因素和情感因素上，而有些主要是为提升学龄前孩子们的认知能力和给他们提供开始上幼儿园后会经历的正规指导。在美国，众所周知，为促进未来学术成功设计的项目叫“Head Start”，在20世纪60年代美国开始“对贫穷开战”时建立的。这个项目已经为超过13000000孩子和其家庭提供服务。其强调的是家长的参与，为培养“全方位发展的儿童”所设计的，包括孩子的身体健康、自信心、社会责任感以及社交能力与情感的发展。
【3】“Head Start”的成功与否取决于人们看待的角度。比如说，如果人们希望它可以带来智商的长期増长，那它终将是令人失望。因为，尽管“Head Start”可以使智力迅速地提高，但这种増长并不会持续太久。另一方面，很显然，“Head Start”的目标是让学龄前儿童做好上学的准备。相对那些没参与过“Head Start”计划的孩子们而言，参加了这个项目的孩子们对学业有着更充分的准备。而且，“Head Start”的毕业生今后的学习成绩会更好。最后，调査表明，虽然收获一般，但最终“Head Start”的毕业生在高中结束时会取得更高的学术成就。
【4】此外，从其他类型的学龄前预备项目的结果来看，那些参加过学前项目的毕业生很少重读，他们更愿意完成学校而不是预备项目。在毕业生长到27岁时，纳税人在这个项目上曾经花费的每1美元都可省下7美元。
【5】最近关于早期介入项目的综合评估表明，总的来说，学前项目可以带来巨大的收益，政府在早期投入的资金最终会减少未来的花销。比如说，与没有参与早期介入项目的孩子相比, 参加了各种项目的孩子在情感和认知能力上得到了提高，改善了教育成果，提高了经济的自足性，减少了犯罪行为的发生，健康行为得到了改进。当然，不是所有的项目都能产生这样的收益，也不是每个孩子都能得到同等程度的提高。此外，一些调査者称那些相对便宜的项目和昂贵项目结果一样好。评估的结果仍然很乐观，它认为早期介入的潜在好处是不可估量的。
【6】并不是所有人都认为在学前期追求学术上的提高是一件好事。事实上，据发展心理学家 大卫??艾尔凯德所说，美国社会急于催促逼迫孩子，以至于他们年纪小却感到压力。艾尔凯德认为学术上的成功主要取决于父母控制以外的因素，如天生的能力和孩子的成熟程度。因此，如果不考虑特定年龄段孩子们目前的认知发展水平，就不能期待他们掌握教材。总之，孩子们需要发展适当的教育实践，那就是基于孩子的典型发展和独特性的教育。
篇5：托福阅读句子简化题深度解析
句子简化题是托福阅读中不可忽视的一类题型，它考察学生对长难句的理解和同义替换能力的掌握，而这些技能在学生未来的海外求学生涯中都极为重要。下面我们就以真题为例，给大家深入解析一下句子简化题的应对策略，希望有助于各位的托福阅读备考。
托福阅读句子简化题深度解析
对于句子简化题，有一些题目如果句子不长，我们做题的基本原则就是：同义替换。
找到原句中的关键的词在选项当中进行同义替换。例如In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart fromthe rest of the animal kingdom.
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.
B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.
C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.
D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.
先来看题干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
该题要求从选项中选择一个能够表达原文阴影句子核心信息的句子。很多同学采用翻译的方法做题，即首先翻译原句，然后逐个翻译四个选项。这种做法不仅浪费时间，而且对我们的读句子的能力要求极高。更好的做法是，首先判断句子的核心信息。这是考题当中为数不多的原句比较简单的句子释义题，原句的核心概念在于强调区分(apart from)。因此找到同义替换，即是C项当中的distinguished。但是大多数题目的原文不会是一个简单句，多数是带有逻辑关系的复杂句。那么简单的同义替换技巧就无法操作了。如何快速解决这种题型呢?我们主要分两个部分来解析。
其实，我们在读原句的时候并不需要完整的彻底的摄取信息，相反，我们通过快速浏览，只需要关注两个关键点：一是原句当中的表示程度，频率的词，二是原句当中的逻辑关系。并不需要吸收所有信息，只需要快速浏览将所关注的信息点抓住即可，这样便节省了大量的时间。
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.
B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth.
C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.
D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.
解题思路：
句子中最核心的信息首先就是该句的逻辑关系。原句的逻辑关系可以由result from 来判断，为因果关系。借此我们就可以缩小选项范围，首先排除掉C,D选项。剩下的A,B两个选项均包含因果的逻辑关系。接下来我们可以根据句子的第二种核心信息：主语，来判断。原句的主语是Desertification沙漠化，而B项的主语是Slowing down the process of desertification减缓沙漠化进程。所以排除掉B选项，A为正确答案。
将通过程度词解题和借助逻辑关系解题结合起来，对于解答带有逻辑关系的复杂句的释义题很有帮助。我们看一下下面这道题目：
It is one of the most important sensations because it is translated into a negative reaction, such as withdrawal from danger.
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Escaping from danger is a negative reaction, but it is the most important thing an individual learns.
B. The ability to sense pain is extremely important because pain signals the body to respond to a threat.
C. Experiencing pain is one type of reaction to a negative stimulus; another type is avoiding danger.
D. We experience a lot of sensations, and the most important ones are translated into appropriate actions.
浏览原句，从because可以看出逻辑关系为因果关系，并且原句当中有绝对化词汇most。仅仅凭借most这个程度很强的词汇我们可以排除C选项。因为原文当中带有绝对化词汇而选项中没有，那么这个选项为必错选项。接下来利用逻辑关系排除A项，A中为转折关系。而B恰恰有because 这个词，此外B中的extremely可以作为most的同义替换。正确答案为B。
几乎每一篇文章后面都会有一道释义题，因此考生应加强练习。平时在阅读文章，或者报刊杂志的时候不仅仅要把注意力放在读懂原文上，还应该注意原文的逻辑关系，培养根据逻辑关系思考的习惯。另外，一些程度词的存在也会影响我们对原文的精确理解，平时阅读的时候应当多加关注。
托福词汇之10种著名小吃的英语说法
羊肉泡馍
01. Flatbread in mutton soup (yangrou paomo) – Yangrou paomo is the most iconic [标志性的] dish in the Xi’an foodscape. The ritual [例行公事] before eating a paomo – tearing the bread into small pieces yourself before letting the chef turn it into a stew [炖的食物] – is as enjoyable as the dish itself.
带有汤汁的饭菜通常用in + 汤汁这个公式来表达，如红烧肉就是diced pork stewed in brown sauce。
肉夹馍
02. Xi’an meat burger (roujiamo) – Roujiamo is the city’s favorite burger. A delicious roujiamo is composed of [由……组成] two key elements – juicy shredded [切成碎片的] braised pork [炖猪肉] and a crispy baked bread.
肉夹馍其实是馍夹肉__但不管怎样，肉夹馍和西方的汉堡包很类似，只不过肉夹馍用的是饼，汉堡包用的是面包。顺便说一下，驴肉火烧可以翻译为donkey burger。
凉皮
03. Cold noodles (liangpi) – Rice noodles are cooked, cooled and thinly sliced. The noodles are often served in a sauce made of chili oil [辣椒油], pepper powder, vinegar and diced garlic [切成丁的大蒜]. Then it’s garnished with [配有] bean sprouts [豆芽] and sliced cucumber [黄瓜].
提到noodle的时候，通常都是复数noodles，因为我们不可能就吃一根吧!方便面叫instant noodles。
biangbiang面
04. Biangbiang noodles – commonly described as resembling a belt, biangbiang noodles are wide, thick and long. One string of noodles can easily fill you up.
酸汤水饺
05. Hot and sour soup dumpling (suantang shuijiao) – Who can resist a bowl of dumplings swimming in hot and sour soup with sesame seeds [芝麻], minced leek [葱花] and cilantro [香菜]? Suantang shuijiao is flavorful and refreshing with a lingering (and pleasant) aftertaste [回味无穷].
汤圆一般翻译为sweet dumpling，如果要告诉外国人饺子和汤圆的区别，恐怕得进一步解释一下。
粉蒸肉
06. Steamed beef and wheat powder (fenzhengrou) – This unassuming-looking [其貌不扬的] dish packs 23 herbs, spices and seasonings into one serving and requires seven hours to cook.
馒头可以翻译为steamed bun，包子就是有馅的馒头，可以说成steamed stuffed bun，但有些地方包子馒头都用steamed bun。
串儿
07. Kabob (chuan’er) – coated with chili [辣椒] and cumin [孜然] powder, it’s a highly addictive [使人上瘾的] midnight snack for Xi’an residents. It’s not unusual for locals to order 100 of them in one go.
穿肉串的签子叫skewer。
石榴汁儿
08. Pomegranate juice – Pomegranates are a local specialty product. Pomegranate juice stands pop up around town every fall.
我中学大学的时候会说的水果很少，撑死5个：apple, banana, pear, orange, grape。有一天我去菜市场，立志要把所有常见水果的英文说法学会。
甑糕
09. Glutinous rice and date cake (zenggao) – Cooked overnight in a zeng – a traditional earthen utensil [泥做的器皿] – most vendors [商贩] only prepare one batch [一炉] of zenggao (glutinous rice [糯米] and date [枣子] layered cake) a day.
glutinous rice也可以简单说成sticky rice。我们传统的英语课堂上通常是不会教这些词汇的，因为考试不考，看到人名地名，老师也会跳过(基本不会教人名地名的发音)，因为考试不考，这就导致我们中的绝大多数出了学校就像从来没有学过英语一样，因为只会用排除法做选择题。凡是我们经常看到的，听到的，想到的，都应该设法用英语说出来，这样才会有成就感，才不会觉得枯燥，才不会放弃!
汤包
10. Soup dumpling (tangbao) – Shanghai’s xiaolongbao? Wrong. It is Xi’an’s own version of soup dumplings. Instead of pork, tangbao in Xi’an is mutton meat and soup packed into a paper-thin wrapper.
这里把汤包翻译为soup dumpling其实也可以理解，因为汤包和饺子也没有绝对的区别。总之，中文和英文是两种截然不同的语言，词汇不可能完全对应，需要我们不断揣摩和体会，这也许就是语言的魅力吧。加油!
托福词汇之“雨夹雪”用英语怎么说?
首先，“雨夹雪”是sleet，MacMillan English Dictionary – American对它的解释是：
1. a mixture of snow and rain
2. if it is sleeting, sleet is falling from the sky
也就是说，sleet既可以作名词，又可以作动词，作动词时是“下雨夹雪”的意思。
其实，部分以字母组合sl-开头的单词与“滑”有关，如：
1. sleet 雨夹雪-导致地面湿滑。
2. sleek 光滑而有光泽。如sleek black hair就是洗发水广告中经常出现的“乌黑顺滑的头发”。
3. sleigh 雪橇-雪橇是用来滑的。著名圣诞歌曲Jingle Bells里有一句歌词是Oh what fun it is to ride in a one-horse open sleigh。
4. slide 滑动;滑梯。sliding door是滑动门，也就是开关的时候是往左右两侧滑动的门，与转动的合页门对应。
5. slip 滑(倒)
6. slippery 湿滑的;狡猾的。Caution Slippery Floor(小心地滑)在很多公共场所可见。
7. slippers 拖鞋-后跟拖着在地上滑动，发出嚓嚓的响声。拖鞋是一双，所以要用复数slippers。
8. slope 斜坡;斜面-东西放上去容易往下滑。还记得物理课上的斜面吗?上面放一个长方体，问斜面与地面的夹角大于多少度时长方体会往下滑动。
托福词汇之“老司机”用英语怎么说?
林丹出轨事件继续发酵升温。据某媒体爆料，林丹居然是出轨“老司机”。今天我们来看看“老司机”用英语怎么说。
林丹曾经拍摄的一则公益广告，前几天被网友“挖坟”了。
广告词“人生不能越界，底线必须坚守”，惨遭打脸。
林丹到底是不是老司机不重要，我们今天来讨论一下“老司机”到底怎么翻译。
“老司机”的直译是experienced driver，也就是说，这里的“老”并不一定指年纪大，而是“有经验的”。中文里的“老”意思很多，“老鼠”、“老外”中的“老”跟年纪也不相关。
【例】He is a very experienced driver who has worked with us for 13 years. 他是一名经验丰富的司机，和我们工作了了。
但是，如今网络上流行的“老司机”跟司机其实没有什么关系了，百度是这样解释的(愤青们，其实百度解释中文还是比较精确的，别喷)：“老司机，网络名词。意为行业老手，对各种规则、内容以及技术、玩法经验老道的人。”也就是说，“老司机”并不非得是泡妞专家或情场老手，只要在一个行业混得比较久的经验比较丰富的人，都可以叫“老司机”，相当于“老手”或“老江湖”。
其实非常巧，英文中正好有一个词叫old hand和中文的“老手”精确对应，当然也可以对应“老司机”。Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's Dictionary 5th Edition是这样解释old hand的：If someone is an old hand at something, they are very skilled at it because they have been doing it for a long time。
【例】An old hand at photography, Tim has been shooting wildlife as a hobby for the last 13 years. 提姆是一名资深的摄影师，他的爱好是拍摄野生动物，这一爱好已经持续了13年。
(来源：Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's Dictionary 5th Edition)
既然词典说了veteran是old hand的同义词，那么“老司机”还可以说成veteran。既然词典又说了novice是old hand的反义词，那么novice就对应于我们常说的“菜鸟”。
总结一下：
old hand/ veteran /ˋv?t?r?n/ 老司机
novice /ˋnɑv?s/ 菜鸟
篇6：托福阅读句子要点题把握逻辑关系稳抓同义替换
托福阅读句子要点题：把握逻辑关系，稳抓同义替换
托福阅读句子要点题又称托福阅读句子简化题，顾名思义是对长难句的简化筛出句子最精华的要点，一般出题形式是在文章中高亮标示出一个句子，要求考生选择与原文基本信息最接近的选项，这类题目的提问方式一般为：“Which is the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.”
句子简化题的出题思路一般分为两类：一是对长难句的化繁为简，即原句比较长，逻辑关系复杂，选项只保留了原句的主要信息，而省略了原句的次要信息(如同位语、例子)等;二是对相对简单的句子的同义改写，即原句难度不大，逻辑关系简单，选项是原句的同义改写。从做题方法上来说，对于第二种出题思路的题目，考生应该采用通读的办法，在理解原句意思的基础上再答题。而针对第一种出题思路的题目，考生一般把握住原句的几个关键点就可以见微知著，找到破句子简化题的良方。
对于句子简化题，有一些题目如果句子不长，我们做题的基本原则就是：同义替换。找到原句中的关键词在选项当中进行同义替换。如：
In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.
B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.
C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.
D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.
先来看题干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
该题要求从选项中选择一个能够表达原文阴影句子核心信息的句子。很多同学采用翻译的方法做题，即首先翻译原句，然后逐个翻译四个选项。这种做法不仅浪费时间，而且对我们读句子的能力要求极高。更好的做法是，首先判断句子的核心信息。这是考题当中为数不多的原句比较简单的句子释义题，原句的核心概念在于强调区分(apart from)。因此找到同义替换，即是C 项当中的distinguished。但是大多数题目的原文不会是一个简单句，多数是带有逻辑关系的复杂句。那么简单的同义替换技巧就无法操作了。如何快速解决这种题型呢?我们主要分两个部分来解析。
其实，我们在读原句的时候并不需要完整的彻底的摄取信息，相反，我们通过快速浏览，只需要关注两个关键点：一是原句当中的表示程度，频率的词，二是原句当中的逻辑关系。并不需要吸收所有信息，只需要快速浏览将所关注的信息点抓住即可，这样便节省了大量的时间。
还可以对比原句与选项，逻辑关系与原文一致者为正确选项，对比原句中出现的例子与选项，不包含例子内容的选项为正确选项。如：
The highlighted sentence: Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. (官方真题Official 14 Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia)
A. Despite the fact that wealth is relatively evenly distributed in pastoral societies, gender inequality still exists because only men can acquire military skills and social status.
B. Inequalities of gender existed in pastoralist societies until most communities began to require women to possess the same skills as men and take part in the military.
C. Inequalities of gender in pastoralist societies were caused by steep hierarchies of wealth and differences in military training between men and women.
D. In pastoral societies, gender inequality is comparatively mild because wealth is relatively evenly distributed and women have to learn most of the same skills that men do.
很多考生看到原句中出现的转折逻辑词but，就会想到用逻辑吻合的技巧来解答。由于英语中的转折关系与让步关系可以相互转换，因而很多考生看到选项A出现的despite，会误以为其是正确答案，掉入前面提到的在逻辑转换时题目设置的陷阱中。所以，考生在利用技巧一解题时，遇到逻辑吻合的选项后，一定要对比一下该选项与原句的主句意思是否一致。在本题中，原句主句的重点在but之后，即“they seem to have been softened”，而选项A的主句是“gender inequality still exists”，两者的意思明显不一致，因而A不是正确选项。事实上，如果考生快速浏览原句，会发现后面句子出现了举例的标志词including，所举的例子就是military skills。根据这个例子，考生可以暂且排除A、B、C三个选项。然后再对比选项D与原句的意思是否一致，最后考生可以得出正确答案正是选项D。
最后我们来回顾一下ETS对句子简化题的出题要求，简单来说，托福阅读句子要点题的关键就在于找到原文考查句子和选项各自的关键信息再进行比对。一般来说题目中干扰选项的错误主要体现在两个方面：一是从根本上改变了原句意思，二是漏掉了原句中包含的重要信息。我们在进行托福阅读句子要点题的备考时一定要注意结合方法技巧进行有的放矢的真题训练并做好反思总结，循序渐进提高对这类题型的应对能力。
托福阅读真题原题+题目
The canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, and porcupines.
Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels, are not as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.
Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulent environment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area per unit of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly. Thus, in the trees,where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions may fluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature.
Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for insects,flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for food, by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs. The weight of a gibbon (a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down so that fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon's face. Walking or leaping species of a similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping off and retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail and plucking food with their hands.
Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than for large climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from on tree crown to the next that typify the high canopy. A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: it can achieve a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as a springboard, even bouncing on a climb several times before jumping. The forward movement of a small animal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface area of its body. Finally, for the many small mammals that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds, an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse.
1. The passage answers which of the following questions?
(A) How is the rain forest different from other habitats?
(B) How does an animal's body size influence an animal's need for food?
(C) Why does the rain forest provide an unusual variety of food for animals?
(D) Why do large animals tend to dominate the upper canopy of the rain forest?
2. Which of the following animals is less common in the upper canopy than in other environments?
(A) Monkeys
(B) Cats
(C) Porcupines
(D) Mice
3. The word they in line 4 refers to
(A) trees
(B) climbing mammals of moderately large size
(C) smaller species
(D) high tropical canopies
4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about the small mammals in the rain
forest?
(A) They have body shapes that are adapted to live in the canopy.
(B) They prefer the temperature and climate of the canopy to that of other environments.
(C) They have difficulty with the changing conditions in the canopy.
(D) They use the trees of the canopy for shelter from heat and cold.
5. In discussing animal size in paragraph 3, the author indicates that
(A) small animals require proportionately more food than larger animals do
(B) a large animal's size is an advantage in obtaining food in the canopy
(C) small animals are often attacked by large animals in the rain forest
(D) small animals and large animals are equally adept at obtaining food in the canopy
6. The word typify in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) resemble
(B) protect
(C) characterize
(D) divide
7. According to paragraph 4, what makes jumping from one tree crown to another difficult for
small mammals?
(A) Air friction against the body surface
(B) The thickness of the branches
(C) The dense leaves of the tree crown
(D) The inability to use the front feet as hands
8. The word supplement in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) control
(B) replace
(C) look for
(D) add to
9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) canopy (line 1)
(B) warm blooded (line 5)
(C) terminal leaves (line 13)
(D) springboard (line 21)
托福阅读背景知识汇总之超现实主义
超现实主义(Surrealism)
第一次世界大战完毕后的几年, 人们开始怀疑理性主义, 虽理性主义然使欧洲的文化, 政治达到顶峰但还是发生了恐怖一次大战. 虽然达达派(Dada)的艺术风靡了当时的欧洲画坛. 但是把印了字的纸片洒在地上作诗, 似乎太过消极了. 超现实主义(Surrealism)这时开始萌芽了. 1924年, 超现实主义的创始人, 也是达达派的诗人与评论家-安德烈布尔顿发表了“超现实主义宣言”(The Surrealist Manifesto). 宣言中指出: 超现实主义是结合了意识的和无意识的精神领域在每天的现实生活中而完成世界的美梦与幻想. 简单的说, 超现实主义不但重视人类意识的思考, 另外更重视下意识的范畴. 他们用科学的方法研究人在无意中画出的图画, 信手写出的字, 小孩或疯子的图画, 结合心理学与精神病学的原理, 配合上人的梦境与幻想. 结论是: 美是在解放了的意识中那些不可思议的幻象与梦境. 所以超现实主义是一种超理性, 超意识的艺术. 超现实主义的画家不受理性主义的限制而凭本能及想象, 表现超现实的题材. 他们自由自在的生活在一种时空交错的空间, 不受空间与时间的束缚, 表现出比现实世界更真实更有意义. 超现实主义首先在法国展开, 立即受西班牙画家的欢迎, 很快普及到全世界. 而原本是单纯的美术改革运动, 不久也影响到了文学, 雕刻, 戏剧, 戏剧舞台, 电影, 建筑等其它的应用艺术, 所以超现实主义可以说是影响全世界的新文艺运动. 但在第二次世界大战时, 大量的艺术家迁往美国, 同时影响美国超现实主义的风行. 1945年后“新具象”在艺术之都巴黎兴起, 超现实主义才渐渐没落
篇7：实例讲解托福阅读词汇题同义词替换
实例讲解托福阅读词汇题同义词替换
所以今天就让我们一起来细数一下那些在托福考试中容易错选或根本不知道选什么的同义词配对。
elaborate=complex
elaborate=develop
对于这组词汇，很多同学在初次遇见时，很难直接把他们进行同义的对应。
complex和develop的意思大家应该还是比较明确的，但是elaborate的确切含义很多同学其实不是很清楚，即使是背过也只是脑海中有个模糊的意思，记得好像，大概，也许是指“详细地……”这类意思。很多同学会觉得“详细地……”和“复杂的”以及“发展”看起来并没有什么同义的关系。
其实elaborate
作为形容词时的意思是made or done with great care or with much detail; marked by complexity精心制作的复杂的;
作为动词时的意思是to give more details about something; to bring something to a more advanced or developed state详细制定，详尽阐述
从它的英文释义中就不难看出它和complex以及develop的同义之处了。
respectively=in that order
Wind pollination does, of course, require a lot of pollen. Birch and hazel trees can produce 5.5 and 4 million grains per catkin, respectively.
The word “respectively” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. over time
B. separately
C. in that order
D. consistently
对于这组词汇，想必大家疑惑的是respectively这个词。在我们记忆的中文意思中，respectively这个词就是指“分别地”, 所以在选择上面的词汇题时，无数同学都会前赴后继地掉入separately这个大坑里。
殊不知此“分别”并不是彼“分别”。
respectively意为in the order given。
【例子】
Mary and Anne were respectively 12 and 16 years old. Mary和Anne分别是12岁和16岁。(Mary12岁，Anne16岁)。
而separately意为apart from others， not joined or connected。
【例子】
He had insisted that we went separately to the club. 他坚持我们不要一块儿去俱乐部。
了解清楚这两个“分别地”的意思之后，再结合文章语境去选择，答案就一目了然了。
afford=provide
这是一组部分意思重复的词汇配对，也是对熟词僻义的考察。
afford作为动词时有两层意思，第一个大家熟悉的“买得起，负担得起”，第二个“提供”，This affords us the opportunity to ask questions about how the systems might change. 这给我们提供了就系统可能如何改变进行提问的机会。
pronounced=marked
这也是一组让大家大跌眼镜的同义配对，表示“发音”的pronounce加了个d怎么就变成“明显的”了。
一方面，pronounced作为形容词本身就有strong marked的意思，另一方面，pronounce作为动词时还可以指“宣称，宣布”，根据这个意义再去体会上下文语境，就能感悟到这组同义配对之间的奥秘了。
Citizens of prosperous, essentially middle-class republics --- whether ancient Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans --- have always shown a marked taste for portraiture.
The word “marked” is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) pronounced
(B) fortunate
(C) understandable
(D) mysterious
pursue=engage in
Whereas the East could pursue war and diplomacy more effectively with their enemies on the long eastern frontier, the West was exposed to the more volatile tribal Germanic peoples on a frontier that stretched along the Rhine and Danube rivers for 1,000 miles.
The word “pursue” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. expand
B. engage in
C. control
D. avoid
同学们应该都知道pursue有“追求，继续，追捕”的意思，然而满怀期待地去浏览选项时，却并没有发现体现这个意思的答案，不禁又一次因为ETS对人生产生了怀疑。
其实本题考察的也是一个pursue的不常用的意思“执行，实行”。
【例子】
The government will be free to pursue its economic policies. 政府将可不受限制地实行其经济政策。
所以本题对应engage in，表示“从事，实行”之意。
通过上述的分析，我们再来做几个词汇题的小练习，看看你还会不会中招?
1)Doorways were larger and more decorative. Fireplaces became decorative features of rooms. Walls were made of plaster or wood, sometimes elaborately paneled.
The word “elaborately” is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) done in great detail
(B) put together carefully
(C) using many colors
(D) reinforced structurally
2)People in such places would have had at least two reasons to pursue cultivation and animal raising; they would have had access to new information, plants, and animals brought in by traders, and they would have had a need for something to trade with the people passing through.
The word “pursue” in the passage is closet in meaning to
(A) practice
(B) encourage
(C) prefer
(D) combine
3)The linsey-woolsey covering was found in the colder regions of the country because of the warmth it afforded.
The word “afforded” is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) provided
(B) spent
(C) avoided
(D) absorbed
4)On clear still nights when the heat island is pronounced, a small thermal low-pressure area forms over the city.
The word “pronounced” in the passage is closet in meaning to
(A) examined
(B) relative
(C) strongest
(D) darkest
做完再看答案哦：AAAC
生命科学类托福阅读官方材料
一、植物学
1 Sample：Opportunity and Competitors
2 TPO 01：Timberline Vegetation on Mountains
3 TPO 05：Minerals and Plants
4 TPO 09：The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii
5 TPO 22：Spartina
6 TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants
7 TPO 32：Plant Colonization
二、动物学
动物特点
1 OG：Swimming Machines
2 OG：Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores
3 TPO 04：Deer Population of The Puget Sound
4 TPO 13：Biological Clock
5 TPO 15：A Warm-blooded Turtle
6 TPO 17-3：Symbiotic Relationship
7 TPO 32：Distribution of Tropical Bee Colonies
动物变化
1 Sample：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction
2 TPO 05：The Cambrian Explosion
3 TPO 08：Extinction of The Dinosaurs
4 TPO 15：Mass Extinctions
5 TPO 31-1： Speciation in Geographically Isolated Populations
6 TPO 30-2： The Pace of Evolutionary Change
7 TPO 33： Extinction Episodes of the past
动物行为
1 TPO 02：The Origins of Cetaceans
2 TPO 11：Begging by Nestlings
3 TPO 11：Orientation and Navigation
4 TPO 17：Ani mal Signals in The Rain Forest
5 TPO 30-1 Role of Play in Development
6 TPO 29-2：Competition
7 TPO 28-3：Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes
8 TPO 27-3：Predator-Prey Cycles
自然科学类托福阅读官方材料
一、地质学
冰川类
1 OG：green Icebergs
2 TPO 15：Glacier Formation
3 TPO 19：Discovering The Ice Ages
地质现象
1 OG：Geology and Landscape
2 TPO 01：Groundwater
3 TPO 02：Desert Formation
4 TPO 03：Depletion of The Ogallala Aquifer
5 TPO 07：The Geologic History of The Mediterranean
6 TPO 12：Water in The Desert
7 TPO 20：Fossil Preservation
8 TPO 21：Geothermal Energy
9 TPO 24：Lake Water
10 TPO 28-1：Groundwater
11 TPO 27-2：The Formation of Volcanic Islands
二、天文学
火星类
1 TPO 08：Running Water On Mars
2 TPO 25：The Surface of Mars
其他行星类
1 TPO 16：Planets in Our Solar System
2 TPO 22：The Allende Met
eorite
托福阅读文章是从哪儿来的
其实，托福阅读题材大部分来源于美国大学的教科书，一方面希望考生熟悉美国的教育，留学以后能够更快地适应美国大学的课堂生活，另一方面也能让考生了解一下美国的文化，毕竟文化的力量是非常强大的，一个民族的底蕴都是透过文化传达给大家的;另外也有一部分题材来源于出题人对相关文章的整理，使呈现出来的文章难易度与雅思阅读题型想匹配，并能有效去区分和测试出不同考生的英语水平。
托福阅读部分的内容涵盖的知识层面很广泛，从自然科学到生物科学还有一定程度的美国历史和艺术，另外也会出现一些社科类或者是人文类。考生如果仔细研究会发现新托福阅读考试的内容其实就是人类的发展史，由最开始的自然界事物的发展变化，包括地理、气候等，慢慢演变到对生物的探究，如动植物、微生物等。人类出现以后人们的生活逐渐丰富多彩，渴望探索的领域也在逐渐增多，这不仅是文化的积淀还涵盖了对于历史的回顾和探究。
- 专业选择之工学类专业深度解析2022-12-14
- 托福听力水平自测方法解析2022-12-21
- 托福口语考试常见问题实例解析2024-01-04
- TOEFL托福口语真题解析2023-02-20
- 托福口语生物类话题解析2024-04-19
- 托福写作话题解析：旅行经历2023-01-11
- java中的HashMap解析2023-08-08
- 深度营销导入中的营销职能建设2024-09-25
- TPO2托福口语Task3题目及答案解析2023-09-25
- TPO53托福阅读Passage1原文及答案解析2023-07-08