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托福综合写作之阅读材料总结技巧

时间：2025年01月30日

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下面是小编帮大家整理的托福综合写作之阅读材料总结技巧，本文共13篇，欢迎阅读，希望大家能够喜欢。本文原稿由网友“油菜”提供。

篇1：托福综合写作之阅读材料总结技巧

在托福写作备考的过程中，词汇和思维枯竭往往是我们学生最容易遇到的备考问题。那么，想要跨越这些障碍，我们又该做些什么呢?下面我们就为大家带来托福综合写作之阅读材料归纳总结技巧，希望能为大家备考带来帮助。

托福综合写作之阅读材料归纳总结技巧

对于托福写作里面的第一道大餐，很多同学都有这样的误解：阅读材料因为会在考试过程中出现两次，并且在最后文章的写作当中，并不需要太多的阅读的细节，所以在阅读的时候只需要在确定了开头段的中心论点之后，对后面三个分类点的阅读内容，只集中在topic sentence上面就可以了。这实际上是一个误区，因为对阅读材料的把控，会直接影响到后面听力的结果。简单说来，就是阅读材料把握越好，听力内容往往能把握得更准确，细节也更为充分。下面想要和大家分享到的，是April在托福综合写作的教学工程中总结出来的阅读材料的解构方法，希望能对备考托福综合写作的同学有一些帮助。

二. 阅读开头段的解构

1. 阅读开头：综合写作的开头段，一般会先引出本篇文章话题，不管是什么题材的题目，都会有话题引入的部分。我们阅读开头段主要目的是获取题目的中心论点。

请看?个官方真题Official的开头例?：

对应考题举例：官方真题Official10

The sea otter is a small mammal that lives in waters along the western coast of North America from California to Alaska. When some sea otter populations off the Alaskan coast started rapidly declining a few years ago, it caused much concern because sea otters play an important ecological role in the coastal ecosystem. Experts started investigating the cause of the decline and quickly realized that there were two possible explanations: environmental pollution or attacks by predators. Initially, the pollution hypothesis seemed the more likely of the two.

对应考题举例：官方真题Official6

Communal online encyclopedias represent one of the latest resources to be found on the Internet. They are in many respects like traditional printed encyclopedias collections of articles on various subjects. What is specific to these online encyclopedias, however, is that any Internet user can contribute a new article or make an editorial change in an existing one. As a result, the encyclopedias.is authored by the whole community of Internet users. The idea might sound attractive, but the communal online encyclopedias have several important problems that make them much less valuable than traditional, printed encyclopedias.

大家不难发现，不管是采取哪种方式开头，有一点我们可以确定，就是阅读开头段的中心论点，一定出现在该段的段末。但是大家一定不要就以此为依据考试过程中只读最后一句，应为综合写作涉及的题材广泛，只有整体把控，才能理解得最为准确。

2. 阅读材料中间段：总体说来，阅读材料的中间段是以并列形式出现的，所以三个段落的解构方式也是一样的。大部分题目的中间段是以一个topic sentence 开头的，所以很多同学坚持认为阅读看看开头句就好。实际上，对于大部分考试来说，三分钟去读这篇阅读文章，时间是非常充分的，那么考生应该做的是好好利用这个时间，对中间段的内容通读一篇，解构的要点有两个，一是要找出论证的角度，这有利于推测听力材料的论证逻辑，其次是要通读过后找出论证里面的逻辑链，这是最后我们在写作文章时，直接需要的东西。

请看官方真题Official里面节选出来的中间段：

对应考题举例：官方真题Official10

Second, other sea mammals such as seals and sea lions along the Alaskan coast were also declining, indicating that whatever had endangered the otters was affecting other sea mammals as well. This fact again pointed to environmental pollution, since it usually affects the entire ecosystem rather than a single species. Only widely occurring predators, such as the orca (a large predatory whale), could have the same effect, but orcas prefer to hunt much larger prey, such as other whales

解析：论证角度：同类型海洋生物的死亡

逻辑链“：同类型海洋生物死亡 ←污染导致的生态破坏/widely occurring predators→orcas only hunt much larger prey→只能是污染导致sea otters 数量下降

这个题目，如果只看开头段，就会忽略到orcas 这样的一种可能性，而后面的听力材料，正是从这个角度求展开反驳的。可想而知，如果只看开头段，既回使自己听力逻辑不完整，也会使自己的听力很难听明白。

对应考题举例：官方真题Official6

First, contributors to a communal online encyclopedia often lack academic credentials, thereby making their contributions partially informed at best and downright inaccurate in many cases. Traditional encyclopedias are written by trained experts who adhere to standards of academic rigor that non-specialists cannot really achieve

解析：论证角度：inaccuracy of online encyclopedia

论证逻辑：lack academic credentials→inaccurate contributions

这个题目的角度很明确，逻辑很清晰。把握住这两点之后，我们可以确定听力材料一定会从inaccuracy of online encyclopedia 这一点展开反驳，这样我们在听的过程中，可以不用纠结听力的论证角度和逻辑，重点放到细节上面，使自己听力材料能把握得更为充分。

总而言之，托福综合写作在材料的解构过程中，我们需要把握“统筹全局，重点突破”的这个要点。所谓统筹全局，就是文章尽量不要挑重点来读，一定要通读一遍，这样把握的信息才准确，逻辑才可能完整。重点突破的含义就是我们在把握住整体文章之后，重点看开头段的结尾句，以及中间段的开头句，并以此为依据，成为我们在最后写作过程中呈现出来的内容。

托福写作分类话题词汇——媒体篇

Media

curiosity 好奇心

dependable/trustworthy 值得信赖的

coverage 覆盖面

make headlines, newsworthy 成为头版头条; 有新闻价值的

informative, entertaining 信息量大的; 娱乐的

privacy, violate/intrude on/infringe on someone's privacy 隐私; 侵犯某人隐私

ratings 评分

go viral /all the rage 变得流行

journalists/the press 记者;报刊，新闻界

groupies, icon, make a splash 追星族; 偶像; 产生轰动

clarify, censorship 澄清; 审查

blow things out of proportion, exaggerate things 夸大事实

commercial, flyer, billboard, poster, tabloid 电视广告; 传单; 广告牌;海报;小报

quiz show, reality show, talk show, variety show 智力竞争节目; 真人秀; 脱口秀; 综艺节目

sitcom, soap opera, current affairs 情景喜剧; 肥皂剧; 实事

the print media/the electronic media 纸媒; 电子媒体

be awash with/be inundated with/be saturated with sth. 被……所充斥

delete/eliminate/excise 删除

excessive/gratuitous violent and pornographic contents 过量的暴力和色情内容

misleading/misrepresented/distorted 误导的，扭曲的

celebrities, scandals 名人;丑闻

up‐to-?date/up‐to-?the-?minute 新的

code of ethics/code of conduct 道德准则，行为准则

ubiquitous/prevalent 无所不在的

high-profile, low-?profile 高调，低调

fabricated, absurd/ludicrous 编造的;荒谬的

托福写作分类话题词汇——家庭篇

Family

elderly people 老年人

family bonds 家庭纽带

family values 家庭价值

strengthen/reinforce 加强

sibling 兄弟姐妹

cousin 表亲

personality clash 性格冲突

household appliances 家用设备(电器等)

generation gap 代沟

neighborhood 邻居

blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水

a sense of belonging 归属感

an attachment to sth. 对某事的执着和喜爱

single-parent households 单亲家庭

domestic violence 家庭暴力

harmony 和谐

托福写作分类话题词汇——交通篇

Transportation

treacherous road conditions 危险的道路环境

public transit 公共交通

drunk driving 酒后驾驶

means of transportation 交通方式

vehicle 交通工具

densely-populated 人口密集的

be squished up 被挤得跟沙丁鱼似的

impose higher taxes on 在……上课以重税

metropolitan 大都市的

underpass 地下通道

overpass 天桥

steam-driven 蒸汽驱动的

petrol-driven 石油驱动的

hydrogen-driven 氢气驱动的

chaotic 混乱的

篇2：托福写作之浅谈综合写作

托福写作之浅谈综合写作

根据托福OG有关综合写作的要求，评分标准主要为信息(information)和逻辑(organization)。这两点考察的就是我们对听力要点的把握能力，以及如何用简要的语言概括阅读稿和听力稿中的信息，并且层次清晰，要点明确。有的同学说，我听懂了，我直接写就好;有的说，我看懂了，但听懂了一部分，编下就行。其实不然。阅读稿看懂了，听力听懂了，只是一半。还需要将听力中的有效信息用自己的语言表达出来，并且也不能与阅读稿中的表达完全一致。

在这里我将综合听力需要锻炼的能力列为以下三点：

1. 阅读能力(快、准)

2. 听写和速记能力(不是简单词不记，是记重点名词、动词或短语)

3. 一定的改写能力(这个就是我们对于句型的运用，涉及句子表达准确性、语态、词的适当替换等)。

可能有的同学说听不懂，这里建议，如果练习听力，尽量用托福听力材料进行练习，因为托福听力材料内容信息量大，需要记的东西多，也能通过做题找到自己听力的盲区。如果托福听力能听懂了，托福综合写作的听力也没有问题了。

这里附上两篇学生写的综合写作范文。

TPO26

Inthe listening material, the professor made several points about the invasion ofthe zebra mussels can be stopped.

Firstof all, the reading passage states that the human transportation will cause theinvasion of the zabra mussels, while the professor contradicts that people cannotcontrol it in the past because of the lack of the knowledge. On the other hand,the ocean water will be taken by the ship to replace the freshwater, which maykill the mussels.

Moreover,the reading passage also mentions that if the mussels are taken to the newplace, they won't have predators, while the professor refutes that they candominate it just for a short time. They will be a new food source for birds, sothey can not dominant in the end.

Furthermore,the reading passage then talks that the invasion of the mussels will cause thedecline in the fish population in its area, while the professor departs from itthat it is true that mussels have negative impact in plankton. But for otherfish, mussels provide nutrition for fish at the bottom of the lake.

Thisis the entirely opposed to the writer's expectation.

TPO27

Inthis listening material, the professor states several points about global cooling caused by the Little Ice Age.

First,the reading material states that after the ocean currents melted, the glaciersproduce an enormous number of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream. This actioninfluenced the earth’s climate strongly, while the professor in the listening material disagrees that the cooling water just affected Europe and parts ofNorth America, but it can’t explain global cooling, or the cooling in southernarea.

Second,the reading material says that the volcanic eruption caused the Little Ice Ageas they generate dark clouds with dust and sulfur gas into our atmosphere whichwill reduce the earth’s temperature. By contrast, the professor contradictsthat the volcanic eruption produce colorful clouds and gases, but those gasesare not strong enough to decrease the earth’s temperature.

Lastly,the reading material mentions that the decrease of human population affect theearth’s temperature indirectly because we no longer cut substantial number oftrees and let the forest grow freely, these trees absorb carbon dioxide andthat will reduce the earth’s temperature. However, the professor objects thatpeople still cut a large number of trees and the short cease of deforestationis not long enough to cause the global cooling.

托福写作高分满分范文点评和思路解析：适合自己的学习方式

托福写作难点话题一览

What method of learning is best for you?

People learn in different ways. Some people learn by doing things; other people learn by reading about things; others learn by listening to people talk about things. Which of these methods of learning is best for you? Use specific examples to support your choice.

写作思路展开结构分析

最适合自己的学习方式，这个题目的难度较低，因为不同考生完全可以结合自身的实际经历来展开写作。而且题目当中本身也已经给出了3个选择，大家如果不想自己另想答案可以直接从这3种学习方式里挑一个出来展开。当然也可以采用保险起见的it depends策略，比如要看学什么内容来决定等等。

本话题高分范文赏析

There are many different methods that people use for learning. Some people learn with hands-on experience, others learn by reading, and still others learn by listening to discussion of other people. It is generally believed that learning is a subjective process, and it is important to discover the ways in which one learns best. I find that personally, learning by doing things is the best way. First, I find that the hands-on method is right for me because I am a very visual learner. If I can see what is happening, I have a much easier time understanding it. Reading a book does not give me this ease. When I read a book in order to gain knowledge, particularly technical one, I sometimes have trouble visualizing exactly what is being explained. However, when I actually see the process happening, it is much easier for me to understand. I also use a visual method when I am studying English. For example, if I am working on new vocabulary, I will write the words down, and then draw pictures of the words to remind myself of the meaning. Going through the process of drawing the pictures greatly increases my ability to memorize any type of information. When a picture is too simple to be enough or is hard to draw, I will close my eye and draw a mental picture that serves more helpful. It seems as though most businesses prefer people to have this hands-on experience as well. It is rare to find a good job that does not require applicants to have spent a certain amount of time doing a similar type of work in the past. By having this past experience, it shows that they have learnt to do a particular task well, and that they have practical knowledge of the job. In conclusion, I think that hands-on learning is best for me, and beneficial for my future. As stated above, however, everyone learns in a different style, and it is important to find the most efficient method for themselves.

托福写作高分满分范文点评和思路解析：朋友人数的选择

托福写作难点话题一览

Spend time with one or two close friends, or with a large number of friends?

Some people prefer to spend time with one or two close friends. Others choose to spend time with a large number of friends. Compare the advantages of each choice. Which of these two ways of spending time do you prefer? Use specific reasons to support your answer.

写作思路展开结构分析

这个话题需要大家对比的是少数朋友和许多朋友，其实是一个择友观的问题。这个题目本身没有明显倾向性，考生可以结合自己的实际情况来说。选择和一两个亲密朋友一起玩，可以说自己跟愿意和少数志同道合的朋友共度时间，选择和一大群朋友一起玩，则可以说自己喜欢参加集体活动跟许多人建立友谊等等。

本话题高分范文赏析

Of the two possibilities, I prefer the first, that is, to spend my time with one or two close friends, because I enjoy close friendship with one or two people and the cozy atmosphere of spending time with close friends. When spending time with a large number of friends, it tends to be difficult to form solid, meaningful friendships with any of the people, since cultivating friendship needs time to communicate. On the other hand, when spending time with only one or two close friends, it is more likely to get to know these people on a very close level. I think this closeness is very important in a friendship. In fact, if I share no closeness with a person, then I do not consider him a friend; I consider him an acquaintance. Moreover, it is not only closeness but also the cozy atmosphere that makes me prefer spending time with only one or two friends. In this cozy atmosphere, I always feel there is nothing that I could not or would not tell my friends, as they feel the same. This means we can trust each other completely. Although this doesn't at all mean there's no cozy atmosphere or complete trust when spending time with many friends, it is my observation that everyone tends to be more open in private. This is why I enjoy the intimate friendship. In addition, spending time with few friends can save much time, since the relationship among a few people is more likely to be simpler. I'm not proficient at dealing with relationship among people, and often get frustrated communicating with a crowd. However, when I am spending time with one or two close friends, this doesn't matter at all. In fact, my close friends, notwithstanding few in number, always tell me I'm their best friend who can truly care about them and handle the relationship smoothly. I think it is my personality that has me make such a choice.

篇3：托福综合写作三大技巧解析

托福综合写作技巧1：用词准确，逻辑清晰

托福作文对于语言的要求圆圆低于对文章内容和结构的要求，托福考试对考生提出的要求只是用完整的句子表达内容。并未对考生的语言专业能力设定过高的门槛，所以在这一点上考生要更注意用词的准确和逻辑清晰能力。

托福综合写作技巧2：细分阅读布局，定位听力分段

在我们综合写作中这一技能也是十分必须的。不论是停顿时间还是表示顺序的连接词，或是代表语义转换的语气词等都是一个不错的判断分段的标志。可是毕竟因为只有一遍的听力机会，所以有些停顿甚至是连词都未必能完全听到，因为事先毫无征兆。在阅读浏览的过程中，考生不难发现每个段落都有一个关键词，考生要注意这些关键词的含义。

托福综合写作技巧3：精听主体首句，否则静候关系连词

一般难度不高的综合写作听力内容会在对应段落如约出现与阅读对应的中心理由，而这个中心理由也就是写作的得分点。可是现在不少难度高的听力内容并不会直接在每段的首句就亮明教授的反驳理由，而是说了一个相关的内容，混淆视听，增加难度。如果果真如此的话，考生也不需担心，因为我们可以通过其他的方法来等待到我们需要的反驳理由。而此时连接词的重要性就不可小觑了。

篇4：托福综合写作三大技巧解析

The lecturer talks about research conducted by a firm that used the group system to handle their work. He says that the theory stated in the passage was very different and somewhat inaccurate when compared to what happened in reality.

First, some members got free rides. That is, some didn’t work hard but got recognition for the success nontheless. This also indicates that people who worked hard were not given recognition they should have gotten. In other words, they weren’t given the opportunity to “shine”. This directly contradicts what the passage indicates.

Second, groups were slow in progress. The passage says that groups are more responsive than individuals because of the number of people involved and their aggregated resources. However, the speaker talks about how the firm found out that groups were slower than individuals in decision making. Groups needed more time for meetings, which are necessary procedures in decision making. This was another place where experience contradicted theory.

Third, influential people might emerge and lead the group towards glory or failure. If the influent people are going in the right direction there would be no problem. But in cases where they go in the wrong direction, there is nobody that has enough influence to counter the decision made. In other words, the group might turn into a dictatorship, with the influential party as the leader, and might become less flexible in its thinking. They might become one-sided, and thus fail to succeed.

托福写作论点论据语料库:健康饮食

健康饮食的重要性：

鼓励健康饮食习惯：encourage healthy eating habits ,

保持体形：keep fit,

集中注意力：concentrate/focus on; 容易分散注意力：get easily distracted

营养：nutrient, 特定的维生素：certain vitamins;

油腻的垃圾食品不含孩子成长所需的必要维生素，这样孩子无法在学习中集中注意力,因此学校应该鼓励健康饮食。

Greasy junk food lacks certain vitamins for the healthy development of the children, and students without sufficient healthy food might suffer from lack of concentration on their study and they get easily distracted, thus school should encourage healthy eating habit.

垃圾食品：junk food, French fries, hamburgers;

高热量：with high carbs, 油腻：greasy;

儿童肥胖：child obesity;

摄入过多的高热量垃圾食品会导致儿童肥胖。

It is really important for the school to encourage healthy eating habits, and junk food like French fries and hamburgers alike should be banned in schools. Too much junk food with high carbs leads to childhood obesity.

健康食品：

海鲜类： salmon， tuna, shrimp

水果类：fruits such as berries, apples, cherries, pineapple, oranges, frozen grapes, watermelon, cantaloupe,

蔬菜类：Vegetables - broccoli, carrots, cherry tomatoes, potatoes and sweet potatoes

高蛋白质低热量：high in protein low carbs

非常好的结合：a wonderful combination

学校应该提供蔬菜和水果等低热量高维生素的食品。

School should offer students a variety of healthy food and snack ranging from vegetables to different kinds of fruit. Like broccoli, carrots, cherry tomatoes, and apples, cherries, pineapple are also good choices. They are low in carbs, and vitamin rich.

通过适当的教育学生会做出更好的饮食决策：

Hopefully, with proper education, students can make appropriate eating choices.

既然学生可以摄取合理的营养，他们会更加集中注意力也会保持好的体形。

Since students are getting the proper nutrients, they will concentrate better on their study and also they will be more fit.

托福写作论点论据语料库:健康饮食

健康饮食的重要性：

鼓励健康饮食习惯：encourage healthy eating habits ,

保持体形：keep fit,

集中注意力：concentrate/focus on; 容易分散注意力：get easily distracted

营养：nutrient, 特定的维生素：certain vitamins;

油腻的垃圾食品不含孩子成长所需的必要维生素，这样孩子无法在学习中集中注意力,因此学校应该鼓励健康饮食。

垃圾食品：junk food, French fries, hamburgers;

高热量：with high carbs, 油腻：greasy;

儿童肥胖：child obesity;

摄入过多的高热量垃圾食品会导致儿童肥胖。

健康食品：

海鲜类： salmon， tuna, shrimp

水果类：fruits such as berries, apples, cherries, pineapple, oranges, frozen grapes, watermelon, cantaloupe,

蔬菜类：Vegetables - broccoli, carrots, cherry tomatoes, potatoes and sweet potatoes

高蛋白质低热量：high in protein low carbs

非常好的结合：a wonderful combination

学校应该提供蔬菜和水果等低热量高维生素的食品。

通过适当的教育学生会做出更好的饮食决策：

Hopefully, with proper education, students can make appropriate eating choices.

既然学生可以摄取合理的营养，他们会更加集中注意力也会保持好的体形。

Since students are getting the proper nutrients, they will concentrate better on their study and also they will be more fit.

篇5：托福综合写作干货小技巧

托福综合写作是个很矛盾的部分：因为在写作前，有阅读和听力两个部分提供足够的参考信息，看上去简单;但是又因为信息的庞杂，要求考生对信息进行整理写作，又给考生造成了困难。对于托福综合写作，有哪些技巧可以把握呢?

篇6：托福综合写作干货小技巧

1.短文阅读还是听力中讲演部分都必须要做笔记。2.短文与讲演虽然是同一主题，但内容一定有所不同，甚至观点相左。3.作文中总结短文和讲演的观点时，不要仅仅把所看到的和所听到的简单地复制。而是尽可能地使用自身语言来表达，比如使用同义词，改变句子结构等。这样不但可以显示对短文和讲演的理解程度，而且也展现应用英文的能力。4.尽量完整地总结出短文和讲演中的主要信息，并进行综合。如有必要，还要将短文和讲演中的不同观点进行比较。5. 除非专门要求，不要发表自己的观点，只是进行客观的总结。这一点与.型的作文恰恰相反。

应对托福综合写作阅读部分：关键词阅读

英美人写文章的总体逻辑可以概括为总分或总分总。托福综合写作的阅读材料多为总分布局，且多为四段式。首段主要用来提供背景信息或者提出话题，而作者的立场或论点多位于首段的最后一句，聪明的考生会把注意力多集中于首段的尾句，确定作者的立论点，从而对于下一阶段的听力大致话题和论述做到心中有底。随后的段落即展开给出作者之所以立论的三个分论点或论据，在单个的段落当中，又遵循了西方人惯有的总分模式，单个段落的首句多为主旨句，考生可以只关注三个段落的首句以快速获取段落主要内容，从而避免全文通读速度不够而导致的来不及看完阅读。

应对托福综合写作听力部分：记录观点和论据

听力环节的笔记是决定综合写作能否顺利完成的关键因素。为了增强笔记的可用性，要知道听力该记什么。听力的开始段是表明说话者立场和论点，需要记录，接下来一般和阅读相似，说话者会从三个方面阐述支持自己的观点，很多情况下，这三点和阅读中的三点是刚好契合，一一对应的。但听力三方面的分论据往往是从阅读中无法推断的，所以分论点及论据是需要进行笔记的，应当记的是关键词。四托福综合写作文章写法

在总结了听力和阅读材料的重点信息之后，需要将其相关性清晰并准确的表达出来，一般采用以下写法：第一段需要将听力和阅读材料的核心内容展示出来并点明两者观点是否相互支持抑或者相互对立;第二段也即是主体段落可以分为几个小段，分别从各个不同的角度总结并得出两篇文字材料相互支持或者对立的证据;最后一段结尾段可总结一下主要的论证对象并重申两份材料对于该论证对象的主要看法，在这一段构思过程中一定要注意，切忌加入自己对这一问题的看法和观点。托福独立写作要求考生在30分钟写300字左右的议论文。

托福独立写作能不能取得高分，一方面在于考生对英语的掌握和运用能力，一方面则要借助对托福独立写作的认识及从中把握的技巧。

托福独立写作常见易错词汇使用问题解读谓语动词类错用情况分析

托福独立写作词汇错误：主谓一致

我们来看以下句子：

Admittedly, books written on the basis of realities is valuable to most people.

A less complicated social environment is the most agreeable condition that help maintain the simplicity of children’s mental world.

第一句句子的主语是books，因此谓语动词应该用复数形式are而不是is，这就是“主谓一致”，即：谓语动词在单复数形式上要和主语保持一致。因此，原句的正确表达为：Admittedly, books written on the basis of realities are valuable to most people.

第二句句子的主语是a less complicated social environment，谓语动词应该用单数形式helps. 因此，原句的正确表达为：A less complicated social environment is the most agreeable condition that helps maintain the simplicity of children’s mental world.

我们再来看以下句子：

The number of students who walk to school has been significantly increased.

A large number of advertisers are filling commercials with appealing visual effects so as to spark consumers’ desires to buy such targeted products.

在托福独立写作中，the number of和a large number of是考生经常使用的两个短语，前者表示“…的数量”，后者表示“大量的”。第一句句子中的主语是the number of students，“学生的数量”是单数的，所以谓语应该使用单数形式has，而不是have. 又如：There has been a sharp increase in the number of Internet users since last year. 第二句句子中的主语是a large number of advertisers，“大量的广告商”是复数的，所以谓语应该使用复数形式are，而不是is.

托福独立写作词汇错误：谓语动词的表现形式

我们来看以下句子：

Most students like to watch TV cannot finish their homework in time.

Children who find passion in sports holding on to this passion throughout life, which leads to a healthier and more successful future.

第一句句子中like to watch TV和cannot finish their homework in time都是谓语动词，一般而言，两个谓语动词需要用连词(如and或but)进行连接，或者可以将like to watch TV变为从句，如：Most students who like to watch TV cannot finish their homework in time(定语从句).

第二句句子没有谓语。句子中who find passion in sports是修饰children的“定语从句”，which leads to a healthier and more successful future是以which为引导的“非限定性定语从句”。整句句子的谓语动词应该是hold，而不应该使用非谓语形式(holding)。在托福独立写作中，尤其要注意there be句型中“谓语的表现形式”，如：

There are a great variety of articles and topics accurately reflect the diversity of users’ interest.

因为there be句型中的be本身就是谓语成分，所以不能使用reflect，而应改为：There are a great variety of articles and topics that accurately reflect the diversity of users’ interest(定语从句);或There are a great variety of articles and topics accurately reflecting the diversity of users’ interest(非谓语结构)。

托福独立写作词汇错误：谓语动词的语态

“语态”表现的是主语和谓语之间的关系，托福独立写作中主要使用“主动语态”，不建议频繁使用“被动语态”。

我们来看以下句子：

Many children can avoid their most disliked courses if they are given the opportunity to choose.

Because the content of an e-book is delivered electronically to their devices, students can shop for e-books and receive them almost immediately, any time of the day or night.

第一句句子中“避免最不喜欢的课程”动作的发出者是“孩子们”，因此是“主动语态”;而他们“被”提供机会进行选择是“被动”的。第二句句子中“电子书的内容”和“将电子版本传输到学生的设备之中”是“被动”的关系，而学生“购买电子图书”和“不管白天还是黑夜，可以第一时间收到这些图书”都是“主动”的关系。

我们来看下面的例句：

Modern citizens are faced unprecedented psychological pressure when they are heavily loaded with mountains of information from the network of mass media.

从句中，they (指现代公民，modern citizens)和满载着大量信息(load with mountains of information)是“被动”的关系，而他们和面临空前的心理压力(face unprecedented psychological pressure)是“主动”的关系，所以原句应该改为：Modern citizens are facing unprecedented psychological pressure when they are heavily loaded with mountains of information from the network of mass media.

在托福独立写作中，face是考生经常需要使用到的单词，解释为“面临、直面”，face也是一个很难正确使用的单词。当要表达“他面临着很多生意上的麻烦”意思的时候，考生可以使用He is facing many business troubles. 或者He is faced with many business troubles. 因为face往往用于“主动语态”，而be faced with用于“被动语态”，又如：

When facing overwhelming challenges, each individual should be well equipped with a vast range of knowledge and a broadened mind.

When they are faced with the increasingly powerful domination of money, people ought to take precautions as early as possible so as not to become slaves of wealth.

托福综合写作怎样合理引用指代素材信息?避免混淆你要知道这些知识

如何指代托福综合写作阅读文章中的内容?

>>>指代“阅读文章”：

in 引导的短语：in the reading (passage)

according to引导的短语：according to the reading (passage), according to the author

as引导的短语：as the author argues / maintains

to引导的短语：to quote the reading (passage), to quote the author

如何指代托福综合写作听力讲座中的信息?

in 引导的短语：in the lecture

according to引导的短语：according to the lecture，according to the professor

as引导的短语：as the professor argues / maintains

to引导的短语：to quote the lecture，to quote the professor

如何表达“阅读文章说”和“听力讲座说”中的“说”?

>>>表示“论述”：argue, maintain, state, contend, assert, propose, suggest, indicate, imply, acknowledge, mention

>>>表示“强调”：emphasize, highlight, address

>>>表示“反对”：disagree, disapprove, contradict, contrast, refute

>>>相关词组：talk about, be concerned with, concentrate on, be skeptical about, cast doubt on, point out

雅思考试写作辅导：写作技巧

Skills for IELTS Writing Module

You need to spend 2-3 minutes working out exactly what you are going to do. You should pay attention to the following points:

Study the question carefully. Most Task 1 writing involves writing a report which describes some information given. You may wish to note the instructions with a high-lighting pen.

Think carefully about the topic. Outline some pertinent points.

Ensure that your ideas are arranged logically.

When writing a Task 1 report, include:

introductory sentence

general trend sentence

body paragraphs (1-3)

concluding sentence (optional)

Introductory sentence

The introductory sentence explains what you are describing, for example:

‘The table compares the population growth and interstate migration in each Australian state for 12 months to the end of 1994.'

‘The graph shows the growth of computers in Australia between 1975 and 1995.'

‘The pie chart represents the proportion of gases contained in natural gas.'

Body paragraphs

When discussing the date presented in the task, identify significant trends and give examples that relate directly to the given information to support your statements. If you are explaining a process or an object and how it works, you need to group your information so that it follows a definite logical order.

Remember that the use of verbs expressed in the present passive voice is often appropriate when giving a description of a process or procedure, for example:

‘Coffee beans are pulped to remove their casing. They are then soaked in water, rinsed thoroughly and dried. After the beans are sorted, they are roasted in a kiln and blended. Next, they are packed and dispatched to shops and supermarkets.'

Concluding sentence (optional)

A simple concluding statement could include any of the following, where relevant:

significant comments

a potential solution

an overall summary of the ideas

future implications.

Editing

Make sure that you have followed the instructions carefully. Be sure that you have written what you intended and that no important ideas are missingIn the last few minutes, check for obvious errors, such as spelling or grammatical errors

篇7：托福写作高分技巧之如何＂造句＂？

托福写作造句要做到准确、多样以及高分表达

1. 句型分析

英语的句型包括以下几种，简单句、复合句、并列句、并列复合句等。在托福写作中，一般使用复合句，辅以并列句和并列复合句，当然肯定要有简单句，做到长短句相结合。下面摘抄几个句子给大家认识并分析一下复合句和并列复合句。

a. Even though I usually know what I have to say, I cannot always express myself correctly in English.

这句话是一个复合句，由even though引导的让步状语从句。

b. This challenges me to practice my spoken English, with the result that I can complete the speaking tasks more fluently and quickly.

这句话中是一个复合句。with介词结构中，有一个that引导的同位语从句对result进行解释说明。

c. I think this is less than ideal because any differences in opinion become personal conflicts, and therefore that might jeopardize the employee’s job.

上句话是一个并列复杂句。and 连接了两个句子，是一个并列句;because引导的原因状语从句。

d. Shallow writing is indicative of weak critical-thinking skills, and such writing, which is often described as “sophomoric”, receives low mark.

这句话同样是并列复杂句。由and连接两个句子，成为并列句，再一个which引导的定语从句。

2. 有问题的句子的列举

分析认为，考生写的句子容易出现三个问题：一是使用破碎句，二是使用接连句，三是句子连接不正确。

1) 破碎句

所谓破碎句，就是句子不完整，通常是没有谓语(或者说谓语是动词的非谓语形式，如分词)，或者是从句单独成句。

破碎句：She singing alone.(无谓语，singing是现在分词)

正确句：She is singing alone.

破碎句：He did not come. Because he was sick.(从句单独成句)

正确句：He did not come because he was sick.

2) 接连句

所谓接连据，就是两个句子直接连在一起，既未使用连词，也未使用正确的标点符号。

接连句: Professionals such as lawyers or accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers they have greater freedom in planning their time.

正确句一: Professionals such as lawyers or accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers. However, they have greater freedom in planning their time.

正确句二: Professionals such as lawyers or accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers; however, they have greater freedom in planning their time.

3) 句子连接不正确

所谓句子连接不正确，就是两个独立的句子之间以逗号连接，这是不合英语语法的。正确的做法是以连词、分号、冒号、句号等连接两个句子。

不正确句: Breaking chalk into two pieces is a physical change, there is no change in the composition of the chalk.

正确句： Breaking chalk into two pieces is a physical change, so there is no change in the composition of the chalk.

高分表达

除了在句式上长短句相结合准确表达外，建议托福考生要使用一些特殊的句式，以使句型多样化。句型多样化也是作文得到高分的条件之一。除了我们之前经常提到的高分句式，如倒装句、强调句、状语前置、插入语等，笔者还提出另外一个句式的多样变化，即主语多样化。下面笔者将列举几个句子概括介绍前面四种句型，而重点分析主语多样化。

正常句： Luck only works in extreme cases.

倒装句： Only in extreme cases does luck work.(否定词位于句首的倒装。)

正常句： The internet provides people access to the latest information.

强调句： It is the internet that provides people access to the latest information.(强调the internet)

正常句： The environment has been deteriorating severely along with the development of industry.

状语前置句： Along with the accelerating development of industry, the environment has been deteriorating severely.

正常句： However, new zoos try to duplicate animals’ natural habitats as much as possible and give animals a comfortable amount of space.

插入语： New zoos, however, try to duplicate animals’ natural habitats as much as possible and give animals a comfortable amount of space.(连词however做插入语)

主语多样

1. 她突然想到了一个主意。

She suddenly had an idea.

通常情况下，考生会马上对这句话进行翻译，基本不会动句子结构。但是以人作为主语的英语句子总是不能够很吸引人，所以这个句子如果稍微做下修改，以后面的宾语“主意”做主语，这个句子会发生一些变化。

An idea suddenly occurred to her.

2. 他开车心不在焉，几乎闯祸。

He was absent-minded when driving, and almost caused an accident.

这句话依然是拿人做主语，稍微改一下，把心不在焉这个形容词的名词形式做主语，会大不相同。

His absence of mind during driving nearly caused an accident.

3. 美利坚合众国创立于1789年。

The United States of America was founded in 1789.

这句话没有任何错误，但是不够多样，可以用时间作主语。

The year 1789 witnessed the founding of the United States of America.

实用句型

在文章的最后，天道留学为大家列举几个新托福考试中可以使用的套用句型，为一些写句子摸不着头绪的考生提供帮助。

1. It pays to make great efforts to prepare for TOEFL-ibt.

努力准备新托福考试是值得的。

2. Nothing is more important than to receive education.

没有比接受教育更重要的了。

3. The reason why the white-collars suffer increasing work-related stress is that they pursue work achievement in career.

白领压力日益增加的原因是他们在事业上有所追求。

4. It is time the related department took proper measures.

(虚拟句式)相关部门早该采取适当的措施了。

以上是托福写作造句的高分技巧，本文主要教大家遣词造句的能力，大家多多练习，就能将词汇储备为己所用。

托福写作模板经典5大模板范例汇总

托福写作不必太过钻牛角尖，猜测考官会亲睐什么样的观点，这样做纯粹是浪费时间。记住，托福考试的目的只有一个，考查学生的英语能力。考官最主要的还是考查写作能力，内涵实际上是其次。只要基本观点正确到位即可，真的没必要太绞尽脑汁，有这些时间还不如多检查检查自己的文章有无语法或者拼写错误。

如果遇到缺乏思路，手足无措的时候，在平时运用下面两种方法来理思路：

1、归类法，顾名思义，即将不同体裁的文章进行归类。阅读的时候，通过比较来领悟文章好在哪，并学习积累原文作者的思路和素材。

2、总括法，即对各个题材的文章有宏观的把握。例如议论文要有论点、论据、论证等等。

最后，也是最大的障碍，考生的英语表达能力不够过关。如果仔细看看一些美剧字幕组你会发现，很多时候翻译并不是一一对应的关系，但文能达意。我们也要做到这点，将我们母语的语法和句型次之，重视原句的愿意，翻译力求能够达意，然后在此基础上才将句子给美化一下，变成复合句、强调句等等。

篇8：托福综合写作高分5大技巧解读

托福综合写作高分5大技巧汇总解读

1. 清晰记录阅读听力内容

将笔记区域分成左右两个版块，分别对应记录阅读和听力相关内容;记笔记时，尽量使用字母缩写或符号，考生可通过课下练习形成自己的笔记形式。

2. 阅读时重点记录文章关键信息

一般来说，阅读由四个自然段组成，其中阅读的主要观点位于第一自然段的最后一句话，但如果最后一句话有代词，需要指出代词的具体指代对象;接下来的三个自然段一定要分别读完整个自然段再去总结每一个自然段的内容要点，不要只看第一句话。

3. 听力中带着问题有目的的听

考生需要在听力中带着目的去听，同时去记录一些重点信息。听力中一般反驳阅读中的观点，因此会给出一些细节或是例子，在听力中重点去听教授是如何使用一些证据去反驳阅读中的信息，对于类似于for example，for instance，another explanation等表达后面的内容我们要尤其注意。

4. 保持客观不能写自己观点

综合写作的一个要点就是写作中不能带有自己的主观看法和观点，主要目的是反馈读到听到的事实信息。当然大家也不能只去写阅读或听力中的内容，要写出听力中的信息是如何与阅读中的信息联系起来的，比如阅读内容和听力内容有哪些不同之处。两者如果是矛盾的那么有哪些矛盾等等。总而言之尊重事实是第一目标，整合内容是基本要求。

5. 多练官方真题Official熟练综合写作套路技巧

托福综合写作的内容往往具有重复性，所以多做题能够帮助我们熟悉一些相关信息。例如，阅读中经常会提到北极地区非常寒冷会影响到X，听力中一般会指出当时北极并不是很冷，从而会怎么样。再例如，阅读中会提到某种动物或植物会影响到X，听力中会指出在某地没有该种动物或植物但X依然受到影响。阅读文章中还可能会提到通过物种迁移来解决某种问题，听力中一般会指出外来物种会对本地物种带来威胁等。

托福写作解析:Eat out or eat at home

托福写作题目：

Topic：Eat out or eat at home?

Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people prefer to prepare and eat food at home. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

参考分析：

不要急于做出选择，先进行比较，然后根据情况选择：

去餐馆或者吃快餐的优缺点：方便、快捷、多种口味;昂贵、卫生可能得不到保障、快餐使人发胖;

在家吃饭的优缺点：干净、可以做出自己喜欢的口味、节省、与家人和朋友共同准备实物很开心;花费时间、可能做的没有餐馆那么好吃;

在不同的情况下会有不同的选择。周末休息应该跟家人在家里吃饭。与老朋友久别重逢应该找一家安静的餐馆……

范文：

选择在饭馆吃饭：

(1)节省时间，自己做饭很麻烦;

(2)能够品尝各种各样的美食;

(3)能够促进和朋友的感情。

Nowadays, some people like to eat at home and prepare food by themselves, but others prefer to eat outside in restaurants or at food stands. As far as I am concerned, I prefer to eat at home.(标准式开头，先阐述现今社会状况，再表达个人观点，开门见山)

Of course there are some advantages to eat out. Firstly, restaurants offer a more comfortable environment to eat and the food there tastes more delicious than home-cooked meals. In addition, eating at restaurants is a good way of getting together with friends. People also do not need to worry about washing dishes and cleaning. For people who are too busy to cook, eating out is certainly an ideal(理想的)choice. Furthermore, for people do not know how to cook and do not have someone to cook for them, eat out seems to be the only choice.(本段是让步段，先讲在外吃的好处一个是舒适的环境美味的食物，另一个是给不会做饭和不知做饭给谁的人提供吃饭的条件)

However, I prefer to cook and eat and home. The main reason is that at home, family members can prepare their meals and enjoying their food together, which can enhance their relationships. Family members can talk, make jokes and exchange feelings on current affairs with each other while preparing a meal. Parents have a chance to communicate with their kids and keep track of what they are thinking and doing; while children can learn to help with some household tasks and develop intimacy(与父母增进感情)with their parents. Image that you and your brothers and sisters help your mother to cook on a weekend, and enjoy the food later on(稍后), and you feel everything is so nice.(这是第一段论述在家吃好处是可以与家人增进感情种.种，以自己为例子显得生动可信)

Another reason is that eating at home can save money. The same amount of money that you spend on a meal in a restaurant can buy a lot more foods from a supermarket. You can use the money saved to buy a new cloth, or attend a concert.(本段是从经济方面来论述在家吃确实可行)

General speaking, eating out side is comfortable and convenient but eating at home has more benefits. I prefer to eat at home.(这篇文章是标准的议论文结构，没有特别华丽的语言，但是结构清晰论述完整，没有语法错误，这也是保分的必要条件)

托福写作解析:Spend money or save them

托福写作题目：

Spend money or save them?

Is it better to enjoy your money when you earn it or is it better to save your money for some time in the future? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

参考分析：

先讨论一下储蓄的必要性以及及时享乐的好处，然后可以采取it depends策略进行选择，是花钱及时享乐好呢还是把钱存起来好，要看钱的数目是多少。如果一个月赚800块，只有一个选择，花掉。块，就可以花掉一些，存起来一些。20000块，就多花一些，也可以多存一些。

范文：

存钱比较好：

(1)存钱可以防备不时之需，如生病等等。

(2)存钱可以买非常贵重的商品，如房子、汽车等等。

(3)存钱放到未来花，可以更好的享受生活，如去欧洲、美洲旅游等等。

Some people say that it is better to enjoy your money as soon as you earn it while others prefer to save the money for later. It's a difficult choice faced by lots of people because of the different attitudes they hold towards money. As far as I am concerned, I vote for the former choice, which is that it is better for one to enjoy his or her money as soon as it is earned. Spending money as soon as possible is my preference because of three reasons as follows.

First, we can observe easily in the modern society that the dominant philosophy nowadays is 'enjoy your life when you are still young'. Most young adults like to work for a period of time and then go on for a trip to visit some places they have never been to. Those trips not only help them to keep in shape but also provide them different kinds of knowledge and new perspective in looking at their environment. Other people spend the money for their leisure, which helps them to relax and go back to work with enough energy.

In the old days, it is said that people who save money in a bank understand the philosophy of thrift. Actually, economists say that in the modern world saving money in a bank is the quickest way to lose it. Moreover, none of the rich people became rich by getting interests from the bank. Living in a constantly changing world, we should adjust ourselves to accept the new ways of investing our money to different areas in order to get the most of it. That is probably the reason why most of the people nowadays put their money into business to get a better payback.

The third obvious(显然的)reason why I prefer spending money rather than saving them is that it is part of the contribution for the economic growth in our country. If nobody has the needs to buy stuff from others and the market, nobody will think about how to produce useful products and sell them to make the most profits. Some countries continue to lower the interests in order to force people to spend their money and therefore benefit the society as well as the people themselves. In this broad view, I prefer spending money rather than saving them.

In conclusion, I prefer spending money because it benefits ourselves as well as people around us. It's also important for kids to know how to save money as a sense of thrift. Nevertheless, spending money is still the best way to make our lives enjoyable and worthwhile.

篇9：托福阅读之阅读技巧精讲

托福阅读如何看懂文章需具备逻辑思维实用阅读技巧精讲

托福阅读把握文章逻辑：读懂每段主题思路

在读托福阅读文章的第一段时，特别是第一句，往往给我们一个大致的思路，文章的论题是什么，作者想说什么?然后第二段的第一句，然后在想一想作者下面又想讲什么，这一段里有没有什么重要的细节。然后第三段，又讲了什么，这里面的重要细节又是什么。

几段下来，每次读的时候都要来个小小的总结。各个段落的目的是什么，主题又是什么?这样，在脑子里面形成一个作者思路图，在脑子里或者在草稿纸上画一个文章的结构思路题。

托福阅读把握文章逻辑：总结文章思路大意

在回答问题前，花几秒钟总结一下文章大意，它的思路和主题。

再次提醒，新托福阅读考察的是你的答题能力而非托福阅读能力。你不必完全掌握整篇文章，了解文章中的每一个细节。相反，你应该只读文章段落的第1句，而快速浏览其余部分。当你“读”完这篇文章时，你就能对文章的结构思路有总体的把握。

托福阅读把握文章逻辑：根据整体理解答题

根据你对托福阅读文章的整体思路来答题。将问题(或选项)定位到文章中具体的某个段落甚至具体的句子。因为你这样做完，你会觉得每一段的思路、脉络都会非常清晰，做题的时候，就可以很快找到出题点，而且对于偏离主题的题一眼就能看出，主题词就会显得格外明显。而实际中每一次的小结只需要几秒钟的一个停顿就可以，大家不妨试试，就会明白了。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：二氧化碳的存在形式

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

The answer to the first question is that carbon dioxide is still found in abundance on Earth, but now, instead of being in the form of atmospheric carbon dioxide, it is either dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into carbonate rocks, such as the limestone and marble that formed in the oceans.

词汇讲解：

abundance /?'b?nd(?)ns/ n. 丰富，充裕

atmospheric /?tm?s'fer?k/ adj. 大气的

dissolve /d?'z?lv/ v. 溶解

limestone /?la?m?st??n/ n. 石灰石

marble /'mɑ?b(?)l/ n. 大理石

结构划分：

The answer to the first question is ( that carbon dioxide is still found in abundance on Earth), but now, (instead of being in the form of atmospheric carbon dioxide), it is either dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into carbonate rocks, (such as the limestone and marble) (that formed in the oceans.)

深度分析：

这个句子的主干是：

The answer to the first question is 从句 , but now, it is either dissolved in the oceans or chemically bound into carbonate rocks

修饰一：(that carbon dioxide is still found in abundance on Earth) ，从句

中文：在地球上二氧化碳依然可以大量被找到

修饰二：(instead of being in the form of atmospheric carbon dioxide) ，介词短语

中文：它不是以大气中的二氧化碳的形式出现

修饰三：(such as the limestone and marble that formed in the oceans.) ，介词短语

中文：例如在海洋中形成的石灰石和大理石

修饰四：(that formed in the oceans.) ，从句

中文：在海洋中形成的

参考翻译：

第一个问题的答案是，在地球上二氧化碳依然可以大量被找到，但是现在，它不是以大气中的二氧化碳的形式出现，它溶解在海洋里或者通过化学作用进入碳酸盐岩中，例如在海洋中形成的石灰石和大理石。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：纳瓦霍人创造艺术形式

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

As relative newcomers to the Southwest, a place where their climate, neighbors,and rulers could be equally inhospitable, the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them, not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves.

结构划分：

(As relative newcomers to the Southwest), (a place) (where their climate, neighbors, and rulers could be equally inhospitable), the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them, (not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. )

深度分析：

这个句子的主干部分：

the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them

修饰一：(As relative newcomers to the Southwest)，介词短语

中文：作为西南部相对较新的人

修饰二：(a place) ，同位语

中文：一个地方

修饰三：(where their climate, neighbors,and rulers could be equally inhospitable) ，从句

中文：在那里气候恶劣、邻居冷漠以及统治者暴政

修饰四：(not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized, but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves. )，介词短语

注意这里有一个搭配：not just … but … 不仅…而且

中文：不仅是通过详述这些象征性的行为，而且还通过艺术品本身的美和和谐

参考翻译：

作为西南部(在那里气候恶劣、邻居冷漠以及统治者暴政)相对较新的人，纳瓦霍人不仅是通过详述这些象征性的行为，而且还通过艺术品本身的美和和谐，创造了这些艺术形式来影响他们周围的世界。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：贸易与古代文明的出现

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

Now that we know much more about ancient exchange and commerce, we know that, because no one aspect of trade was an overriding cause of cultural change or evolution in commercial practices, trade can never be looked on as a unifying factor or as a primary agent of ancient civilization.

词汇讲解：

overriding adj. 最重要的

agent n.动因，成因

结构划分：

(Now that we know much more about ancient exchange and commerce), we know that, (becauseno one aspect of trade was an overriding cause of cultural change or evolution in commercial practices), trade can never be looked on as a unifying factor or as a primary agent of ancient civilization.

深度分析：

这个句子的结构：

从句, we know that从句

修饰一：(Now that we know much more about ancient exchange and commerce) ，从句

中文：由于我们对古代贸易和商业了解了更多

修饰二：(because no one aspect of trade was an overriding cause of cultural change or evolution in commercial practices) ，从句

中文：因为贸易的任何一个方面都不是商业实践中文化改变或变革的最重要原因

参考翻译：

由于我们对古代贸易和商业了解了更多，我们知道，因为贸易的任何一个方面都不是商业实践中文化改变或变革的最重要原因，所以贸易也不能被当作是古代文明出现的唯一因素或主要动力。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析：人民人身财产不得侵犯

托福阅读100个长难句实例分析

原句案例：

The right of the people to be secure in their person s, houses, papers, and effect s, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

——United States Bill of Rights, 1791

词汇讲解：

right= n.权利

effects= n.财产(熟词僻意)

unreasonable= a.不合理的

seizure= n.扣押

violate= v.侵犯

warrant= n.授权

issue= v.发出

oath= n.宣誓

affirmation= n.证词

句子分析：

【主干】

The right of the people shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue.

【成分分析】

to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures,定语，修饰right

but upon probable cause,状语

supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 定语，修饰cause

参考翻译：

人民的人身、住宅、文件和财产不受无理搜查和扣押的权利，不得侵犯。除依据可能成立的理由，以宣誓或代誓宣言保证，并详细说明搜查地点和扣押的人或物，不得发出搜查和扣押状。——权利法案

篇10：托福阅读技巧之如何提升阅读速度

实用托福阅读技巧丨如何提升阅读速度?

一.托福阅读技巧之Skimming

Skimming是只看主要大意的速读。一篇文章的大意是有重点的。比如，当出现first second的这种归类总结的地方，或because，as a result这样的因果关系，或是but，however的语意转折处，都需要格外留心。托福文章讲述主要观点之后通常会有for example来佐证，如果看懂了主要观点，那么对示例所用的时间和精力就不需要太多了。Skimming的技巧在第一遍阅读文章意图抓住文章大意时是非常重要的。

托福的文章长度大多在600-700字之间。以平均每篇读20分钟计算，按照每分钟阅读150字的速度，一篇文章从头到尾通读，至少需4-5分钟。这可了解文章的大意，但不一定确保读得透彻。在第一遍通读的过程中，考生不要期望每个字都一定要理解，遇到不懂的字不必多逗留或苦思冥想可能的意思，这样会浪费时间的。只需一直往下看，用前面介绍到的skimming原则，掌握文章的主旨即可。这个过程中，文章的第一段，尤其是每段的第一句话往往起着提纲挈领或起承转合的作用，是阅读时要多留心的地方。

二.托福阅读技巧之Scanning

Scanning是“扫描”，但具体到阅读中，大家熟悉的莫过于查词典时。在有意识地去查某个生词的时候，我们不会去把它所在的页上每一个字都看一遍才找到想要的。几乎眼睛对词典中的一页扫一下，脑中只有要找的字，看到它，其他的地方都像没有看到一样。在托福的阅读中，scanning的技巧在回答问题时，根据题干中问到的内容，在文章中scan，可以帮助考生准确地定位，找到答案。

托福阅读长难句：气候变化下物质沉淀

依然记得科比最经典那段对话：

记者问：“你为什么能如此成功呢?”

科比反问道：“你知道洛杉矶凌晨四点钟是什么样子吗?”

记者摇摇头：“不知道，那你说说洛杉矶每天早上四点钟究竟什么样儿?”

科比挠挠头，说：“满天星星，寥落的灯光，行人很少。”

科比本周四将会引来最后一场比赛，这是一个时代的结束。

科比、麦迪、卡特、艾佛森、皮尔斯、邓肯、帕克、吉诺比利……

谢谢他们带我们青春的记忆。

同学们，第二十四句来了。

世界本没有长难句，修饰成分多了，便有了长难句。——老邪

阅读速度大部分来于短时间内理解长难句的能力。

大家在看长难句的时候，多思考，一个句子为什么这么长，常见的修饰成分到底有哪些?其实不多，连词、非谓语动词、介词以及同位语或插入语，上过课的同学懂得。

大家别急，把一句一句弄明白，弄懂一个句子胜过模糊看懂十个句子。希望大家认真看我的分析。

今天我们来看这样一个句子：

Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years. (TPO10, 44)

property /'prɒpətɪ/ n. 财产，资产;特质，性质;

ambient /'æmbɪənt/ adj. (指空气等)环绕四周的, 周围的

我是分界线，大家先自己分析哦。

(Over long periods of time), substances (whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time) can be deposited(in a systematic way)(to provide a continuous record)(of changes in those properties overtime), (sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years). (TPO10, 44)

分析：

修饰一：(Over long periods of time)，介词短语

中文：经过很长一段时间

修饰二：(whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time) ，从句，修饰substances，大家一定要注意这里的substances和can be别从句隔开了，一定要注意主谓被从句或其它修饰隔开的情况

中文：物理和化学性质随着当时周围气候变化

修饰三：(in a systematic way) ，介词短语

中文：以一种系统的方式

修饰四：(to provide a continuous record) ，非谓语动词

中文：提供了连续记录

修饰五：(of changes in those properties overtime)，介词短语

中文：这段时间的这些特征变化

修饰六：(sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years) ，介词短语

中文：这有时会是几百年或几千年

主干：substancescan be deposited

参考翻译：

经过很长一段时间，物理和化学性质随着当时周围气候变化的物质会以一种系统的方式沉淀，这提供了这些(物理和化学)性质在此段时间内变化的连续记录，这有时会是几百年或几千年。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是介词短语、从句和非谓语动词，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

托福阅读长难句：区域气候温度变化

While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale, there are nonetheless some intriguing differences,which suggest that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climatescan also differ significantly from each other.(TPO10, 40)

consistent /kən'sɪstənt/ adj. 一贯的, 前後一致的

intriguing /ɪnˈtri:gɪŋ/ adj. 有趣的，激起好奇心的

我是分界线，大家先自己分析哦。

(While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale), there are nonetheless some intriguing differences, (which suggest) (that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can also differ significantly from each other).(TPO10,40)

分析：

修饰一：(While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale)，从句，注意里面还有一个同位语从句 (that temperature variations can occur on a global scale)表示indication的内容

中文：虽然这些记录提供了广泛一致的迹象表明温度变化能在全球范围内发生

修饰二：(which suggest) ，从句，修饰前面的differences

中文：这些差异表明

修饰三：(that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can also differ significantly from each other) ，从句，注意这个从句里还有很多介词结构，the pattern (of temperature variations )(in regional climates) can also differ significantly (from each other).

(of temperature variations ) (in regional climates) ，在区域气候的温度变化

中文：在区域气候温度变化的模式彼此之间差异很大

主干：there arenonetheless some intriguing differences

参考翻译：

虽然这些记录提供了广泛一致的迹象表明温度变化能在全球范围内发生，但是会有一些有趣的差异，这些差异表明在区域气候温度变化的模式彼此之间差异很大。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是介词短语、从句，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

篇11：阅读技巧之托福阅读多选题怎么做

实用阅读技巧丨托福阅读多选题怎么做?

一.托福阅读技巧之多选题做题步骤

1.找出每个段落的中心句，划分段落内部的层次，如分类/并列递进/对比转折等;

2.区分主旨和细节。所谓主旨，就是被别的句子来支持解释的，也即众星拱月般的“老大”;所谓细节，就是去跟随“老大”的句子，证明“老大”说的都是对的。

3.如果某段没有主旨句，则需自己进行总结，此时无需向小学语文课老师要求的那样，非要说出一个完整而优美的“标答”，只需用提取关键词，表示出核心观点即可，建议简洁明了，关键词包含核心概念和关键动作/状态即可。

4.文章结构自己分析过一遍之后，找出正确选项与各段段落大意的对应关系。记住：正确的三个选项之所以正确，一定是与原文的某些个段落的段落大意有对应关系。

5.错误的选项，错误逻辑基本上也可以归类为这几类：原文没有提到，原文提到了但是与原文矛盾，与原文对应内容正确但是属于细节而非主要观点。这三类错误隐蔽性属于逐级增强，同学们需要仔细去与文章核对。

二.托福阅读技巧之多选题出题思路分析

很多考生认为托福阅读题全部看懂了就可以拿高分了，但实际情况并不是这样的，看懂文章和做对题在一定意义上并不是成正比的。

托福阅读考试的出题者对于考生的考察不可能很直观的让考生回答对问题，更重要的是让考生能够根据题目思考，从而选择正确的答案，这是一般考试的出题规律。考生了解这个规律，做题的话就有目标性了。

还有一些考生会觉得做托福阅读能够把每个词都弄明白，就可以做对所有题目了，但其实不然，读懂整个托福阅读文章就能拿满分，但结果往往让人失望，不少人总感觉自己都看明白了但最后还是做不对托福阅读试题，原因何在呢?很多同学在进行托福阅读备考的时候，总感觉自己读懂了文章里的所有意思，可是，却在做最后的选择的时候，却总是出错，这就是考生没有理解上述的问题。

同一件事情的理解有万万千千，毕竟，我们生活的环境以及我们接受到的教育或者是思维方式都有特别大的区别，所以，每一个考生对于托福阅读题的理解也是各有千秋。因此对于托福阅读试题来讲，也是自然的，很多考生在做完题后，觉得题目特别简单，但是最后出来的分数却是差强人意的。最根本的原因就是考生只是读懂了其中的表面意思，而没有读懂里面的深层意思。

托福阅读长难句：逆流交换系统

In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself. (TPO15, 55)

(In a countercurrent exchange system), the blood vessels (carrying cooled blood from the flippers) run close enough to the blood vessels (carrying warm blood from the body) (to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels); thus, the heat is transferred (from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels) (before it reaches the flipper itself). (TPO15, 55)

分析：

修饰一：(In a countercurrent exchange system)，介词短语

中文：在逆流交换系统中

修饰二：(carrying cooled blood from the flippers)，非谓语动词，修饰the blood vessels

中文：携带来自鳍部的冷血

修饰三：(carrying warm blood from the body) ，非谓语动词，修饰the blood vessels

中文：携带来自身体的温血

修饰四：(to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels) ，非谓语动词

中文：以便从带有温血的血管中获取热量

修饰五：(from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels) ，介词短语

中文：由流出的血管到流进的血管

修饰六：(before it reaches the flipper itself)，从句

中文：在到达鳍部前

参考翻译：

在逆流交换系统中，携带来自鳍部的冷血的血管非常接近携带来自身体的温血的血管以便从带有温血的血管中获取热量;因此，在到达鳍部前，热量通过由流出的血管到流进的血管完成了热量转移。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句、非谓语动词、介词短语，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

托福阅读长难句：生态系统

With “climax,” “biome,” “superorganism,” and various other technical terms for the association of animals and plants at a given locality being criticized, the term “ecosystem” was more and more widely adopted for the whole system of associated organisms together with the physical factors of their environment.(TPO19, 46)

technical adj. 使用术语的, 专业的

term n. 术语

我是分界线，大家先一遍速读看是否理解

(With “climax,” “biome,”“superorganism,” and various other technical terms) (for the association of animals and plants) (at a given locality) (being criticized), the term “ecosystem” was more and more widely adopted (for the whole system)(of associated organisms) (together with the physical factors of their environment.)(TPO19, 46)

分析：

这个句子的主干就是：

the term “ecosystem” was more and more widely adopted

修饰一：(With “climax,”“biome,” “superorganism,” and various other technical terms) ，介词短语

中文：随着“顶峰”、“生物群系”、“超级有机体”

修饰二：(for the association of animals and plants)，介词短语

中文：关于动植物联系

修饰三：(at a given locality) ，介词短语

中文：在一个给定的地点

修饰四：(being criticized) ，非谓语动词

中文：被批评

修饰五：(for the whole system) ，介词短语

中文：对于这个系统

修饰六：(of associated organisms) ，介词短语

中文：相互联系的有机体

修饰七：(together with the physical factors of their environment.) ，介词短语

中文：以及它们环境中的物理因素

参考翻译：

随着“顶峰”、“生物群系”、“超级有机体”(它们用来描述一个给定地点的动植物联系)以及各种其它专业术语受到批评，对于相互联系的有机体以及它们环境中的物理因素形成的整体系统来说，这个术语“生态系统”越来越被广泛采用。

这个句子的主要修饰成分就是介词短语和非谓语动词，大家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子的结构。

篇12：托福写作综合独立都有时间分配技巧

托福写作时间不够如何应对?综合独立都有时间分配技巧

托福综合写作时间不足应对细节介绍

首先考生需要花费大约三分钟的时间阅读一篇学术短文，在阅读的同时大家要注意记下文章的主要观点及词汇，为听力部分先做准备。接下来考生还需要听一段大致为2分钟的听力讲座，内容一般是对阅读资料观点的辩驳。这个时候考生就需要针对阅读内容的观点分别记下听力部分的辩驳理由及相关细节，当然对于阅读资料的内容如果有补充我们也要记下来。

接下来考生大致有20分钟来总结听力中的关键内容，并写出一系列的关键内容以及与阅读材料的差异点。一般建议大家写150-225个词，每个写作任务的分数大致是0-5分，详细评判规范以考生答复的完整性及准确性为首要依据。所以综合写作大致要花费20分钟。

托福独立写作如何合理分配时间?

独立写作的第一步是列好提纲，需要完成审题、提出观点、列出理由三个步骤，大致花费的时间约为3-5分钟。在这个过程中，我们要防止两种错误做法：首先是需要先在草稿纸上列出大致提纲，不要写作思路都没有就动笔，这种做法容易导致文章结构不明确和之后行文中的频繁修改;其次是不要太过详细的在提纲中把所有观点细节和举例内容都写出来，会花太多时间在提纲上，建议大家搭好文章框架后一边写一边展开。

独立写作的第二步就是开始正文的写作了，花费时长大致为22-26分钟。当我们在写作时，要注意每个段落都需要有不同的侧重点。每个段落的主题句能够让考生自己和考官明确了解到你这一个段落的大致内容，因此考生要注意写出主题句以突出自己想表达的观点。如果大家缺乏临场搭建框架的信心，也可以选择提前制作和记忆一些写作模板，并结合作文题目套用到实际写作中。而到了写作最后阶段，当监考官通知距离结束还有五分钟时，考生应该确保已经写到了最后结尾段。如果还没有，那你就要赶紧写完结尾段以确保文章的完整性。

托福考试作文独立写作范文：了解跟你观点相反的人更重要

托福写作真题题目：

8月27日托福独立写作题目208月27日托福真题及答案解析

A/D: It is more important to read and watch news presented by people whose opinion is different from your own view than by people whose opinion are similar to yours.

写作参考一:

With the increasingly diverse means of acquiring information, it has become a common phenonmen that we are exposed to conflicting ideas about a single event, which has aroused deep social concern. A growing boday of average people are wondering whether it is more important to read and watch news presented by people whose opinion is different from your own view than by people whose opinion are similar to yours. From my pesepective, it is advisable to be a good listener to the different viewpoints.

Firstlly, receiving news presented by people with dissenting perspective can help people have access to the comprehensive information and get closer to the truth of the events. As is common sense, every single event or piece of news is not as simple as we expect. So it is an indisputable fact that nobody can have a panoramic view of the truth of the incidents due to the limited experience and knowledge span. In this case, gaining news from our opponents will definitely deliver a brandnew perspective and make us have a second thought of our own viewpoint. In other words, the clashes of different views will temper and refine our opinion about the events, with the result that a whole picture is formed. On the contrary, just selectively listening to the similar ideas, people will become narrow-minded.

Besides that, another potential benefit of obtaining news from those with opposite view is the higher likelihood to make acquaitance with more people. As is known to all, the way person responds to someone whose opinion differs drastically from theirs reveals their true character. To be specific, being tolerant of different voices about one thing reflects that a person is endowed with the quality of inclusiveness and humbility, which can make him/her leave a good impression on others. Consequently, no one, including those from opposing party, will refuse to become friends with humble and inclusive ones. Instead, those solely accepting same opinion are usually self-centered and arrogant so that they not consider others’ thought or feeling but impose their own opinion. Thus it is unlikely that they will build friendship with those with different ideas. Even worse, the alreadly established friendship may also end, once the disagreements occur.

In a nutshell, it is sensible for people to read or watch news from people with dissenting perspective, in order to gain the whole picture of the news and enlarge the social network.

写作参考二:

年8月27日托福独立写作范文二：With advent of new technological gadgets, like laptop, tablet and smart phones, people now have access to all sorts of news sources. In face of the overwhelming news sources, some people tend to watch news that present similar ideas with them, while other prefer to watch news with different perspectives and ideas. I, personally, think it is far better to watch news with distinctive opinions and viewpoints based on the following reasons.

First off, news from various sources are biased and it is quite irrational to read or watch news from a single source, actually it makes better sense to be exposed to news that provide different kinds of ideas. Even though it is very essential for news media to be fair and unbiased, nonetheless, in reality, most of the news media are biased and prejudiced. Part of the reasons is that the news sources can be various, like the government, independent institutions or even think tanks. Lots of media or news agencies use phrases like “expert believes”, “most people agree” or “observes argue that”, all of which are pretty much biased since “most people” is a slippery word. The people might not represent the majority of the people and lack of diversity in terms of race, gender and other demographic factors.

Additionally, being exposed to news with distinctive opinions and ideas can help people to develop critical thinking skills and thus have a fair and more justified stance on certain issues. People varying in past life experience, education background and economic conditions tend to have totally different opinions on certain issues. Having access to different ideas can broaden people's horizons and enrich one's experience. For instance, I took it for granted that every child at an appropriate age has the chance to go to primary school until I watched a documentary about the elementary school enrolment in the poverty-stricken region in my country. Their family can barely feed them and the local government has little educational resource to provide them proper education. This documentary totally changed my perspective on the primary school enrolment in hinterland.

In all, exposure to news with different perspectives has lot of benefits since news sources are generally biased, and by watching news with different opinions we can have a much more fair and clear view.

托福考试作文独立写作范文：大学生应该选择哪种专业

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement：

students should be encouraged to take courses like science, technology, engineering and math that are likely to lead to job opportunities rather than subjects they might be interested in.

2016年11月5日托福独立写作题目真题：

Students should choose the major such as science, technology, and engineering which can help them find good jobs instead of the major which they are interested in.

点睛

题目大意：大学生应该选择哪种专业：能够帮助他们找到好工作的专业(比如科学类，技术类和工程类)VS自己喜欢的专业。此题目波波建议选择感兴趣的专业：理由如下1.学习更有动力 2.从长远来看，更有利于就业。

范文参考一:

The question of “ what is the most important subject or skill the schools should teach? ” has never failed to attract attention from educators, school administrators and even politicians especially when it comes to subjects like technology, engineering and math. Some argue that students should be encouraged to take such classes rather than the ones they are interested in since they give them a better shot to find jobs. However, personally, I am not in favor of this position based on the following reasons.

Admittedly, it is true that courses like technology, engineering and math are very

technical, most of which can be applied in solving real world issues. However, the exposure that students have to apply these theories are very limited in class. Taking technical oriented classes will not give students a competitive edge to ensure future jobs opportunities, on the other hand, there are enormous benefits for students to take courses that they are interested in.

First off, taking courses that students are interested in can be a great motivation for them to achieve higher goals. Old saying “ interest is the best teacher” remains relevant as it did a century ago. Interest serves as the internal motivation for students to explore in the area that they are interested, on the contrary, if they are forced to take courses for a utilitarian purpose, they might not keep their interest for a long time thus have a lower learning efficiency. Recent study conducted by the Society of Developmental Psychology shows that students will be more enthusiastic and passionate about learning when given the freedom to make their own choices to take classes. Also, giving students the opportunity to choose the classes they are interested in can help them to explore their real interest, thus their potential can be fully tapped before heading off for career options.

Additionally, taking courses students are interested in have enormous practical purposes and they can be a great source of leisure and relaxation. For instance, lots of students like art and music but seldom do they have a chance to learn. Actually, taking art and music classes help to develop creativity and make the students more imaginative. Actually, lots of scientific research in the psychological field shows that early exposure to art and music not only boosts academic achievement but also promotes creativity, self-confidence and school pride. Students who spend more time in learning art and music end up having higher analytical thinking and reasoning skills than those who don’t.

In conclusion, taking courses that students are interested in can be a great motivation for them to achieve higher goals and it can also be a great source of leisure and relaxation.

写作参考二:

Under the current system of higher education, with the majors becoming increasingly diverse, how to choose an appropriate major has never failed to attract the attention of the general public. Most parents strongly recommend that it is much better to choose a major which can guarantee a good job, while college students, the receiver of higher education, tend to choose the field which caters to their interest. As far as I am concerned, the latter viewpoint is more reasonable, with the reasons listed below.

First of all, selecting the major that students like can help them to grasp the knowledge better. Just as a saying goes, interest is the best teacher, which is true of undergraduates. To illustrate, under the drive of interest, students are more likely to automatically devote more time and energy into what they major in, thus definitely having a better command of professional knowledge and skills imparted by teachers. By contrast, without any interest in what they are taught, college students who generally lack in self-motivation may do anything but study in class. For instance, on campus in China, it is not uncommon to see that many students squander their valuable time by taking a nap, whispering or even playing smart phones while attending the class. What’s worse, some of them may even skip classes. The reason underlying the above phenomenon is nothing but lack of passion for what they learn.

Secondly, choosing a major students are interested in can do a better job in helping them secure a good job. As we all know, with the constant change and progress of society, the job market is also changing quickly. In other words, some promising industries a few years ago might very well become obsolete, which means that the major one chooses cannot necessarily guarantee a good job. By contrast, under such a society full of fierce competition, it is the professional skills and abilities people own that play the key role in landing a decent job. Obviously, only when people select the field they have passion for can they establish a solid foundation of specific knowledge and skills in this field. Therefore, the major catering to one’s interest can better improve his or her competence, thus increasing their likelihood of securing a decent job.

Taking all the above into consideration, we can draw the conclusion that choosing the major which interests students is much better, in terms of making undergraduates have a better command of what they major in and find a suitable job. (

英语写作