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托福阅读词汇题备考方法心得讲解

时间：2023年09月12日

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以下是小编帮大家整理的托福阅读词汇题备考方法心得讲解，本文共5篇，欢迎大家分享。本文原稿由网友“saltsalt”提供。

篇1：托福阅读词汇题备考方法心得讲解

托福阅读备考提升先练词汇阅读词汇题备考方法心得讲解

托福阅读到底需要多少词汇才够用?

我们大家都知道，词汇量有限的话，会严重牵制阅读的速度，如果要实现快速阅读，我们的词汇量到底要达到多少呢?这里有一个标准，那就是我们所具备的词汇量要能够“推理出生词所在语境的意思”，如果把这一标准进行量化的话，我们必须要具备基础词汇和搭配4000-4500个，也就是达到大学四级的水平，以及专业词汇个，才能保证基本正常的阅读速度。

托福阅读词汇题详解

同时，托福阅读的每套题中，平均有12个词汇题。很多同学都觉得这是送分题，也往往不给予过多的关注，以至于大量丢分。而对于想拿满分的同学来说，这个题显得尤为重要，因为他们往往是在词汇题上丢分，才得到最后的29分。那么，我们就要做到有备无患，防止丢分。

但是，很多考生会对词汇题的准备感到束手无措。词汇题的考法非常简单直接，就是要求选择4个选项中和原文某一词汇意义表达相同的选项，题目基本都为The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to ...看起来是很简单，只要__知道一个词汇的基本含义就可以做对，但是要准备的词汇范围又很大。而OG中对于词汇题的解释就是，there is “no list ofwords” that must be tested. 这句话就告诉考生：没有所谓的大纲词汇可供参考，因为根本就没有大纲，考试中要考查到的单词可能是来自牛津字典或朗文字典中的任何一个单词，所以范围很大。另外，OG中的解释还有一句a word might have more than one meaning, but in the reading passage, only one of those meaning is relevant. 大多数考生遇到的情况是，所碰到的词汇并不是已经让人熟知的第一词义，而是要根据语境上下文推断出的第二词义甚至是第三词义。

托福阅读备考如何做好词汇准备?

为此，我们平时要在词汇方面做好充分的准备：

1、利用零散的时间背单词，并要积累词根词缀。

可以重点记那些常考的核心词汇，而对于那些不太常用的学科名词、物质名词可以放在第二位。

2、进行高频率的重复，建议把重复的周期控制在7天以内。

具体说来，就是每天背100个单词，把时间控制在半个小时以内，每天过3-4遍，第二天再过一遍前一天的。单词材料可以找一些相关的阅读词汇书，或者是以往考过的词汇题内容。

3、把背单词和阅读相结合

也就是把单词和语境相结合，并还要广泛阅读以及这是增加词汇量的有效方法，也就是要在阅读中加强对已经背过的单词的记忆。学生可以根据不同的基础，选择OG，阅读机经等相关阅读材料。平时也可以多做泛读训练，材料可以来自于维基百科等国外原版资料。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

Archaeological discoveries have led some scholars to believe that the first Mesopotamian inventors of writing may have been a people the later Babylonians called Subarians. According to tradition, they came from the north and moved into Uruk in the south. By about 3100 B.C., they were apparently subjugated in southern Mesopotamia by the Sumerians, whose name became synonymous with the region immediately north of the Persian Gulf, in the fertile lower valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates. Here the Sumerians were already well established by the year 3000 B.C. They had invented bronze, an alloy that could be cast in molds, out of which they made tools and weapons. They lived in cities, and they had begun to acquire and use capital. Perhaps most important, the Sumerians adapted writing (probably from the Subarians) into a flexible tool of communication.

Archaeologists have known about the Sumerians for over 150 years. Archaeologists working at Nineveh in northern Mesopotamia in the mid-nineteenth century found many inscribed clay tablets. Some they could decipher because the language was a Semitic one (Akkadian), on which scholars had already been working for a generation. But other tablets were inscribed in another language that was not Semitic and previously unknown. Because these inscriptions made reference to the king of Sumer and Akkad, a scholar suggested that the new language be called Sumerian.

But it was not until the 1890's that archaeologists excavating in city-states well to the south of Nineveh found many thousands of tablets inscribed in Sumerian only. Because the Akkadians thought of Sumerian as a classical language (as ancient Greek and Latin are considered today), they taught it to educated persons and they inscribed vocabulary, translation exercises, and other study aids on tablets. Working from known Akkadian to previously unknown Sumerian, scholars since the 1890's have learned how to read the Sumerian language moderately well. Vast quantities of tablets in Sumerian have been unearthed during the intervening years from numerous sites.

1. According to the passage , the inventors of written language in Mesopotamia were probably

the

(A) Babylonians

(B) Subarians

(D) Sumerians

2. The word subjugated in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) distinguished

(B) segregated

(D) conquered

3. The phrase synonymous with in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) equivalent to

(B) important for

(D) familiar with

4. According to the passage , by the year 3000 B.C. the Sumerians had already done all of the

following EXCEPT:

(A) They had abandoned the area north of the Persian Gulf.

(B) They had established themselves in cities.

(D) They had created bronze tools and weapons.

5. The word some in line 14 refers to

(A) Archaeologists

(B) Sumerians

(D) clay tablets

6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage concerning the Sumerians?

(A) They were descendants of the Persians.

(B) They were the first people to cultivate the valley of the Tigris.

(D) They had the beginnings of an economy.

7. According to the passage , when did archaeologists begin to be able to understand tablets

inscribed in Sumerian?

(A) in the early nineteenth century

(B) more than 150 years ago

(D) in the mid-eighteenth century

8. According to the passage , in what way did the Sumerian language resemble ancient Greek and

Latin?

(A) It was invented in Mesopotamia.

(B) It became well established around 3000 B.C.

(D) It was used exclusively for business transactions.

9. The word excavating in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) living

(B) digging

(D) building

10. According to the passage , how did archaeologists learn to read the Sumerian language?

(A) by translating the work of the Subarians

(B) by using their knowledge of spoken Semitic languages

(D) by using their knowledge of Akkadian

PASSAGE 78 BDAAD DCCBD

篇2：托福阅读备考:事实信息题讲解

托福阅读备考之事实信息题讲解

1. 提问方式：

Accordingto paragraph… which of the following statements is true of / concerned with /related to X?

例：According toparagraph 1, what was true of the Sahara region around 6,000 B.C.? (TPO 28 EarlySaharan Pastoralists)

Accordingto paragraph… why / how / what….?

例：According to paragraph 1, why is playdifficult to define? (TPO 30 Role of Playin Development)

分析：通过以上两种不同提问方式可以总结出该题型有以下几个特点：

1). 该题型是就某段话当中的某个细节信息(即提问方式1中的X)进行提问。

2). 该题型可以围绕该细节信息的不同方面进行提问，通过特殊疑问词which;what; why; how可以看出。

3). 由于题干中未出现infer;suggest; indicate等字样，所以该题型旨在考察文本信息的字面含义，无需考生进行文本的隐含意推理。

2. 解题步骤：

Step 1: 读题干，找出定位词

注意：如果是提问方式1, 那么定位词则是位于介词of/with/ to后面的信息。

如果是提问方式2, 那么定位词一般是名词，并且是非主题性的名词(当然定位词不一定只能找一个，一般可以找2到3个，因为定位词越多相对定位的位置也会越。)

例：

Accordingto paragraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge toresearchers who study play behavior in animals?(TPO30 Role of Play in Development)

分析：通过提问方式类似于第1种提问方式，其实题干可以改写成whichof the following statements is true of the challenge to researchers who… 因此，定位词应该是位于介词of后面的challenge toresearchers。至于后面的playbehavior就不需要了，因为它属于通篇的主题词。

Accordingto paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to the introduction ofmechanical clocks? (TPO 30 The Inventionof Mechanical Clock)

分析：通过提问方式属于第2种提问方式，因此考生们应该在题干中找出名词部分，考生们可以看到两组名词：CatholicChurch和MechanicalClocks, 并且这两组词都是我们所需要的定位词。

Paragraph5 answers which of the following questions about mechanical clocks. (TPO 30 The Invention of Mechanical Clock)

分析：通过题干找出题干中一疑似的定位词组Mechanical Clocks, 但是却发现整篇文章都在讨论MechanicalClocks。这种类型的提问方式是考生们怕看到的，因为定位词无效。此刻建议考生们可以反过来先读选项，然后根据选项中的定位词回读段落寻找答案。

Step 2: 通过题干中定位词回原文进行定位。

注意：在定位的过程中考生们可能会遇到以下2个问题：

问题1：定位词在原文中可能是非原文原词(如果是专有名词一般在原文中就是原文原词，但如果是普通名词则有可能是非原文原词)。

例1：定位词为原文原词的情况

Paragraph 1: Evolutionary biologists believe thatspeciation, the formation of a new species, often begins when some kind ofphysical barrier arises and divides a population of a single species intoseparate subpopulations. Physical separation between subpopulations promotesthe formation of new species because once the members of one subpopulation canno longer mate with members of another subpopulation, they cannot exchangevariant genes that arise in one of the subpopulations. In the absences of geneflow between the subpopulations, genetic differences between the groups beginto accumulate. Eventually the subpopulations become so genetically distinctthat they cannot interbreed even if the physical barriers between them wereremoved. At this point the subpopulations have evolved into distinct species.This route to speciationis known as allopatry(“alio-” means “different”，and “patria” means “homeland”).(TPO31 Speciationin Geographically Isolated Populations)

Q: According to paragraph 1, allopatric speciation involveswhich of the following?

分析：此题干中的定位词为allopatric speciation, 为专有名词，在原文中为原文原词，即后一句话为定位句。

例2：定位词为非原文原词的情况

Paragraph 2: Playappears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairlysophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals. Play has been studiedmost extensively in primates and canids (dogs). Exactly why animals play isstill a matter debated in the research literature, and the reasons may not bethe same for every species that plays. Determining the functions of play is difficultbecause the functions may be long-term, with beneficial effects not showing upuntil the animal's adulthood. (TPO30 Role of Play in Development)

According toparagraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge toresearchers who study play behavior in animals?

O The delay between activities and the benefitsthe animal derives from them.

O The difficulty in determining which animalspecies play and which do not.

O The fact that for most animals, there is noclear transition from youth to full adulthood.

O The lack of research on the play behavior ofanimals other than canids and primates.

分析：此题干中的定位词为challenge & researchers, 在原文中考生们无法找到这两个定位词，但是可以找到challenge的同义替换形式difficult, 因此该句即是我们所需要的定位句。

问题2：定位词在原文中出现不止一次。

Paragraph 7: Occasionally, a sequence offossil-rich layers of rock permits a comprehensive look at one type of organismover a long period of time. For example, Peter Sheldon' s studies of trilobites, a now extinct marineanimal with a segmented body, offer a detailed glimpse into three million yearsof evolution in one marine environment. In that study, each of eight different trilobitespecies was observed to undergo a gradual change in the number of segments ---typically an increase of one or two segments over the whole time interval. Nosignificant discontinuous were observed, leading Sheldon to conclude thatenvironmental conditions were quite stable during the period he examined. (TPO30 The Pace of Evolutionary Change)

According toparagraph 7, Peter Sheldon’s studies demonstrated which of the following abouttrilobites?

O They underwent gradual change over a longtime period

O They experienced a number of discontinuoustransitions during their history

O They remained unchanged during a long periodof environmental stability

O They evolved in ways that cannot be countedfor by either of the two competing theories.

分析：通过题干找出定位词Peter Sheldon & trilobites, 然后回读原文进行定位，考生们会发现这两组定位词在原文中分别出现2次。因此，考生们需要定位的范围变大，难度由此也加大了。这种类型的事实信息题是考生们在考场上不愿意看到的一种，但是很不幸的是由新的几套TPO中的例题显示这种类型的题目正在变多，所以朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家请各位考生平时在练习时加大这种类型的考题的练习。

Step3: 比较定位句与选项的内容，选出语义接近的选项。

注意：1). 考生们所看到的定位句可能是一个非常长的句子，而选项相对比较简短，所以考生们一定要学会从长难句中截取你所需要的能回答问题的部分。简单点说就是比如题干中问你why….;那么，此时考生们在分析原文定位句时应该重点看because这种能够解释的部分。

2). 考生们在比较定位句与选项时切忌不能随意推理，只需要把握文本的字面意思即可。

例1：

Paragraph 3: To what extent competition determines the composition of acommunity and the density of particular species has been the source ofconsiderable controversy. The problem is that competition ordinarily cannot beobserved directly but must be inferred from the spread or increase of onespecies and the concurrent reduction or disappearance of another species. TheRussian biologist G. F. Gause performed numerous two-species experimentsin the laboratory, in which one of the species became extinct when only asingle kind of resource was available. On the basis of these experiments and offield observations, the so-called law of competitive exclusion was formulated,according to which no two species can occupy the same niche. Numerousseeming exceptions to this law have since been found, but they can usually beexplained as cases in which the two species, even though competing for a majorjoint resource, did not really occupy exactly the same niche. (TPO 29 Competition)

Paragraph 3 supports the idea that Gause’s experiments were importantbecause they

O provided a situation in whichcompetition could be removed from the interaction between two species

O showed that previous ideasabout the extent to which competition determines the composition of a communitywere completely mistaken

O helped establish thatcompetition will remove all but one species from any given ecological niche

O offered evidence thatcompetition between species is minimal when there is an overabundance of asingle food source

解题步骤：

1). 读题干，找出定位词Gause’s experiments, 然后把握题目问的内容是有关于G的实验的importance。

2). 通过定位词回到原文进行定位，位于第三句话。但是第三句只提到了定位词之一，接下来的第四句中提到了由此形成了一个law, 可以对应题干中想问的importance。

3). 第3句和第4句两句定位句的大意为“当只有一种食物来源被提供时，两种物种中的一种会消亡。参照这些实验和观察就形成了竞争互斥规律----没有哪两种物种可以占据同样的生态圈”，接下来浏览四个选项，发现C选项大意吻合----确定了竞争将会移除其他所有的物种在任何一个生态圈里面。

例2：

As railroad linesfanned out from Chicago, farmers began to acquire open prairie land in Illinois andthen Iowa, putting the fertile, deep black soil into production. Commercialagriculture transformed this remarkable treeless environment. To settlersaccustomed to eastern woodlands, the thousands of square miles of tall grasswere an awesome sight. Indian grass, Canada wild rye, and native big bluestemall grew higher than a person. Because eastern plows could not penetrate thedensely tangled roots of prairie grass, the earliest settlers erected farmsalong the boundary separating the forest from the prairie. In 1837, however,John Deere patented a sharp-cutting steel plow that sliced through the sodwithout soil sticking to the blade. Cyrus McCormick refined a mechanical reaperthat harvested fourteen times more wheat with the same amount of labor. By the1850s McCormick was selling 1,000 reapers a year and could not keep up withdemand, while Deere turned out 10,000 plows annually. (TPO 33 Railroads andCommercial Agriculture in Nineteenth-Century United States)

Accordingto paragraph 5, the firstsettlersgenerally did not farm open prairie land because

A.they could not plow it effectively with the tools that were available.

B.prairie land was usually very expensive to buy.

C.the soil along boundaries between the forest and the prairie was more fertile thanthe soil of the open prairie.

D.the railroad lines had not yet reached the open prairie when the first settlersarrived.

解题步骤：

1).读题干，找出定位词settlers& open prairie land, 并且抓住题干问的重点是because

2).根据定位词定位到句和第三句这样的语义群，这样的语义群可以给我们提供一个大范围定位，然后接下来考生们在第四句里看到了because,所以第四句就是我们需要的定位点。

3).定位句的语义大约为“因为东部的耕种工具无法穿透这里的根部缠结在一起的草，因此，早期的定居者们将农场建立在了远离草原的边界地区。”接下来浏览四个选项，只有A选项提到了因为耕作工具的原因，所以选择A选项。

3. 总结：

1).此种题型必须要先阅读题干，摸清题干所问的具体内容，然后再读文章进行定位

2).此种题型既可以只考察某一个特定的定位句理解;同时也可以考察2-3个定位句范围的意群理解。但无论怎样，考生不是漫无目的地搜索，而是根据题干有目的性地寻找答案

托福阅读真题原题+题目

By 1776 the fine art of painting as it had developed in western Europe up to this time had been introduced into the American colonies through books and prints, European visitors and immigrants, and traveling colonists who brought back copies (and a few original) of old master paintings and acquaintance with European art institutions.

By the outbreak of the Revolution against British rule in 1776, the status of the artists had already undergone change. In the mid-eighteenth century, painters had been willing to assume such artisan-related tasks as varnishing, gilding teaching, keeping shops, and painting wheel carriages, houses, and signs. The terminology by which artists were described at the time suggests their status: limner was usually applied to the anonymous portrait painter up to the 1760's; painter characterized anyone who could paint a flat surface. By the second half of the century, colonial artists who were trained in England or educated in the classics rejected the status of laborer and thought of themselves as artists. Some colonial urban portraitists, such as John Singleton Copley, Benjamin West, and Charles Wilson Peale, consorted with affluent patrons. Although subject to fluctuations in their economic status, all three enjoyed sufficient patronage to allow them to maintain an image of themselves as professional artists, an image indicated by their custom of signing their paintings. A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.

Although the colonists tended to favor portraits, they also accepted landscapes, historical works, and political engravings as appropriate artistic subjects. With the coming of independence from the British Crown, a sufficient number of artists and their works were available to serve nationalistic purposes. The achievements of the colonial artists, particularly those of Copley, West, and Peale, lent credence to the boast that the new nation was capable of encouraging genius and that political liberty was congenial to the development of taste — a necessary step before art could assume an important role in the new republic.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) European influence on colonial American painting

(B) The importance of patronage to artist

(D) Subjects preferred by artists in the American colonies in the eighteenth century.

2. The word outbreak in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) cause

(B) beginning

(D) explanation

3. The word undergone in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) led to

(B) transformed

(D) experienced

4. According to the passage , before the American Revolution the main task of limners was to

(A) paint wheel carriages

(B) paint portraits

(D) paint flat surfaces

5. It can be inferred from the passage that artists who were trained in England

(A) considered artists to be superior to painters

(B) barely painted portraitists

(D) imitated English painters

6. The word consorted in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) made decisions

(B) studies

(D) associated

7. The word sufficient in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) adequate

(B) temporary

(D) expensive

8. According to the passage , artists such as Copley, West and Peal signed their paintings

(A) increased the monetary value of the paintings

(B) made it more difficult for other artists to copy the paintings

(D) distinguished colonial American artists from European artists

9. The author mentions James Bowdoin III and William Byrd in line 17 as examples of which of

the following?

(A) Art gallery owners who displayed only European art

(B) Art collectors who had a profound influence on American attitudes toward art

(D) Patrons whose helped to encourage artisans to become artists

10. With which of the following would the author be most likely to agree?

(A) Countries that have not had a political revolution are unlikely to develop great art.

(B) The most successful art collectors are usually artists themselves.

(D) Colonial artists made an important contribution to the evolving culture of the new nation.

PASSAGE 32 CBDBA DACBD

托福阅读备考之事实信息题讲解

篇3：托福阅读备考积累词汇技巧实例讲解

托福阅读备考积累词汇技巧实例讲解生词变熟词要这么操作

托福阅读如何看文章积累新词汇?

单词量不够一直是很多考生阅读时遇到的障碍之一。考生除了通过背词汇书提高词汇量之外，也可以利用托福阅读文章来积累新词汇。具体该如何操作呢?首先，考生将一篇托福阅读文章中不认识的单词划出来，标上序号，然后整理到笔记本上。整理完成后，很多考生自然会想到通过查阅词典来记录单词的意思。事实上，考生在精读时，不要过分依赖词典，而是多尝试练习猜词的方法，这样真正上考场时，考生遇到生词不会过分紧张。具体来说，在查阅词典之前，考生应该先根据单词所在的上下文语境猜测单词的含义，然后再通过查阅词典来进行核实，最后将正确含义记录在笔记本上。

托福阅读中的学科词汇要积累吗?

是不是所有自己不认识的单词都需要仔细背诵呢?当然不是。托福阅读文章具有多学科的特点，所以，势必会有很多学科词汇是考生所不认识的，对于专业的学科词汇，考生只要做到识记含义即可，比如，perennial (多年生植物)、biennial (两年生植物)、annual (一年生植物)等植物学词汇。那么，哪些词汇是必须认真背诵与掌握的呢?简单地说，就是那些影响考生理解句子的单词。以下面这个例句为例。

Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt—and eventually to Sicily and Spain—but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of theconservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. (托福官方真题34 “Islamic Art and the Book”)

大部分考生在精读这句话时会查阅这四个划线的单词，其中Koran表示伊斯兰教中的《古兰经》，这一专有名词考生只作基本了解即可，因为考生即使不认识这个单词，也不会干扰对句子的理解。而其余的三个单词supplant (取代)、parchment (羊皮卷)、conservative (保守的)都会妨碍考生对原句的理解，如果考生不认识这些单词，就会很难理解出句子的意思为“经过多个世纪之后，纸张才取代羊皮卷用来抄写某个东西”这个关键信息，也会不明白because of后面提及的原因究竟是什么。从词性的角度来说，影响句子理解的单词一般是动词和形容词，因为它们通常透露着原句的重要细节。从托福阅读考试来说，动词和形容词也是词汇题比较“青睐”的考查对象。

托福阅读可以积累写作用的词汇

此外，考生还可以从托福阅读文章中积累写作中可以用到的单词或词组。以下面例句为例。

In the wake of the Roman Empire’s conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications(碉堡), and participation in the local economy. (托福官方真题19 “The Roman Army’s Impact on Britain”)

考生可能不认识considerable，查阅后会知道它意为“相当大的;重要的”，那么have a considerable on sth.就表示“对……产生重大影响”，这个词组在很多写作话题中都可以使用，考生可以将其作为写作表达积累起来，比如，考生要表达“阅读对人的性格产生着重大影响”的含义，则可以说：“Reading books has a considerable impact on people’s characters.”

精读词汇的最后一步就是在笔记本上把那些需要重点记忆的单词用荧光笔再次强调突出，然后多花时间进行重点背诵和记忆。

托福阅读详解之摄影史

Perceptions of the visible world were greatly altered by the invention of photography in the middle of the nineteenth century. In particular, and quite logically, the art of painting was forever changed, though not always in the ways one might have expected. The realistic and naturalistic painters of the mid- and late-nineteenth century were all intently aware of photography—as a thing to use, to learn from, and react to.

Unlike most major inventions, photography had been long and impatiently awaited. The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper, were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice. What was lacking was a way of giving such images permanent form. This was finally achieved by Louis Daguerre (1787-1851), who perfected a way of fixing them on a silvered copper plate. His discovery, the “daguerreotype,” was announced in 1839.

A second and very different process was patented by the British inventor William Henry Talbot (1800-1877) in 1841. Talbot's “calotype” was the firstnegative-to-positive process and the direct ancestor of the modern photograph. The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image. This “negative,” as Talbot called it, could then be used toprint multiple positive images on another piece of treated paper.

The two processes produced very different results. The daguerreotype was a unique image that reproduced what was in front of the camera lens in minute, unselective detail and could not be duplicated. The calotype could be made in series, and was thus the equivalent of an etching or an engraving. Its general effect was soft edged and tonal.

词汇解析：

perception n. 看法;感知

alter v. 更改

logical adj. 逻辑的;合乎逻辑的

intent adj. 坚决的;专注的

react v. 作出反应;起不良反应;反抗

impatient adj. 无耐心的

topographical adj. 地形的

permanent adj. 永久的;不断发生的

silver n. 银;银器

patent n. & v. & adj. 专利;得到...专利;显而易见的强调

ancestor n. 祖先;物种原型

multiple adj. & v. 多功能的;倍数

reproduce v. 复制;重演

duplicate v. & n. 复制;复制品

etch v. 凿刻;铭刻

engrave v. 刻上

tonal adj. 声调的

难句解析：

The realistic and naturalistic painters of the mid- and late-nineteenth century were all intently aware of photography—as a thing to use, to learn from, and react to.十九世纪中期与后期的现实主义和自然主义画家都高度关注摄影术，将其当作一门可以使用、借鉴而且要适应的技术。

The images produced by the camera obscura, a boxlike device [that used a pinhole or lens to throw an image onto a ground-glass screen or a piece of white paper], were already familiar—the device had been much employed by topographical artists like the Italian painter Canaletto in his detailed views of the city of Venice.当时针孔照相机已经为大家所熟识，它是一种是用小孔或透镜将摄影投射到毛玻璃屏或一张白纸上的盒状设备，这种设备已经为很多地貌风景画家所用，像意大利画家卡纳莱托就用它详细记录了威尼斯城。

The calotype was revolutionary in its use of chemically treated paper in which areas hit by light became dark in tone, producing a negative image. This “negative,” as Talbot called it, could then be used to print multiple positive images on another piece of treated paper.卡罗式摄影法革命性地使用了化学处理的纸片，纸片上受到光照射的区域的色调会变暗于是产生了负像。这种被塔尔博特称为“负片”的东西随后会被用于在另一张化学处理的纸片上洗印多张正像。

The calotype could be made in series, and was thus the equivalent of an etching or an engraving. Its general effect was soft edged and tonal.而卡罗式摄影法可以洗出多张照片，因此相当于蚀刻术或雕刻术。其整体的效果是轮廓和色调模糊。

填空

本篇文章介绍了两种摄影技术_____和__________技术诞生于1839年;_____技术诞生于1841年;两种摄影技术产生了不同的效果：_____得到唯一一张影像;_____可以洗出多张照片

Answers:

Daguerreotype, calotype

托福阅读备考之100个必懂短语

1. a couple of 两三个，几个

Although he thought of the key idea in 1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of years later.

2. account for 解释

Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account for the differences in texture and appearance.

3. adapt to 使适应于

They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.

4, adorn with sth 用…装饰

Some pots were adorned with incised or stamped decorations.

5.appeal to 吸引

Publishing literature consisting of exciting stories that would appeal to both children and adults

6.apply to 适用于

Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the 1960’s.

7.at best 充其量，最多

Hunting is at best a precarious way of procuring food, even when the diet is supplemented with seeds and fruits.

8.at intervals 相隔一定距离

However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual.

9.at the expense of sth 在损害…的情况下

A multitude of microorganisms make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures.

10.at the height of sth 在…最鼎盛时期

The violin had reached the height of its popularity by the middle of the eighteenth century.

11.back and forth 来回地

They then spiral back and forth between the Earth's magnetic poles very rapidly.

12.be absent from 缺席，不在

Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power, women line were not considered an important force in history.

13.be capable of 能…的

Many animals are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools.

14. be characterized by 以…为特征

The nervous system of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow, dorsal nerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement, the brain.

15.be composed of 由…组成

Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.

16.be concerned with 与某事物有关

Ethnology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its Evolutionary history.

17.be distinct from 与…不同

Jupiter and the other giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets

18.be essential to 对…不可缺少

Public performance is essential to verbal art.

19.be exposed to 使接触，使遭受

Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold air.

20.be far from 离…很远，根本不是

But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary forces that have established an optimal time and duration.

21. be hostile to 极不友好的，极厌恶的

Ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans

22.be regarded as 被认为是

Humanity's primal efforts to systematize the concepts of size, shapes, and number are usually regarded as the earliest mathematics.

23.be related to 与…有关的，相联系的

Why is dancing closely related to popular music in the United States?

24. be responsible for 对…负责

In fact, nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen to helium are responsible for most of the energy that stars produce.

25. be sensitive to 对…敏感的

Ants can be extremely sensitive to these signals.

26.be subjected to 经历，遭受

Oil is formed when organic material trapped in sediments is slowly buried and subjected to increased temperatures and pressures, transforming it into petroleum.

27. be superior to 优越于

Natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones

28 .be traced to 找出根源

The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

29. be/become aware of 意识到，认识到

People became aware of the new service by word of mouth or newspaper advertisements.

30. be/become/get accustomed to习惯于

In the harsh environment of northern Europe, Scandinavian women had been accustomed to practicing forms of shifting cultivation, and they immediately understood Native American horticulture.

31. be/become/get involved in 与…有关联的

Two distinct processes are involved in molting.

32.benefit from 从…中受益

Students benefit from schools, which require long hours and homework.

33.break down 分解

All of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust into smaller and smaller pieces that eventually become clay.

34.by far 到目前为止

Marine sediment is by far the most important environment for the preservation of fossils.

35.by means of 通过，凭借

The topic of the passage is developed primarily by means of Adividing the discussion into two major areas.

36.by virtue of 由于

Many are uninhabitable, by virtue of their small size and particular characteristics

37.confine to 限制在一定范围之内

The delivery service was at first confined to cities.

38.conform to 符合

Parks should be designed to conform to the topography of the area

39.contribute to 有贡献，有助于

Transportation contributed to the development and maintenance of trade.

40.cope with 对付

Under certain circumstance the human body must cope with gases at greater-than-normal atmospheric pressure.

41.date back to 始于

In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.

42. depend on 依靠

The gulls depend on the falcons for protection.

43. deprive sb/sth of sth 剥夺..某事物

Plant stems die when deprived of water.

44.derive from 获得，起源于

Babies obviously derive pleasure from sound input.

45.due to 由于，因为

Due to their dense structure, iron meteorites have the best chance of surviving an impact, and most are found by farmers plowing their fields.

46. evolve from/out of 从...进化来，从…发展来

The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual.

47.extract from 提取

It turns out that some fossils can be extracted from these sediments by putting the rocks in an acid bath.

48.feed on 以…为食物

Predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals.

49.focus on 集中(注意力)于

They focus on the meaning of their parents' words.

50. get rid of 处理掉

Atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves, without any outside intervention.

51.give access to 向…开放

To connect the pueblos and to give access to the surrounding tableland, the architects laid out a system of public roads with stone staircases for ascending cliff faces.

52.give birth to 使诞生，引起

Most insects lay eggs, but some give birth to live young.

53.give off 发散，发出

If Jupiter were larger, it would give off much less heat.

54.give rise to 引起，导致

The musical Renaissance was too short to give rise to a new musical style.

55.go beyond 超过，越过

An interviewer can go beyond written questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons.

56.go out of business 停业，关门

The shop went out of business.

57.have nothing to do with 与…无关

A species’ survival may have nothing to do with its ability or inability to adapt.

58.impart to 传授给

They functioned as sanctuaries where the elders impart tribal lore to the younger generation.

59.impose on 强加于

New regulations were imposed on nontraditional education.

60.in common 共同

No two comets ever look identical, but they have basic features in common.

61.in favor of 赞同，支持

The artist was in favor of a traditional style of painting.

62.in quantity 大量，大批

There were also a number of poor-quality figurines and painted pots produced in quantity by easy, inexpensive means.

63.in season 当季

Before the mid-nineteenth century, people in the United States ate most foods only in season.

64.in spite of 尽管，任凭

In spite of problems with their condition, restoration, and preservation many panel paintings have survived.

65.in the absence of 在缺乏…的情况下

The concentrations at which the adverse effects appear will be greater than the concentrations that the pollutants would have in the absence of human activities.

66.in view of 由于

In view of the rate at which the radio sources emit energy, they should disappear in a few million years.

67.instead of 代替

Instead of working with light, however, he worked with microwaves.

68.invest in 投资

He started to invest in the town’s cultural development.

69.lead to 导致，引起

In fact, there is wide agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting, even more than the changes themselves that will lead to biological devastation.

70.leave out 排除

Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered.

71.off the mark 不正确

This analogy is not far off the mark.

72.on behalf of 代表

Satire serves to prod people into an awareness of truth though rarely to any action on behalf of truth.

73. on the basis of 在…的基础上

Antoine Lavisher, on the basis of careful experimentation, was led to propose a different theory of burning

74.owing to 由于，因为

Marine sediment is by far the most important environment for the preservation of fossils, owing to the incredible richness of marine life.

75.perceive sth as sth 认为

Although art deco in its many forms was largely perceived as thoroughly modern, it was strongly influenced by the decorative arts movements that immediately preceded it.

76.pick up 学会

Adults make it as easy as they can for babies to pick up a language by exaggerating such cues.

77.put off 推迟

Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time.

78.regardless of 不顾

Ultimately, literature is aesthetically valued, regardless of language, culture, or mode of presentation.

79.result from 因..而产生

Most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surrounding.

80.result in 结果，导致

The upward movement of fieldstones should result in pure soil.

81.set about 开始，动手

African American artists of this period set about creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States.

82. set aside 留下将来用

Certain parts of town were restricted to residential use, while others were set aside for industrial or commercial development.

83.so far 到目前为止

The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far.

84.sort out 把…分类

Clay particles are sorted out by size and weight.

85.spring up 涌现

In the early colonial day in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline.

86.stem from 起源于

It can be argued that much of New York City’s importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation.

87.stretch out 伸展，伸出

The residues from these explosions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of which have stretched out to form dark ribbons.

88.strive for 为…而奋斗

As they began to strive for social and cultural independence，their attitudes toward themselves changed.

89.take account of sth./take sth into account 考虑到

Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions.

90.take advantage of 利用

Many families could take advantage of previously unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achieve more varied fare.

91.thanks to 由于

kiwis smell out earthworms thanks to nostrils located at the tip of their beaks.

92.to some extent 某种程度上

Their attitudes toward themselves changed, and, to some extent, other segments of American society began to change their attitudes toward them.

93.turn out 结果是，证明是

Some potash was exported from Maine and New Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic.

94.usher in 宣告…的来临

Autumn could be ushered in by severe frost.

95. wear away 磨损

Natural forces wear away the Earth's crust

96.wipe out 消灭，肃清

Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting.

97.with respect to 在…方面

The year 1850 may be considered the beginning of a new epoch in America art, with respect to the development of watercolor painting.

98. with the advent of 随着…的出现

With the advent of high-resolution radio interferometers during the late 1970's, part of the answer became clear.

99.with the aid of 借助于

It is now taught with the aid of computers.

100.with the exception of 除..以外

With the exception of printing patterns directly onto the cloth, whether by block, roller, or screen, all of these are based on dyeing; that is, the immersion of the fabric in a dye bath.

篇4：实例讲解托福阅读词汇积累方法

托福阅读词汇丨实例讲解托福阅读词汇积累方法

一. 托福阅读词汇记忆实例解析

It should be obvious that cetaceans---whales, porpoises, and dolphins---are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not though gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

浏览完之后，可能有同学会感到难，那是因为文章中有很多生词。但是，我让大家看这段段落的目的是想告诉大家一个事情：镇定、冷漠地对待生词!现在我们从段首开始，看看这个段落究竟难在哪里。首先是“It should be obvious that cetaceans...”这句话，其中“cetaceans”指的是“鲸目动物”(这个单词并不要求大家背诵，因为它太难了)。不认识也没有关系，我们继续往后看，发现有大家很熟悉的“whales”(鲸)。接下来的“porpoise”这个词估计又不认识了，其实它是“鼠海豚”的意思。而后面的“dolphin”，地球人都知道它是“海豚”的意思。也就是说，刚才看的这句话里面既有生词又有熟词，这时候我们可以利用“and结构”来解题。我曾经讲过“and”前后应该连接意思相近的概念来表示列举，这个句子中有一个“A, B, and C”的结构。只要认识其中的任何一个单词，比如“whale”，那么我就可以把这个结构理解为“鲸，鲸and鲸”(也就是说先把其他两个词也都当作“鲸”来处理，对文章有个大概的印象，虽然不够精准，但并不影响做题)。大家发现没有?这个结构的前面有一个破折号，而我们都知道破折号表示的是列举或者解释说明。所以就能推断出来前面的这个单词应该是鲸类的总称，暂且把它称为“鲸们”。于是经过一番分析，现在这个句子就变成了如下的模样：It should be obvious that鲸们——鲸 ( A ),鲸 ( B) and鲸 ( C ) are mammals.

事实上，如果大家能理解到这个层次，那么就已经达到了规定的考试要求，完全可以做对题了。

继续往后读，看到“They breathe through lungs, not through gills”，其中“lung”和“gill”这两个单词不要求全部认识，但是大家只要知道这两个里面的任何一个就足够了。—个是腮( gill)，—个是肺(lung)。因为认识其中的—个的话，另—个通过“not through”应该就可以推断出来了。

接下来的这个句子中的确有非常多的单词我们压根儿就不认识。比如说“the presence of fluke and blowhole” 中的“fluke”这个单词，坦率地说，第一次见到的时候我也不确定它是什么含义。虽然“fluke”这个单词我背过，但是我背过它是“比目鱼”的意思，这里不作“比目鱼”讲;我还背过它是“侥幸成功”的意思，这里也不作“侥幸成功”讲。“fluke”这个单词在这里是指“鲸尾叶突”。于是大家会发现：这个单词是不可能要求大家背的。而“blowhole”是什么?它的中文释义为“鲸的喷水孔”。对于这两个超纲的单词，同学们只需要在心中把它们变成“F”和“B”两个代号就可以了。

我们可以继续往后读，看到“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds”中的“sea otters”是指“海獭”，那么“pinnipeds”是什么东西呢?“鳍足类动物”。这个单词太难了，即使一句话中的两个单词我们都不认识，问题也不大，因为“pinnipeds”的后面有个括弧，依旧表示列举和解释说明。而括弧里面有这样的内容(seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea)其中“seals\"可作“封条”讲，但在这儿它是指一种动物，叫作“海豹”。有同学说：“老师，我不知道。”但你至少认识“sea lions”是“海蛳”的意思，对不对?后面这个“walruses”也不认识，但是大家至少知道它又是一个“A，B，and C”的结构，所以括弧里面的内容就可以换成“海狮，海狮and海狮”了。那么“pinnipeds”应该是海狮的总称，“sea otters”肯定也跟海狮脱不了干系。如此一来，即便有单词不认识，但这个句子我们至少应该读成这种感觉：unlike the cases of海狮们and海狮们(海狮，海狮and海狮，whose limbs...)

二.关于托福阅读词汇的总结

其实小站君用这个例子是想告诉大家：有很多的专有名词大家压根儿就不太可能背诵得到，而它们在阅读的时候也压根儿不应该成为障碍。ETS本来就知道一般的小孩儿不可能背得到这些专有名词，所以它们不应该也不会影响解题过程。大家必须要养成好习惯，即使在有大量生词的情况下做题，也不发怵。

托福阅读出题的十原则

1、顺序原则：美中题目基本上按照文章顺序排列;

2、特殊符号，特殊字体原则：括号，引号“”，黑体，斜体，下划线，以及比较罕见的词汇有可能出题。

3、数字原则：会出现一些带有简单运算最难不超过四则运算的简答题;

4、首尾原则：大约50%的题目分布在文章首尾句以及首尾段;

5、改写原则：出题关键字基本都是对文章内容的改写;

6、图表原则：如果文章中有图表则要留心图表部分会出题;

7、连词原则：表因果、转折、相似、递进以及比较的连词会有题目出现;

8、举例原则：Forexample/Forinstance/Suchas等短语前面是考点;

9、名词原则：出题关键字基本都以名词作为考点;

10、下定义原则：破折号，同位语从句，定语从句有可能处提;

如何提升托福阅读的答题正确率

许多考生难以理解托福阅读文章，原因有两点：

(一)、没有掌握一些熟词的生僻含义。

(二)、缺乏分析长难句结构的能力。

举例说明：

There is always hope that in its labyrinth of musty， dark， disordered rooms a real rarity will be found amongst piles of assorted junk that litter the floor.

该句是由两个that引导的从句，分别充当hope的同位语从句和piles of assorted junk的定语从句。第一个由that引起的同位语从句，是由一段地点状语“in its labyrinth of musty， dark， disordered rooms”来展开全句的，其主句的语态是一个由a real rarity做主语的被动语态。全句可以翻译如下：人们还常常幻想在发霉、阴暗、无序的迷宫般店堂里，从杂乱地堆放在地面上的、各式各样的垃圾中淘到一件稀世珍品。

我们再来看一下这个句子，它是这样写的：

In everyday life， people tend to have a different approach to those (whom) they consider their equals from that which they assume with people (whom) they consider higher or lower than themselves in the social scale.

Though my aunt pursued what was， in those days， an enlightened policy， in that she never allowed her domestic staff to work more than eight hours a day， she was extremely difficult to please.

托福阅读文章中曾出现过一个典型的长句。其难度更胜GRE：In everyday life， people tend to have a different approach to those they consider their equals from that which they assume with people they consider higher or lower than themselves in the social scale.

句子的主干为people tend to have a different approach from that，其中that为代词，指代approach，此处译为“方式”最为贴切，因此主干的意思很简单：“人们倾向于采用一种方式，与其它方式不同。”

句子开头为Though引起的状语，动词pursue的宾语是一个由what引起的名词性从句，在插入了一个非常书面的in that(意思相当于since)引起的从句之后，终于出现了主句she was extremely difficult to please。这种一步步将句子意思推向高潮的写法就是英文中非常有气势的“圆周句”，直到句子的末尾，作者最终的意思才被揭晓。全句可以这样理解：“(尽管)姑妈对待佣人们的做法在当时那个年代算是开明的，(因为她)从不让佣人们每天干活超过8个小时，但佣人们还是很难让她感到满意。”

代词that后紧跟which引导的从句充当that，即the approach的定语。此外，句中还有两个省略了whom的定语从句，将之补全如下：

全句直译如下：在日常生活中，人们用一种方式对待他们认为与自己社会地位同等的人，而用另一种的方式去对待他们认为比自己社会地位高或低的人。

对于这种长句的准确分析，需要日积月累的语言知识及良好语感，大家在托福阅读备考过程中，千万不能忽视真题演练。

托福阅读高分的硬件条件

首先，托福词汇的积累。也许很多正在备考的学生会认为词汇的积累并不是什么技巧。确实在托福阅读中想要能拥有快速的阅读速度，词汇量必须达到5000以上。否则，即便是再精妙的技巧对你来说，也是纸上谈兵没有任何用处的。所以，词汇量是在探讨技巧前一道必过的门槛。

其次，合理的阅读方法。在阅读托福文章时候，会有阅读完之后答题或是边阅读边答题两种不同的方法。而在网络中也是流传着众多“扫读法”、“跳读法”和“略读法”等不同阅读方法的介绍。但是，万变不离其宗的就是主动地阅读文章的关键部位。也就是应该不断的进行思考和预测文章的内容，细心分析每一段的开头和结尾部分，找到文章的主题脉络。

最后，就是解题的训练。对于选择题多数同学在答题中还是会采用排除法。但实际上，这样的方法具有致命的缺点：干扰大、费时间。所以在训练的过程中，我们还是应该习惯于有效和迅速的办法是读完题干之后，带着自己的答案在选项中寻找答案。

篇5：托福阅读备考词汇误区

这些关于托福阅读备考词汇的看法理解原来都是错的?

托福阅读备考词汇误区：做阅读不用背单词

首先说第一个问题，不用背单词，是绝对不可能的!当我们在各大网站和论坛进行浏览的时候，我们最为关注的帖子，就是15天搞定托福考试，抑或是一战轻松考到托福110分。毫不夸张的说，其实这些帖子完全都是无用的帖子。就像我们请教姚明怎么一下子就能摸到2米3，这时姚明会告诉你，首先要抬起手臂，然后大臂拖动小臂，最后用手触及2米3就好了。

但是实际上姚明只是因为长得个子高，所以轻松就能摸到2米3，但是对于我等如假包退，如假包换的纯屌丝来说，要想摸到2米3，其实姚明说的大多没用，我们要么高高蹦起，要么找个梯子爬上去才是我们的王道!

其实背托福单词也是这样的，要想搞定托福考试，不要管何等牛人告诉你做做官方真题Official就好了，但是一定记住，那是因为这些牛人早就背下了4记单词和托福单词，不信就拿这些单词书去考考他们。如果他们也没背的话，就直接考考他们是否能把题做对。总而言之，准备托福考试，必须背单词!而且是95%的4级单词和托福单词都要背的像book一样熟悉才可以，换句话说，必须秒杀!不能给自己任何的思考时间!

托福阅读备考词汇误区：不需要4级词汇基础

来说第二个误区。其实放眼大陆的所有托福单词书，其实都是在默认一点的，就是这些单词书其实都是去掉了大学4级单词的，换而言之，所有单词书的寓意都是，至少要有大学6级基础(这里没有写错，其实过了大学4记得很多人，50%的大学4级单词都没记熟)，否则是不应该来谈什么托福考试的。

但是现实的情况是，不要说很多考托福的大学生也就是4级基础的水平，而且其实现在绝大多数的高中生，真的是连4级的基础都没有的，在这种情况下，如果直接背托福单词，而不背4级单词的话，就好像我们用沙子做起了一个10层的大楼，然后告诉你，向上爬吧。

其最终的结果就是，无论如何都只能剩下一身沙子。要想爬楼梯，必须要从1层爬起，没有人可以从5层爬起，这是一个基本的常识，背单词也是这样，要背托福单词，一定先要把4级单词先背了，否则总是会发现句子就是无法理解。其实这个时候，不是你不会技巧，而是你不认识单词!

托福阅读机经预测

一

文明衰落引起很多人的研究兴趣。其中一个理论是认为高强度的农业造成了生态系统的崩溃：玛雅人口的数量和密度都比较大，为了供养这些人口，玛雅人从事高强度的农业，对土地施加的压力越来越大，最终造成生态系统极其脆弱，在不可预知的气候变化来临时崩溃了。也有人认为人口与农业只是导火索，更加直接的使得玛雅文明灭绝的原因在于食物短缺：因为玛雅农业主要依靠一种在沼泽里抬起来的高地系统，一年四季都可以进行农业生产，因为流失的土壤营养可以通过高地周围的水渠底部挖泥，再把泥巴堆回到高地而循环获取，前提条件是水渠里必须有稳定的水位，而严重的干旱大大降低了水位使得高地农田系统不再起作用，这是天灾，有地质证据证明，玛雅文明消失和历史一次大干旱时间相同;除此之外也有人祸，玛雅各城邦猛烈竞争，竞相修建起纪念碑，耗费了大量的人力物力，使得农业生产充满压力。

二

按照学术文章的常见思路打开：引出学术话题(一万年前北美巨型哺乳动物大量灭绝)，提出假说(人类的过度猎杀所致overhunting)，进而对假说证据的寻找，然后又说这个说法太简单了，肯定还有别的原因，比如气候干旱，和最终假说破绽的指出(同时代被人类过度猎杀的野牛bison却没有灭绝，一直持续到了19世纪，所以单靠人类猎杀不足以导致灭绝);于是提出另一假说，进入同样的循环证明的过程。

三

the origins of plant and animal domestication(重复2017年7月1日北美题目)

说的是生命的形成。刚开始说地球早期火山爆发使得地球上有很多大气，后来就形成了一些简单的植物，后来这些植物吸收了那些甲烷和二氧化碳光合作用产生了氧气和水(后来有了海)，那些简单生物就在海里形成了。洋气多了以后形成了一个氧气保护膜，使得地球气温不太高，生物不受SUV上海(这里有一个对比)，太阳系上其他行星因为没有这个氧气保护层所以没办法形成生命。

托福阅读机经预测

一

介绍Mammoths(猛犸象)生活的时间，和灭绝的时间。猛犸象生活照距今180万年到1.1万年期间的更新世(Pleistocene)。在距今1.1万年的时候，基本灭绝。灭绝原因是气候变化。气候灭绝理论认为距今1.3万年-1万年的时候，气温上升了6℃，夏天变的更长更热，冬天变得更长更冷。温和气候时间持续较短。这就影响了食草动物们的食物，也即是植被的生长。该理论模型认为，如果猛犸象常常食用三种类型的食物A,

C，气候变化后，会使得这几种植物生长地理位置发生变化，不再生长在同一处区域。猛犸象即使随着水草迁徙。因为猛犸象赖以生存的植被生长区的变化，导致猛犸象不再像以前一样能获得足够的营养，导致猛犸象题型变小，数量减少。同时，因为植被导致了猛犸象的迁徙，使得猛犸象的种群数量被隔离成很小的种群，不同种群之间无法繁殖。小种群内部的繁殖导致基因质量越来越差，最终灭绝。举例证明，生活在欧亚大陆的猛犸象就符合上面给出的气候灭绝理论模型。对猛犸象食用的植物减少，营养降低导致猛犸象灭绝的理论的提出质疑。因为，虽然气候变化，但北美地区的哥伦比亚猛犸象能够很容易迁徙到附近160公里的水草丰美的地方，但是哥伦比亚猛犸象还是灭绝了。对气候变化导致灭绝提出质疑，提到猛犸象生活的更新世Pleistocene，至少有个22词较大的气候周期变化，之前的气候变化都没有导致猛犸象灭绝，这一次灭绝了，理论站不住脚。

二

人类最早定居北美的时间存在争议，最终伴随着一种人制石刃工具F

points在野牛肋骨间的发现，确认了人类北美定居时间至少一万年前(因为该野牛于一万年前灭绝)。后来在Clovis又发现比F

points还要古老的石刃工具，被称为Clovis points，有人认为Clovis

points的使用者就是首次出现在北美大陆上的人类，但也有人对此持反对态度。

“Clovis人是首批出现在北美的人”的支持者要求该理论的反对者去寻找证据，证明在Clovis人之前也有人类定居，但这样的证据很少;不过证据少不能证明这样的事情就没有发生，Clovis

First理论的反对者由此解释说可能是因为最早到达北美的人类为数太少因此没有留下太多证据。

关于Clovis

First理论(Clovis人是首批到达北美的人)的一个新近争议来自欧亚大陆S文化的发现，S文化所用的石刃工具很像Clovis的石刃工具，但S文化比Clovis早了几千年，有可能是这些S文化的人在大西洋出海捕猎最终到达了北美东北海岸。

三

首段：介绍美国编舞家的一些背景以及成就

第二段：提到他自己的理念

如何保证有创造性，在跳舞前会准备很多一系列的舞蹈组合动作，这些动作要比他真正在表演时跳的动作多出很多，这样他就可以在舞台上随意的把不同的动作自由的组合，这不同于即兴的表演或者是临场发挥，而是一种所谓的chance，利用这个理念他就可以每一次都会带给观众不同的表演感受并且这些都可以保证合理的品质。

第三段：讲述在他的舞蹈中舞台的使用跟其他人有很大的区别，别人可能仅仅利用舞台中央的部分，但是他会同时在舞台的各个角落都安排舞者跳舞，这样观众可以自由的漫游在不同的舞台部分来欣赏各种组合带来的感官体验，这样就可以达到一种浑然天成的组合。

第四段：在他的舞蹈中还有一个重要的理念就是events，意思是虽然音乐

布景以及舞者的动作都是独立的，但是当我们变换不同的背景和音乐之后，舞者仍然可以配合动作表现天然的一致性来愉悦观众

四

提到婴儿时期pretend play的几个发展阶段以及pretend

play的好处。发展阶段从单纯的玩到模仿玩具在现实中的作用(用玩具电话做打电话的作用)，再到无实物模仿(没有玩具电话，大人假装给婴儿打电话婴儿也会回应)，再到模仿社会中的角色(爸爸妈妈。托儿所老师)，好处一：social

communicate;二，更善于处理不好的情绪和矛盾。

托福阅读机经预测

一

主要说欧洲17世界的政治格局的改变。

1、17世纪随着宗教力量的削弱，贵族权力的扩大，商人阶级的兴起，欧洲国家的内部organization也发生了一些改变。政府的机构开始进一步完善。

2、欧洲国家开始把政府重心放在促进生产上。政府开始设定机构由政府官员来推广文化的传播、设立医疗设施、在军队实行有等级的军官制度、投资促进农业技术的革新。通过这些方式，欧洲一些国家有了更多收入，扩充了国库。比如，法国，虽然它的国王还是强调broad

power,喜欢通过战争来扩大自己的影响力，但是Spain 和 Holland

也开始效仿它的一些做法，积极发展贸易。(此处考了一个句子简化题，并列复合句，前句后句互相解释，注意重点信息和主干)

3、虽然国家机构有所发展，但是并没有像中国那样强有力的政府机构。欧洲国家开始意识到国家意识。但是国家意识的崛起意味着国家间boundary

以及其他文化区别的确定。比如法国开始purify 自己的语言，强调国家间文化的不同。于此同时中东和亚洲民族正在embrace different

cultures。

4、政治机构的存在感比较弱，平民只有在征税或者其他一些少量时候才会看到政府官员，这样不利于政府的管理。所以政府机构进一步改善。在军队中开始有一系列改变，设置了军队的治疗中心，确定了各种刑罚。同时开始用监狱的罪犯来扩充军队。比如holland

开始出现最早的监狱，这一点也是向法国学习。

5、但是直到17世纪晚期，都不要把政府机构看的太重要。17世纪最重要的不是政府的功能，而是政治结构的改变。其中最有创新性的是英国1688年通过了议会改革，这个改革赋予了议会更大的权力，议会可以制定和执行法律，这个给议会后期作用的发挥和权力的扩大奠定了很好的基础。

二

1、科学家根据动物的温度把它们划分为poikilotherm和homoiotherm.其中poikilotherm是身体会不受周围环境影响，自身温度独立于周围环境的动物;homoiotherm是身体温度和周围环境温度保持一致，没有独立调节自身温度的动物。动物调节温度的能力取决于周围环境的传导性，比如在水里，水的heat

capacity 就比较高导热性很好，所以水里的动物如果想要和周围的温度不一样就很难，一般水里的动物温度和周围环境不会超过2度;但是空气的heat

capacity 和导热性就很差，所以陆地的动物就可以和外部温度有一个比较大的差别。

2、但是科学家随后发现这种分类有很大缺陷。比如被划分为poikilotherm的动物其实自己没有调节自身温度的能力，虽然和周围温度相差很大，但是自身温度全年相差不大;但是被划分为homoiotherm的动物，虽然和周围温度相差不大，但是自身温度全年变化比较大。所以科学家用了不同的方式来划分动物：endotherm

和ectotherm.

Endotherm指的是热力来源于自身内部的动物;ectotherm指的是没有自身热力来源系统，主要依靠外部环境来获取热量的动物。

3、虽然有了这样的划分，但是动物并不是完全只会用一种方式获取热量。比如北美的一种鸟：roadrunner,它就是一种Endotherm动物，自身温差白天和夜里相差比较大，但是它每天早晨会去晒太阳，从外部获取热量，使自身温度升高。

4、举例有一种蛇，虽然是ectotherm，但是在它孵化卵的时候，会用自己身体紧紧裹着卵，然后在夜里温度比较低的时候，利用肌肉活动提高新陈代谢，提高体温。这篇文章比较对比，而且文章结构和题目设置比较简单，属于四篇中最简单的一篇文章。

三

capacity 就比较高导热性很好，所以水里的动物如果想要和周围的温度不一样就很难，一般水里的动物温度和周围环境不会超过2度;但是空气的heat

capacity 和导热性就很差，所以陆地的动物就可以和外部温度有一个比较大的差别。

和ectotherm.

Endotherm指的是热力来源于自身内部的动物;ectotherm指的是没有自身热力来源系统，主要依靠外部环境来获取热量的动物。

托福阅读机经预测

主要谈了生命起源到底来自哪里的猜想。首先讲了早期大气里就有O2和N2，提到了两个人，J.B.S Haldan和 Oparin

Haldane提出的假说。他们假设当时空气里的O2

第1段介绍了生活在澳洲热带的long-neck

turtle，它们的栖息地非常地特殊，会随着干湿两季的不同，改变栖息地;第2段讲到研究者们找了两年也没有找到这种龟的栖息地，但是当地的土著人知道，他们知道这种龟会将蛋产在水下。为了验证这个说法，研究者在水下放了很多radio

transmitter，turtle下蛋的时候，transmitter会附在蛋上，结果真的发现，long-neck

turtle会在水下14-17米的泥下下蛋;第3段讲为什么turtle会选这里下蛋，这和它们生存的环境有关，它们生存的环境没有稳定的水，干湿两季是主要原因。第4段讲到

为什么这种龟下蛋在水下，蛋可以生存下来，不同于别的蛋，它们的蛋特别抗压。

景德镇的陶瓷的历史2018.7.7主要讲述瓷器为什么在景德镇能够快速发展，并且在元代，在此设立了官窑，同时民窑也兴起，达到了精细分工的、多流程步骤的、大规模生产。而且元代统辖区域广泛，使得西亚和中东的颜料和设计图案都能够流入中原，所以景德镇生产出来的瓷器具有多文明要素的融合，便于出口销往西亚甚至欧美。

洗衣剂

先讲了最开始的清洁剂是古埃及人发现的Na.取材于植物，后面讲了通过烧这个得到了草木灰也具有清洁作用。再就是把草木灰和fat结合起来得到了肥皂。然后由于自然得到的草木灰太少，限制了肥皂推广，一个化学家用化学合成得到了更多的草木灰，但是这样用于生产肥皂的fat不够了，所以一战后以石油为原料的肥皂取代了草木灰。最后讲了基于酶的清洁剂用来洗其他大分子，因为_点点就可以破坏纤维结构，洗去血迹，也让衣服更柔软。最后说光照也可以帮助清洁。

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